Unit 11. Review of the present and the past tenses

11.1. Use these auxiliaries to complete the sentences that follow. In some cases, more than one answer may be possible.

do     has    is    don’t    was    does    have been doesn’t     hasn’t     did     didn’t

1. I … enjoy the film very much. It was far too long.

2. Where … you want to go for dinner this evening?

3. … be silly!

4. John … left home. He … living in Italy now.

5. How long … it take you to drive to London last night?

6. How long … it usually take?

7. … anyone know the answer?

8. I … going to write to you, but I … have time.

9. … you still work in the shop, or … you have another job now?

10. You … phone him yesterday. Why? He was waiting eagerly.  

11. … shout! You can wake the baby.

12. We … waiting for hours, but he still … phoned.

13. … the secretary know what time the meeting starts?

14. … you think we’ll be late?

15. I … go to the match last Saturday because it was pouring down.

16. … you like living in England?

17. … anybody know where the key to this cupboard is?

18. He … approve of rash actions.

11.2. Use one of the following verbs in the present continuous or the past continuous to complete each of the sentences below. You may use each verb more than once.

change               get               grow up               improve               increase

1. Jean has been very ill but she … better now.

2. The world’s population … by 8% every year.

3. My French isn’t very good but it ….

4. Scientists believe that the world’s climate …. It … warmer every year. 

5. John is a good player and he … all the time.

6. The weather had been dreadful that year, and it … worse.

7. My farther has retired from his job now. He … old.

8. The children … quickly now that they have reached their teens.
9. Unemployment is still high in Britain but things … slowly.

10. Office work … rapidly with the introduction of computers.

11.3. Put each verb in brackets into either the present perfect, past simple or present simple.

1. Last week I (lose) my scarf, and now I (just lose) my gloves.

2. I (work) for Lloyd’s Bank at the moment but I (decide) to change jobs.

3. We (be) here for hours. Are you sure we (come) to the right place?

4. (you see) my calculator? I’m sure I (leave) it here earlier.

5. We (have) some coffee and then (catch) the bus home.

6. I (never eat) octopus, but once on holiday I (eat) some squid.

7. I (hope) you aren’t a vegetarian. I (cook) you some lamb chops. 

8. Recently a lot of young people (take up) kite surfing.

9. When we (reach) the cinema, there (not be) any tickets left.

10. Please come quickly! Nick (have) an accident, and he (go) to hospital.

 

11.4. Render the following sentences into English.

1. Ты уже видел этот мюзикл? – Нет, не видел, но я иду на него в субботу с Кэтрин.

2. В чём дело? – Телевизор сломался. Я пытаюсь его починить. – A когда он сломался? – Вчера вечером, после семичасовых новостей. 

3. Где вы познакомились? – Мы познакомились в Италии, когда я был в отпуске. 

4. Как давно вы знакомы? – Мы дружим с 1997 года, а познакомились мы в 1995.

5. Ты постоянно забываешь отключать телефон во время собраний! 

6. Я спросил его, где он провёл каникулы. Он ответил, что провёл месяц в Аргентине и собирается туда вновь.

7. Прежде я не вставал так рано. Я спал до 9 или 10 часов и только потом начинал заниматься делами. 

8. Я работаю здесь уже 8 лет и подумываю сменить сферу деятельности.  

9. Раньше он вообще не занимался спортом и был каким-то бесформенным. Теперь он ходит в спортзал и катается на велосипеде три раза в неделю. 

10. Ты сломал руку? – Да. Я упал с лестницы, когда пытался достать кошку с дерева. 

11. Вчера к 8 часам вечера мы развесили на стенах выставочного зала большую часть картин. 

12. Он никогда не говорит о своей семье. По крайней мере, я ни разу не слышал.

13. В прошлый раз мы виделись на концерте два года назад.

14. Зачем вы хотели меня видеть? – Я надеялся поговорить наедине.

