Looking Into the Future of the Science of Chemistry

The most typical materials now are the products of organic synthesis, the polymers, that is, the various synthetic materials. These materials, produced by chemists in the past few decades, have occupied a very important place in industry, construction and everyday life. This does not mean that natural materials have lost their importance.

Combined with synthetic materials¹, they have become even more valuable.

Synthetic plastics have taken the place of metals² in machine-building and in many respects³ their properties are better than those of metals. Ordinary polymers are better insulators of electricity, and some of them provide the best heat insulation.

Russian scientists discovered that some polymers possessed properties which in some respects are similar to those of iron, although in a much weaker form. So far⁴ industrial application of some materials has not been reached yet. But further research along such lines may result in⁵ the development of materials with sufficient electrical conducting and magnetic properties to make them important in automation, electronics and the creation of new types of transistors.

 

Примечания к тексту

1. combined with synthetic materials – в сочетании с синтетическими материалами

2. have taken the place of metals – заменили металлы

3. in many respects – во многих отношениях

4. so far – до настоящего времени

5. may result in – может привести к

 

X. Поставьте 3 вопроса к каждому абзацу.

XI. Изложите краткое содержание текста на английском языке.

LESSON 3

Грамматика. Сложносочиненные предложения и их союзы. Различные значения one.

 

Предтекстовые упражнения

I. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на союзы:

 

1. Iron is strong but steel is much stronger. 2. Chemistry is linked with biology and it is also connected with physics through physical chemistry. 3. Chemistry is concerned with different forms of matter while physics mostly deals with the nature, transformation and effects of different forms of energy. 4. Knowledge of physical chemistry is very important in all fields of chemistry, for its fundamental laws are the basis all the different divisions of chemistry are established upon. 5. Many polymers are good insulators, so some of them provide the best heat insulation. 6. The law of conservation of heat applies to chemical as well as physical changes. 7. Rain water is not really pure, nor is ground water pure from the chemical point of view. 8. Gases have neither shape of their own, nor a constant volume. 9. Nitric acid is decomposed not only when it is heated, but also under the action of light. 10. The Fahrenheit scale is very inconvenient, still (nevertheless) it is used in England and the USA. 11. Earlier this scientist had no lab of his own, yet (however) he achieved much in his research work. 12. Electrical energy may be changed into radiant energy, or it can be changed into mechanical energy. 13. All energy is either potential or kinetic. 14. Nitrogen does not burn nor does it support burning.

 

II. Определите значения one. Переведите следующие предложения:

 

1. This worker has become one of the most honoured men in the city. 2. One has to study languages systematically. 3. One can easily forget words that one does not use. 4. Metal is a good conductor of heat while wood is a bad one.

 

III. Прочитайте и переведите следующие слова, не пользуясь словарем:

 

acetone ['æsɪt«Un], basis ['beɪsɪs], conception [kən'sepʃən], extract (v) [ɪks'trækt], phenol ['fi:nl], product ['prdəkt], propylene ['prpɪli:n], synthetic [sɪn'θetɪk], theoretical [θɪə'retɪkəl]

 

IV. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение следующих слов и словосочетаний:

 

win recognition – получать признание

Many inventions of our scientists have won world-wide recognition.

 

hold a place – занимать место

Russia holds one of the first places in the production of steel.

 

set up – учреждать

National academies of sciences have been set up in all countries.

 

no longer – уже не

play a role (a part) – играть роль

Great Britain no longer plays a role of a leading country.

 

V. Прочитайте следующие двусложные слова:

а) с ударением на конечном слоге:

consist, exist, provide, arise, increase, prepare, until, between, research, affair;

б) с ударением на начальном слоге:

chemical, industry, second, volume, basis, number, modern, progress, thousand, country, method, plastics, textile, product

 

VI. Запомните чтение следующих слов:

 

achievement, synthesizing, phenol, physicist

 

Text 3 A

Russian Chemical Science

Since eighteenth century Russia has been one of the leaders in world’s chemistry science and chemical industry. The research and achievements of our scientists have won world-wide recognition. The classical works by D.I. Mendeleyev, A.M. Butlerov, N.D. Zelinsky, S.V. Lebedev, A.E. Favorsky and many others not only served as a theoretical basis for the development of the chemical industry, but enabled Russia to set up a number of modern branches of the chemical industry.

