Установление значения слов. Лексические соответствия

Установление значения слов. Лексические соответствия

1. эквивалент

Nero — Нерон, Friday — пятница, voltage — напряжение, giraffe — жираф, и т. д.

2.вариантное соответствие

solid fuel —

solid silver —

a solid line —

a solid business —

solid arguments —

a man of solid build —

Контекстуальные замены

The blue-veined Swedish capital has always been a bit like its most famous daughter, Greta Garbo: breathtakingly beautiful, but rather steely. vein = 'вена', 'жилка', 'прожилка'

Упражнения

Найдите соответствие выделенным словам в словосочетаниях.

А

Flying

flying saucers
flying weather
flying apparatus
flying Dutchman

Bad

a bad wound
a bad debt
bad language
a bad mistake
bad cold
bad light
a bad name

Hard

hard currency
hard life
a hard line
hard drugs
hard sell
a harddrinker

Regular

a regular visitor
a regular pulse
regular features
a regular procedure
regular army

Strong

a strong wind
strong language
strong walls
a strong supporter
strong faith
strong drink
strong evidence
strong measures

Б

To deliver

to deliver a speech
to deliver a verdict
to deliver a blow
to deliver a parcel

To draw

to draw the curtains
to draw breath
to draw a conclusion
todraw inspiration
to draw a line

To make

to make sense
to make a film
to make an impression
to makenotes
to make a list
to make a scene
to make one's living

To keep

to keep promise
to keep an appointment
to keep rules
to keep afamily
to keep a diary
to keep one's distance

To launch

to launch a rocket/missile
to launch a ship
to launch an offensive
to launch a new company
to launch a new book
to launch a spear

В

Тонкий

тонкий лист
тонкий ум
тонкий слух
тонкий вкус
тонкое белье
тонкая фигура
тонкие пальцы
тонкий запах

Легкий

легкая простуда
легкий вопрос
легкая музыка
легкая атлетика
легкая промышленность

Тихий

тихая погода
тихая ночь
тихий прав
тихий голос
тихий ход
тихий смех

Простой

простой человек
простая работа
простые манеры
простоелюбопытство
простая пища

Проводить

проводить время
проводить кого-либо на станцию
проводитьсобрание
проводить реформы
проводить границу

Делать

делать выводы
делать предложение
делать комплименты
делать усилия
делать честь
делать вид

Вести

вести автомобиль
вести переговоры
вести дневник
вести переписку
вести хозяйство
вести правильный образ жизни

Кусок

кусок веревки
кусок сахара
кусок хлеба
кусок мыла

 

Место

слабое место
место происшествия
место в первом ряду
достаточно места для всех
рабочее место

Ящик

почтовый ящик
мусорный ящик
ящик стола
ящик для упаковки

 

Внимательно изучите способы перевода английских многозначных глаголов и имен существительных, представленных в англо-русском учебном словаре Е. А. М. Уилсона. Переведите предложения, содержащие данные лексические единицы, нарусский язык.

A. power п 1. (capability) способность; силы; mental ~s — умственные способности; his ~ s are failing — его силы убывают; I'll do everything in my ~ — я сделаю все, что в моих силах; that's beyond his ~ — это ему не по силам.

2. (strength, force) сила; (might) мощь; the ~ of a blow/of love— силаудара/любви; the military ~ of the country — военная мощь страны; the ~ of the country — могущество страны; the ~of an explosion — мощность взрыва.

3. Mech., Phys., etc. — энергия, сила; (rating) мощность; nuclear, electric ~ — атомная энергия, электроэнергия; horse ~ —лошадиная сила; the engine is working at half ~ — двигатель работает в полсилы; the ~ of an engine — мощность мотора; theship was moving under her own ~ — судно двигалось своим ходом; the ~ has been cut off — электричество отключили.

4. (authority) власть, полномочия; to come to ~ — прийти к власти; to seize ~ — захватить власть; the ~s of parliament/of the president — полномочия парламента/президента; emergency ~s —чрезвычайные полномочия; the ~ of veto — право вето; Law Igave him ~ of attorney — я назначил его своим поверенным.

5. (nation) the great ~ s — великие державы.

6. fig — силы, власть; the ~ behind the throne — власть, стоящая за троном; he's а ~ in the land — он пользуется влиянием встране.

