Типы оградительных сооружений в морском порту: По расположению оградительных сооружений в плане различают волноломы, обе оконечности...
Папиллярные узоры пальцев рук - маркер спортивных способностей: дерматоглифические признаки формируются на 3-5 месяце беременности, не изменяются в течение жизни...
Топ:
Основы обеспечения единства измерений: Обеспечение единства измерений - деятельность метрологических служб, направленная на достижение...
Организация стока поверхностных вод: Наибольшее количество влаги на земном шаре испаряется с поверхности морей и океанов...
Проблема типологии научных революций: Глобальные научные революции и типы научной рациональности...
Интересное:
Наиболее распространенные виды рака: Раковая опухоль — это самостоятельное новообразование, которое может возникнуть и от повышенного давления...
Инженерная защита территорий, зданий и сооружений от опасных геологических процессов: Изучение оползневых явлений, оценка устойчивости склонов и проектирование противооползневых сооружений — актуальнейшие задачи, стоящие перед отечественными...
Как мы говорим и как мы слушаем: общение можно сравнить с огромным зонтиком, под которым скрыто все...
Дисциплины:
2017-05-23 | 1255 |
5.00
из
|
Заказать работу |
Colloquial coinages (nonce-words) are spontaneous and elusive. Nonce-words of a colloquial nature are not usually built by means of affixes but are based on certain semantic changes.
“...besides, there is a tact -
(That modern phrase appears to me sad stuff.
But it will serve to keep my verse compact).
(Byron, “Don Juan”)
According to the Oxford Dictionary the meaning of the word tact as used in these lines appeared in the English language in 1804. Byron, who keenly felt any innovation introduced into the literary language of his time, accepts it unwillingly.
“Watching for a moment of weakness she wrenched (рвать, дергать, выкручивать, неправильно истолковывать) it free; then placing the dining-table between them, said between her teeth: You are the limit, Monty.”(“In Chancery”, J. Galsworthy); to be the limit = ‘to be unbearable’.
New coinage in colloquial English awakens as an emphatic protest on the part of literary-conscious people.
The New York Times Magazine:
“ Presently used to mean ‘at the present moment’ but became so completely coloured with idea of ‘in the near future’ that when its older meaning came back into general use after World War II, through re-introduction into civilian speech of the conservative military meaning, many people were outraged and insisted that the old meaning was being corrupted - whereas, in fact, the ‘corruption’ was being purged.
“ Peculiar originally meant “belonging exclusively to”. We still keep the older meaning in such statement as ‘a custom peculiar to that country’. But by extension it came to mean ‘uncommon’ and thence ‘odd’ with the overtones of suspicion and mistrust that oddness moves us to.”
Some changes in meaning are really striking: nice (уст.притворно-жеманный), knave (подлец, беспринципный человек, мошенник; шутл. плутишка; валет), marshal, fellow (поклонник – ам. разг.)
Bergan Evans, co-author of “A Dictionary of Contemporary Usage” in an article published in The New York Times Book Review shows how the word sophisticated, undoubtedly a word of bookish origin, has developed new meanings:
The word sophisticated originally meant ‘wise’. Then, through its association with the Sophists, it came to mean ‘over-subtle’, ‘marked by specious but fallacious reasoning’, ‘able to make the worse appear the better reason’. Then it developed the additional, derivative sense of ‘ adulterated’, i.e. ‘spoiled by admixture of inferior material’. This meaning naturally gave birth to a new shade of meaning, viz. ‘corrupted’. Then suddenly (as Evans has it) the attitude implicit in the word was reversed; it ceased to mean unpleasantly worldly-wise and came to mean admirably worldly-wise. For the past fifteen years sophistication has been definitely a term of praise. By 1958 in John O’Hara’s “From the Terrace”, sophistication had come to signify not ‘corruption’ but almost the ‘irreducible’, ‘minimum good manners’.
The word sophisticated from its colloquial use denoting some passive quality started to mean ‘delicately responsive to electronic stimuli’, ‘highly complex mechanically’, ‘requiring skilled control’, ‘extraordinarily sensitive in receiving, interpreting and transmitting signals’. Or at least that is what one must guess it means in such statements as “Modern reader is vastly more sophisticated than quaint, old-fashioned reader”. (Time); “the IL-18 is aeronautically more sophisticated than the giant TU-114.” and “The Antikythera mechanism is far more sophisticated than any described in classical scientific texts.” (Scientific American).
Colloquial nonce-words can acquire a new significance and a new stylistic evaluation. They are then labelled as slang, colloquial, vulgar or something of this kind.
Nonce-coinage appears in all spheres of life. They may become permanent and generally accepted terms, or they may remain nonce-words, as, for example, hateships used by John O’Hara in “Ten North Frederic.”
The contextual meanings of words may be called nonce-meanings: t hus, the word ‘opening’ in the general meaning of a way in the sentence “This was an opening and I followed it”, is a contextual meaning which may or may not in the long run become one of the dictionary meanings.
Литература:
1. Знаменская Т.А. Стилистика английского языка. Основы курса. М., 2004.
2. Мороховский А.Н. Cтилистика английского языка. Киев, 1989.
3. Galperin I.R. Stylistics. M., 1977.
4. Kucharenko V.A. A Book of Practice in Stylistics. M., 1986.
5. Skrebnev Y.M. Fundamentals of English. М., 1994.
Lecture 3.
Историки об Елизавете Петровне: Елизавета попала между двумя встречными культурными течениями, воспитывалась среди новых европейских веяний и преданий...
Двойное оплодотворение у цветковых растений: Оплодотворение - это процесс слияния мужской и женской половых клеток с образованием зиготы...
Кормораздатчик мобильный электрифицированный: схема и процесс работы устройства...
История развития хранилищ для нефти: Первые склады нефти появились в XVII веке. Они представляли собой землянные ямы-амбара глубиной 4…5 м...
© cyberpedia.su 2017-2024 - Не является автором материалов. Исключительное право сохранено за автором текста.
Если вы не хотите, чтобы данный материал был у нас на сайте, перейдите по ссылке: Нарушение авторских прав. Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!