The close links between science and industry enabled the chemical industry to make great progress.

It was in Russia that the large -scale production¹ of synthetic rubber was established.

N.D. Zelinsky’s works formed the basis for the synthesizing of a large number of new chemical compounds. There are thousands of them now, and they are extremely important in the economy of our country. Our scientists elaborated a new method of extracting phenol and acetone simultaneously from benzene and propylene. Both these substances are necessary for manufacturing plastics, textile fibres, organic glass and other chemical products.

Together with physicists, our chemists have elaborated an industrial method for manufacturing artificial diamonds which are 40 per cent harder than natural ones.

Many Russian scientists and engineers work at the creation of new polymers which are used in different combinations in order to produce different materials.

Many discoveries Russian chemists made in the field of biology in recent years are forming the basis of new conceptions of matter and will help in creating materials unknown in nature.

The successes achieved by chemistry and engineering have played an important part in our country’s achievements in space.

 

Примечание к тексту

1. large-scale production – производство большого масштаба

 

Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:

achieve, achievement, artificial, benzene, between, close, compound, create, creation, diamond, elaborate, enable, engineering, establish, extremely, field, hold, important, industry, industrial, link, manufacturing, nature, natural, a number of, physicist, propylene, recent, recognition, scale, set up, simultaneously, space (зд. космос), success, synthetic, synthesize, together, volume, win

 

Упражнения

I. Найдите в тексте сложносочиненные предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на союзы.

 

II. Дайте анализ следующего предложения:

 

Aluminium is a metal which is found in clay and it is the most abundant metallic element which is found in nature only in the form of a compound.

 

III. Определите значения one и переведите следующие предложения:

 

1. One of the greatest problems of our era is that of outer space. 2. One must be careful with explosive substances. 3. Artificial diamonds are 40 per cent harder than natural ones. 4. Our new atomic stations are more powerful than the old ones. 5. One can see a great number of new houses in our city. 6. One has to take into account that sulphuric acid is a strong acid. 7. One should take into account that sulphides of many metals are used in paint industry.

 

IV. Образуйте существительные от следующих глаголов:

 

develop, produce, create, combine, discover, achieve

 

V. Образуйте прилагательные, соответствующие следующим существительным:

 

theory, chemistry, industry, nature, success

 

VI. Дайте недостающие основные формы следующих глаголов:

 

hold, know, make, set up, win

 

VII. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык:

 

1. Достижения русских ученых получили мировое признание. 2. Классические работы русских ученых-химиков легли в основу многих отраслей химической промышленности. 3. Именно в России было освоено широкое производство синтетической резины.

 

VIII. Заполните пропуски следующими словами:

 

established, enables, holds, served, large-scale, development, recognition, close, overall, basis, progress

 

1. Russian chemical industry … the second place in the world in … volume of production. 2. The achievements of our scientists have won a world-wide …. 3. The classical works of Russian scientists … as a theoretical … for the … of the chemical industry. 4. The … links between science and industry … the chemical industry to make great …. 5. The … production of synthetic rubber was … in Russia.

 

IX. Выберите соответствующий английский эквивалент:

 

1. уже не 2. занимать место 3. целый ряд 4. получить признание 5. достижения 6. отрасль 7. создание 8. чрезвычайно 9. одновременно 10. вместе 11. объем 12. исследование

a) volume b) together c) simultaneously d) field e) extremely f) research g) creation h) achievements i) win recognition j) a number k) hold a place l) no longer

 

X. Прочитайте текст 3 B, не пользуясь словарем:

 

Text 3 B

Age of Chemistry

Chemistry and physics play a very important part in the 21^st century. Physicists solve¹ many vital problems, but the present great progress in the production of man-made materials is due to chemistry².