 

1. Trade unions have less bargaining power than they used tohave. 2. The real attraction of elite education is that it provides access to wealth and power for those who have acquired it. 3. Mr.Chavez is strategic and shrewd and knows he cannot remain in power indefinitely if he has critics in the media. 4. Anyone seeking agun must get a certificate from the police. Few people seem troubled that cops have the power to make those decisions. 5. The separation of powers means that President and Congress are elected separately. 6. The beginning of the century saw the country at the height of its power. 7. Some functions are automated. Sensors turn off the displayto conserve power when a user lifts the phone to his ear. 8. Nuclear power has not been able to compete effectively with other power sources in the United States. 9. The dairy company failed to recognize the threat posed by loss of power at a refrigeration unit. 10. Power and authority are often contrasted. The police have power whereas the Queen Mother has authority (she inspires love and warmth — at least among some). But power and authority are noteasy to separate. 11. Because information is power, the more information you control, the better off you are. 12. Burning certain kinds of household rubbish in power stations is preferable to burying it underground. 13. This court was given unprecedented powers to review convictions for errors both of law and of fact. 14. At the beginning of the women's movement we thought that if women had power they would lead differently. They would be more compassionate, inclusive and sensitive. 15. The radio-set is powered by batteries.

 

Б. accommodate vt 1. (put up: for large party) размещать(-стить); (for individuals) помещать(-стить); устраивать(-оить); the delegates were ~d in hotels — делегатов разместили по гостиницам; to ~ a guest in a spare room — поместить гостя в отдельной комнате; I was ~ d in a hotel — меня устроили в гостинице; I can ~ him for a night in my flat — я могу приютить его на одну ночь у себя.

2. (hold) вмещать(-стить); thehall ~ s/can 500 people — зал вмещает пятьсот человек.

3. (supply): the bank ~ d me with a loan of £100 — банк предоставил мне ссуду в сто фунтов.

4. (adapt): I'll ~ my plans to yours/to fit in with yours — я согласую свои планы с вашими; you'll have to ~ yourself to these conditions — тебе придется приспособиться к этим условиям.

5. (oblige): we always try to ~ our clients — мы стараемся всегда услужить своим клиентам.

 

1. I'd like to find a part-time job that will accommodate my teaching schedule. 2. According to the local reports, Shanghai has completed the construction of a super underground bunker that can accommodate 200,000 people in emergency to evade blasts, poisonous gas emission and nuclear radiation. 3. The lawyer tried hard to accommodate his statements to the facts. 4. When cultures clash onthe job: companies struggle to accommodate workers of different religious faiths without alienating others. 5. Should universities change teaching to accommodate a generation raised on mobile technology? 6. A family of four is looking for a hotel in Dublin that will accommodate them and their lovely year-old yellow labrador. 7. It's one thing to offer the migrant workers jobs. They have to be accommodated too. 8. Most working women say the corporate world isn't making great strides in accommodating working mothers.

 

B. commit vt 1. (perform) совершать(-ить); to ~ a crime/ amurder/error — совершить преступление/убийство, сделать ошибку (usupfs); to ~ suicide — покончить с собой (pf).

2. (entrust) поручать(-ить); they ~ ted the child to the care ofher aunt — они поручили ребенка заботам тетки; to ~ smb to prison/to a mental hospital — посадить кого-л. в тюрьму / поместить кого-л. в психиатрическую больницу (usu pfs); I ~ ted my papers to his safe-keeping — я передал мои бумаги ему на хранение; fig to ~ smth to memory/to paper or to writing — запоминать(-нить) что-л., записывать(-сать) что-л.

3. (bind): I've ~ ted myself to returning on Friday — я обещал вернуться в пятницу; I'm ~ ted to helping them — я обязался им помочь; without ~ ting myself — без всяких обязательств с моей стороны; he is deeply ~ ted to this policy — он целиком за проведение этой линии.

 

1. The government must commit itself to improving healthcare. 2. I think I can come but I won't commit myself till I know for sure. 3. The government claimed that it is committed to withdrawing itstroops by the end of the year. 4. Counterterrorism sources claimed that British suicide bombers were within days of blowing up 12 passenger jets above five US cities in an unprecedented terrorist attack designed to commit "mass murder on an unimaginable scale". 5. NATO member states have refused to commit more troops to Afghanistan despite appeals from the organization's leaders for 2500 extra troops to fight Taliban insurgents. 6. A group of mobile manufacturers, network operators, suppliers, recyclers, consumer and environmental organizations, led by Nokia, has committed to improve the environmental performance of mobile phones and to do more toraise consumer awareness and participation in recycling. 7. George has committed to quit smoking. 8. Like so many men he has problems committing himself to a relationship. 9. Sometimes, conductors have to commit complete scores to memory. 10. They were taught topray every time they committed even a minor sin.

 

Текст 1

Catwalk queen Naomi Campbell launched her first novel Swan ata glittering party thrown by publishers Heinemann. Her mother Valerie and best friend Kate Moss were there to celebrate her success. Swan is the story of a young model's rise to fame and fortune. Thebook was ghost-written by a professional author with Naomi providing material and ideas in the shape of interviews and tapes.