15. Новый директор отдела персонала вступает в должность 1 июня.

16. Как вы его нашли? – Как обычно, мы пришли в офис, включили свет, открыли окна. Затем мы подошли каждый к своему рабочему столу, и Джеймс увидел записку, адресованную Полу. Почерк показался ему знакомым. Остальное было просто. 

17. На какую должность Вы рассчитываете после окончания университета? – Я ещё не думал об этом. Когда я закончу, ситуация на рынке труда может быть совсем иной.

18. В последнее время вы слишком много времени проводите на работе.

19. Куда он уехал? – Я не знаю. Он никому не сказал.

20. Я не понимал, почему он так поступил. Но он не хотел никого обидеть.

Appendix 1

PRESENT TIME

TENSE FORM MEANING EXAMPLES MOST FREQUENT TIME EXPRESSIONS

Present Simple

(+) S + V₁/V₁s

 

(–) S + don’t/doesn’t + V₁

 

(?) Do/does + S + V₁

1. Habitual actions I go swimming twice a week.

always, often, frequently, normally, usually, as usual, generally, in general, as a rule, sometimes, occasionally, on and off, rarely, seldom, ever, hardly ever, never, every day / week / month / year, once/twice a day /a week /a fortnight /a month /a year

2. Situations that are generally true I work in a multinational company and live in the city centre. 3. Facts which are always true (universal truths) The Thames flows into the English Channel. 4. Future events in schemes, timetables, programmes, calendars, etc. Flight 2345 arrives at 6:35 tomorrow morning. The company’s chairman retires next month. any definite time in the future 5. Narratives (historic present) On 1 September 1939 Hitler invades Poland. The Second World War begins. always, often, frequently, normally, usually, as usual, generally, in general, as a rule, sometimes, occasionally, on and off, rarely, seldom, ever, hardly ever, never, every day / week / month / year, once/twice a day /a week /a fortnight /a month /a year or any definite time in the past 6. In some language patterns referring to the future As soon as I know the results, I’ll phone you. when, the moment sb does sth, after, before,  if, unless, in case, as soon as, as long as, till, until, by the time, the next time 7. Instructions First, you open the necessary system folder and then you find the required file. first, second, then

Present Continuous*

(+) S + am/is/are + V_ing

 

(–) S + am not/isn’t/aren’t + V_ing

 

(?) am/is/are + S + V_ing

1. An action happening at the moment of speaking We are watching a film by Alfred Hitchcock.

now, at the moment, right now, still

2. A temporary action/situation (“around now”) They are building a new bridge over the river. 3. Future actions/events/situations at a definite future time She is flying to Sydney next Monday. any definite time in the future 4. Repeated temporary actions / annoying habits (emphatic sentences) You are always complaining about everything! always, constantly, whenever, again, forever

Present Perfect

(+) S + have/has + V₃

 

(–) S + haven’t/hasn’t + V₃

 

(?) have/has + S + V₃

1. Our life experience up to now  I have never been to New Zealand.

recently, lately, of late, for, since, ever, never, yet, so far, already, just, always, often

2. A completed action in the past with a result in the present Jeremy has recently bought a new powerful computer. 3. An action that began in the past and continues in the present (for state verbs usually) We have known one another for ten years. 4. In some language patterns referring to the future (see Present Simple, meaning 6) to emphasize completion When you’ vechecked everything, tell me immediately. when, the moment sb does sth, after, before, if, unless, in case, as soon as, as long as, till, until, by the time, the next time

Present Perfect Continuous*

(+) S + have/has + been + V_ing

 

(–) S + haven’t/hasn’t + been + V_ing

 

(?) have/has + S + been + V_ing

1. An action that began in the past and continues in the present (for action/dynamic verbs) He has been watching the telly for hours.

for, since, recently, lately, of late, so far, already, just, for hours/days/weeks/

months/years, all morning/afternoon/

evening/night/day/week/month/year, etc.

