Table 3. Historical forms of materialism — КиберПедия 

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Table 3. Historical forms of materialism

2022-10-10 31
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Historical forms of materialism Formation conditions Features of perception of reality
Materialism of the Elements (ancient naturphilosophy) The contemplative type of comprehension of reality. The lack of scientific knowledge. The influence of mythology. The substance of being is identified with various natural elements.
Atomistic materialism (originated in antiquity: the teachings of Leucippus, Democritus, Epicurus; it lasted until the end of the XIX century.) It appeared as a kind of spontaneous materialism. In Modern times, it was the basis of the natural science picture of the world. It has lost its significance in connection with scientific discoveries (the discovery of the electron, X-rays, radioactivity, etc.). The fundamental principle of the world is the atom as the smallest indivisible particle.
Mechanistic (metaphysical) materialism (philosophy of Modern times of the XVII - XVIII). Growth of industrial production. The rapid development of natural sciences, primarily mathematics, physics, and mechanics. The material world is considered as a mechanical system, the development of nature and society is explained by the laws of mechanics.
Vulgar materialism (mid-XIX century: K. Focht, L. Buchner, J. Moleschott) The development of natural science, the desire to solve philosophical problems through natural science research. Human consciousness is interpreted as a physiological function of the brain, its social essence is denied.
Anthropological materialism (XIX century: German classical philosophy-L. Feuerbach, Russian philosophy-N. Chernyshevsky). Bourgeois transformation of social relations. Criticism of the religious understanding of human nature. Development of natural sciences. The unity of man and the natural environment is emphasized, man is considered as the pinnacle of the evolution of nature, its intelligent part. The social essence of a person is underestimated.
Dialectical materialism (the second half of the nineteenth century-Marxism). Social and political processes in Western Europe of the nineteenth century. Scientific discoveries: the law of conservation of energy, the theory of the cellular structure of living organisms, the theory of evolution. The influence of German classical philosophy (Hegel's dialectic, Feuerbach's materialism). The study of the general laws of the development of nature, society and human consciousness is based on the position of material unity and the continuous development of the world.

Т аблица 4.

C orrelation

philosophy и particular sciences
    ideological and methodological basis       natural science, empirical base  

 

 

1. The object of knowledge – the world as a whole; 2. methods of cognition-theoretical; 3. it has no practical orientation; 4. alternative knowledge; 5. it may have a national and individual-personal character; 6. includes the axiological aspect. 1. Have an object and methods of cognition; 2. aimed at understanding the laws of reality; 3. rationality; 4. evidence-based, documented provisions and conclusions; 5. consistency of presentation; 6. striving for the truth; 7. the presence of a conceptual apparatus (scientific terms, philosophical categories). 1. The object of knowledge – separate areas of reality; 2. methods of cognition-empirical and theoretical; 3. the purpose of knowledge-practical application; 4. accurate knowledge; 5. non-national and depersonalized character; 6. non-evaluative character.

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