Objects made of natural materials do not possess all the properties required. Man had to use things given by nature. We know three long periods in the history of human progress, named after the basic material used – the stone, the bronze and the iron ages. Now we live in the age of chemistry, which produces synthetic materials.

Due to the great discoveries of the past few decades we are able to go over to a new age³ – the age of synthetic polymers. Chemistry is to remake⁴ existing materials and create new ones. It is now able to make such wonderful products that very often natural materials have to give way⁵ to the man-made ones. Synthetic materials will play a still more important part in future.

 

Примечания к тексту

1. solve – решать

2. is due to chemistry – обязан химии

3. to go over to a new age – перейти к новому веку

4. remake – преобразовывать

5. to give way to – уступить дорогу

 

XI. Поставьте 2 вопроса к каждому абзацу.

 

XII. Изложите содержание текста на английском языке.

 

LESSON 4

Грамматика. Придаточные предложения в функции подлежащего, именной части сказуемого и обстоятельства времени.

 

Предтекстовые упражнения

I. Переведите следующие предложения, предварительно определив тип придаточного предложения:

A. 1. That water is a universal solvent is known to everybody. 2. Whether steel or stone is taken as building material depends on many factors. 3. Who was the inventor of this apparatus is not known.

B. 1. The decision of the commission was that the discovery was of great importance to industry. 2. This is what we were talking about. 3. One of the advantages of higher education in our country is that it is available to all.

C. 1. The Bronze Age began when bronze replaced copper. 2. As the temperature is raised the total vapour pressure increases. 3. After electricity had been discovered, it was widely used in all branches of industry. 4. While you work in the laboratory, you must be very careful. 5. Before you leave the laboratory you must put everything in proper order. 6. As soon as I finish the experiment I’ll go home. 7. As long as I stay here, I’ll go sightseeing. 8. I won’t leave the laboratory until I finish my work. 9. I have known him since he came to Moscow.

 

II. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение следующих слов и словосочетаний:

as – в то время как (когда); по мере того как; так как; в качестве; как

1. As he was making his experiments he observed an interesting phenomenon.

2. As the reaction goes on the reacting substances are used up (расходуются) and new ones are formed.

3. As chlorine is 2.5 times heavier than air it may be collected by displacing (вытеснением) air.

4. In the laboratory, time is usually measured and expressed as the unit.

5. As we have already learned, the molecules of ideal gases do not interact with each other.

 

be a common knowledge – быть общеизвестным

That water is a universal solvent is a common knowledge.

 

be familiar with – быть знакомым с, знать

We are most familiar with water in its liquid state.

 

III. Прочитайте следующие слова, обращая внимание на чтение буквосочетаний:

kn [n]: know, knew, known, knowledge

wr [r]: write, wrong

 

IV. Прочитайте следующие многосложные слова с ударением на третьем от конца слоге:

physical, evaporate, gaseous, normally, liquefy, vaporize, definite, molecule, different, difference, quantity

 

V. Запомните произношение следующих слов:

 

extraordinary, temperature, liquefy, thorough, essential

 

Text 4 A

The States of Matter

That matter may exist in three physical states: solid, liquid or gas is a common knowledge. It is usually possible to change matter from one state to the other by changing its temperature. For instance, a piece of ice is called a solid; it may melt and form a liquid; as it evaporates, liquid water changes into a vapour, i.e. into the gaseous state.

Many kinds of matter, like water, can be obtained in each of the three states; for some, however, extraordinary means have to be used in order to produce one, or even two of the states; and for others, only two states are known or can be produced.

Common salt, for example, exists normally as a solid; at a temperature of several hundred degrees, it can be liquefied; and at still higher temperature it is converted into vapour. Carbon, a solid under normal conditions, can be vaporized, but it has never been liquefied.

Solids have both a definite volume and a definite shape. Liquids too, have a definite volume, but they take the shape of their containers. Gases have neither a definite shape nor a definite volume. A chemist must have a thorough knowledge¹ of the states of matter and of the physical laws which govern the behaviour of matter in various states.