2. An action that has finished recently, but has a visible result in the present We have been running so fast that we are now out of breath.  

Appendix 2

P A S T                      T I M E

TENSE FORM MEANING EXAMPLES MOST FREQUENT TIME EXPRESSIONS

Past Simple

(+) S + V₂

 

(–) S + didn’t + V₁

 

(?) Did + S + V₁

1. A non-continuous action, event, situation that happened at a definite time in the past I came to this town two years ago.

yesterday, last night/week/month/year/November/Monday, last, two days/five minutes/an hour/ten years/a century ago, in 1996/1989/2004/1066, when

2. Sequence of immediate events When Alice came home, she went into the kitchen, opened the fridge, took out some convenience food and put it in the microwave oven. 3. Repeated habitual actions in the past When we were on holiday, we went to the beach every day. See above + always, often, frequently, normally, usually, as usual, generally, in general, as a rule, sometimes, occasionally, on and off, rarely, seldom, ever, hardly ever, never, every day / week / month / year, once/twice a day /a week /a fortnight /a month /a year Used to (+) S + used to + V₁   (–) S + didn’t use to + V₁   (?) did + S + use to + V₁ Past habits (for states and actions) that are no longer true I used to smoke a lot when I was younger. She didn’t use to be a good student. Did you use to work odd hours? Would S + would + V₁ Typical activities in the past (repeated actions) that are no longer true The Campbells would sometimes invite us over for the weekend.

Past Continuous*

(+) S + was/were + V_ing

 

(–) S + wasn’t/weren’t + V_ing

 

(?) Was/were + S + V_ing

1. An action in progress in the past (a background situation as opposed to a sudden event expressed by Past Simple). When I was having my dinner, the telephone rang.

when, while, at the moment, at that moment, still

2. Parallel actions in progress in the past Some of us were shopping, some were sleeping, the others were reading, but everyone was waiting for the news of the delayed plane. 3. Annoying habits in the past. When James was younger, he was always getting into fights. 4. Politeness and uncertainty (with hope, think, wonder). I was hoping to see you last night. We were thinking of having a night out. I was wondering if he would come in time.

Past Perfect

(+) S + had + V₃

 

(–) S + hadn’t + V₃

 

(?) Had + S + V₃

1. A past action/event/situation that took place before another action/event/situation in the past I thought I had already seen her somewhere before. before, after, already 2. An action/event/situation completed by a particular given time in the past. By 2006 I had visited about 25 different countries in different parts of the world. by …, by the beginning/middle/end of next week/month/year, etc. Past Perfect Continuous* (+) S + had been + V_ing   (–) S + hadn’t been + V_ing   (?) Had + S + been + V_ing 1. A past action/event/situation in progress that started before another action/event/situation in the past     When I returned home, he had been surfing the Internet for hours on end. before, after, already, for, since

Be going to do sth

(+) S + was/were + going to do sth

 

 

(–) S + wasn’t/weren’t + going to do sth

 

(?) Was/were + S + going to do sth

1. Plans and intentions in the past He was going to phone me, but ran out of money on his mobile account.   2. Predictions based on clear evidence in the past He was going to win the elections by a wide margin, but died of a snakebite two days before the vote.  

Appendix 3

MOST TYPICAL STATE VERBS

Verbs of senses	Verbs of feeling	Verbs of thinking	Verbs of possession	Verbs of being	Others
appear seem hear see look like resemble taste smell sound	like love adore admire hate detest dislike prefer want wish desire interest	agree disagree believe forget know think understand realize remember suppose reckon imagine recognize regret admit confess	belong to contain have own possess include	be exist	cost depend on mean need concern deserve fit involve matter satisfy surprise

 

* Использование глаголов состояния во временах плана Continuous возможно для описания временных и будущих состояний:

I’ m having some problems with my computer software.

They are having a conference tomorrow.

We were seeing the images that revealed the truth about the accident.

Appendix 4