The girl from Steatham, South London, who rose from obscurity to become one of the world's highest-paid models, is also due to launch her first record, Love and Tears. Even so, she declined to singat the book launch.

 

Текст 2

I had a fairy conventional upbringing and, although I was at grammar school, I drifted into street life. In some respects I think it was the consequence of having a workaholic father who exercised no supervision. While I did not respect his authority, I didn't dislike him. My feelings were neutral, and he had no influence on me. But I was brought up in the East End and there was a criminal element on the streets and it was easy to drift into crime.

I think now that fathers need to work not so much at talking with their sons and trying to understand their problems, but reclaiming the authority that well-intentioned but misguided theories on raising children have undermined.

This is nothing to do with returning to Victorian values, it is respecting the reality of what has always been and always will be the nature of the parent-child relationship.

 

Текст 3

We must recognize that it is more cost-effective to anticipate and prevent international problems than to try to solve them once they occur. Often the UN comes under pressure to act only when the root causes of a crisis have had time to fester and wreak their havoc. It is often not until conflicts have escalated enough to dominate the evening news that countries are seriously ready to provide funds, people, peacekeepers and humanitarian assistance.We need to devote more time and resources to preventive action.

We need multilateral efforts that can contain conflict, anticipate problems and alleviate humanitarian crises in time. If we don't, we may face outbreaks of hostility, and the disintegration of states, with the consequent migration of millions of people. The international bill for restoring peace and providing humanitarian aid will escalate ascrises worsen.

 

 

Функциональная замена

relaxation (уменьшение, смягчение; ослабление; развлечение; разрядка)
the relaxation of the well-earned rest	наслаждаясь заслуженным отдыхом

В русском языке	В английском языке
нейтральное значение	негативно окрашенное значение	нейтральное значение	негативно окрашенное значение
эколог	экологист	ecologist	environmentalist, conservationalist, protectionist

Описательный перевод

" кружало " = " kruzhalo " (ring-shaped base of the cupola of the wooden church)

Переводческий комментарий

"Откровенные рассказы странника": Старец, отпуская меня, благословил и сказал, чтоб я, учась молитве, ходил к нему с чистосердечным исповеданием и откровением, ибо без поверки наставника самочинно заниматься внутренним деланием неудобно и малоуспешно.

 

The Oxford Russian Dictionary предлагает несколько вариантов соответствий:

1) elder (venerable) old man;

2) elderly monk;

3) spiritual adviser.

 

Перевод: The starets sent me away with his blessing and told me that while learning the Prayer I must always come back to him and tell him everything, making a very frank confession and report; for the inward process could not go on properly and successfully without the guidance of a teacher.

 

Примечание: Starets, pi. startsi. A monk distinguished by his great piety, long experience of the spiritual life, and gift (курсив мой, — Т. К.) for guiding other souls. Lay folk frequently resort to startsi for spiritual council; in a monastery a new member of the community is attached to a starets, who trains and teaches him.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 3: Проанализируйте выделенные в тексте слова и объясните, какие причины определяют необходимость сужения их значения при переводе на русский язык. Найдите им соответствия и переведите текст.

Dostoevsky was a deeply religious man and politically a strong conservative Slavophile. For a short time, he became editor of the archconservative magazine The Citizen and later a regular contributor. He waged war against the liberals and the revolutionaries, who repaid him by calling his work "corruption" and "lunacy". For Dostoevsky, Western society was too materialistic and commercial; instead he felt the values of the simple Russian people — meekness, compassion and acceptance of the will of God — were what society should emulate.

During their parallel careers, as Tolstoy was writing about the world of the country gentry, a class and a way of life which were gradually disappearing, Dostoevsky was creating the anti-heroes who haunted the dark streets of misty St. Petersburg. Yet, although they were very different — Tolstoy the champion of nature and man, the brilliant recorder of reality in its most precise detail, and Dostoevsky the relentless explorer of the dark recesses of men's souls — they were joined in their belief that in the Russian people lay the virtues that could illuminate the world.

 

Установление значения слов. Лексические соответствия

1. эквивалент

Nero — Нерон, Friday — пятница, voltage — напряжение, giraffe — жираф, и т. д.

2.вариантное соответствие

solid fuel —

solid silver —

a solid line —

a solid business —

solid arguments —

a man of solid build —

Контекстуальные замены

The blue-veined Swedish capital has always been a bit like its most famous daughter, Greta Garbo: breathtakingly beautiful, but rather steely. vein = 'вена', 'жилка', 'прожилка'

Упражнения