That all matter is composed of molecules is known to everybody. The question which must be answered, then, is: if all matter is composed of molecules, what is the essential difference between the states of matter? The answer to this question is that the essential difference between these states is the relative quantities of energy molecules possess in different states.

 

Примечание к тексту

1. a chemist must have a thorough knowledge – химик должен хорошо знать

 

Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:

be a common knowledge, be composed of, behaviour, carbon, change, common salt, convert, definite, degree, essential, evaporate, exist, extraordinary, however, ice, law, liquid, liquefy, like, matter, means (n), melt, obtain, produce, quantity, relative, shape, solid, still, thorough, usually, vapour, vaporize

 

Упражнения

I. Выпишите из текста предложения, в которых встречаются придаточные предложения в функции подлежащего, именной части сказуемого и обстоятельства.

 

II. Дайте анализ следующего предложения:

That the conductivity of a solution is due to the ions it contains was first realized by I.A. Kublookov.

 

III. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, определив вид придаточного предложения:

 

1. That oxygen can be liquefied only under high pressure was proved by experiments. 2. When elements combine, a definite number of atoms of each element are used in forming a molecule of a given compound substance. 3. Whether a substance is a solid, a liquid, or a gas is determined entirely by the conditions of temperature and pressure to which it is subjected. 4. The characteristic property of an acid is that it is capable of giving hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. 5. The elements carbon dioxide is composed of are carbon and oxygen. 6. The process oxygen takes part in is known as oxidation. 7. The liquid a substance dissolves in is called a solvent. 8. The substance oxygen acts upon is oxidized. 9. Everybody knows that a gas expands as the temperature rises. 10. As long as water evaporates in an open vessel, water vapour mingles (смешивается) with the atmosphere because of diffusion. 11. As soon as the experiment is done we’ll see its result. 12. Many years have passed since Popov invented radio. 13. While Maria and Pierre Curie were working at the laboratory, they discovered a new substance. 14. Shortly after Roentgen had discovered X-rays, in Paris Professor Becquerel began experiments with a number of X-rays.

 

IV. Определите, какими частями речи являются следующие слова и переведите их на русский язык:

 

vapour, evaporate, evaporation; define, definition, definite, indefinite; know, knowledge; possible, impossible, possibility; state, statement; change (v), change (n), changeable, unchangeable; produce, product, production; behave, behaviour; differ, difference, different

 

V. Заполните пропуски следующими словами и словосочетаниями и переведите предложения на русский язык:

 

thorough, various, neither … nor, as, among, relative, possess, a common knowledge, never, govern, both … and

 

1. That matter exists in three physical states is …. 2. A piece of ice may melt and form a liquid … it evaporates. 3. Carbon has … been liquefied. 4. Solids have … a definite volume … a definite shape. 5. Gases have … a definite shape … a definite volume. 6. A chemist must have … knowledge of the physical laws which … the behaviour of matter in … states. 7. The essential difference … the three states of matter is the … quantities of energy molecules … in different states.

 

VI. Дайте недостающие основные формы следующих глаголов:

 

to deal, to win, to make, to melt, to know, to take

 

VII. Выберите правильный английский эквивалент для следующих русских слов и словосочетаний:

 

в самом начале, вносить большой вклад, еще в начале века, мы должны упомянуть, заложить основу, исследовательские институты, учебные заведения, проводить исследование, отрасли науки, иметь дело с чем-либо (рассматривать), известные повсюду, занимать место среди, оказывать влияние

known far and wide, to exert influence on, to deal with, branches of science, to carry on research, educational establishments, research institutes, to lay the foundation, to rank among, we have to mention, as early as the beginning of our age, to contribute much, in the very beginning

 

VIII. Составьте краткое резюме к тексту А на русском языке.

IX. Прочитайте текст 4 В, не пользуясь словарем:

 

Text 4 B

Different Forms of Matter.