Industry in Russian Federation

The structure of Russian industry was greatly affected by Soviet planned system in which the role of heavy industry in economic growth was leading. In accordance with Soviet theory, heavy industry was promoted above all other sectors. Industrial output for national defence also received high priority in Soviet plans. Russian industries are very technologically advanced in the production of certain items, such as aerospace technology. The machine-building industries are mainly located in the largest cities because these industries are labour intensive.

In the 1920s the Soviet government began the industrialization of the USSR. At that time, Soviet manufacturing enterprises in Russia were concentrated in the Moscow and Saint Petersburg areas. At the same time, work was begun on the electrification of areas in the Urals with large coal and mineral reserves. At the same time planning began for the electrification of various Siberian regions. As economic planning progressed, and as the electric-power areas increased, new manufacturing complexes were installed to take maximum advantage of these natural resources. As a result, production increased in the eastern regions. This significant expansion was accomplished by developing the new eastern industrial regions. At the same time the production of older industrial regions continued to increase their output.

Today the manufacture of transportation equipment is concentrated in central European Russia. The largest shipbuilding center is in Saint Petersburg on the Baltic Sea. Smaller shipyards are located in Kaliningrad. The motor-vehicle manufacturing industry is limited in Russia because the Soviet government gave low priority to vehicular traffic as compared with railroads and other forms of transportation. However, Russia has several large-scale automobile and truck factories. These factories produced about 85 percent of all trucks and cars manufactured in the USSR in 1990. The largest construction project in the USSR during the eighth Soviet five-year Plan (1966-1970) was the establishment of the Volga Motor Vehicle Plant at Tol’yatti, in eastern European Russia. This plant’s capacity is about 660 000 automobiles a year. Other important automobile assembly plants are in Moscow, Izhevsk, and Nizhniy Novgorod. The largest construction project during the ninth Five-Year Plan (1971-1975) was the Kama Truck Plant in Naberezhnye Chelny. Trucks are also produced in Nizhniy Novgorod, Moscow, Simbirsk on the Volga, and Miass in the Urals.

The USSR was the largest producer of tractors in the world and a sizable exporter. Most of the principal producing plants are in European Russia, in Volgograd, Vladimir, Bryansk, and Lipetsk. Chelyabinsk and Rubtsovsk in Siberia.

Russia is also a major producer of textiles. The USSR led the world in the production of almost all kinds of textiles. The majority of its productive capacity located in the Russian cities of Moscow, Ivanovo, Kostroma, Tver’, and Vladimir. In these cities the textile production has been based for more than a century. In the late 1980s the annual production of cotton yarn in the USSR stood at 1.7 million metric tons, which ranked well above the second-place competitor, the United States. The country was by far the world’s largest producer of linen fabrics. Since the disintegration of the USSR, textile production in Russia has suffered greatly, as the other Soviet republics were a major source of textile raw materials.Total textile production in Russia fell by more than 50 percent in 1992.

Russia has traditionally been a major producer of leather goods, and the Soviet government greatly expanded the industry. The USSR ranked as world leader in the production of leather footwear, manufacturing approximately 820 million pairs of shoes and boots each year, compared with 217.6 million in the United States.

The food industries form another important manufacturing sector in Russia. Initially, flourmills were built in the major grain-producing areas. New flourmills are generally located in areas with larger population concentration. A considerable part of the country’s fresh fruits and vegetables are canned or conserved in the growing areas. Transportation and refrigeration facilities are not adequate to market fresh produce at great distances.

Words and expressions

structure - структура

industry - промышленность

economic growth - экономический рост

heavy industry - тяжелая промышленность

industrial output – промышленное производство

aerospace technology - авиационные технологии

machine-building - машиностроение

industrialization - индустриализация

manufacturing - производство

electrification - электрификация

economic planning – экономическое планирование

natural resources - природные ресурсы

industrial regions - промышленные регионы

transportation equipment - транспортное

оборудование

shipbuilding - cсудостроение

motor-vehicle manufacturing - автомобилестроение

railroads - железные дороги

construction project - строительные проекты

agricultural machinery – сельскохозяйственные машины

sizable exporter - значительный экспортер

productive capacity – производственные мощности

cotton yarn - хлопковое волокно

natural silk - натуральный шелк

synthetic fiber - синтетическое волокно

plastics - пластмассы

raw material - сырье

population concentration - концентрация населения

decline - спад

synthetic rubber - синтетический каучук

Exercise 1

Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Why was heavy industry promoted above all during the Soviet Union period?

2. Did national defense receive high priority in Soviet industrial plans?

3. Why do we consider that Russian industries are technologically advanced?

4. Where machine-building industries in Russia are mainly located?

5. Why machine-building industries are located in big cities?

6. When did Soviet government begin electrification?

7. What are the Urals known for?

8. What were installed in the electric-power areas?

9. Why did the government install huge manufacturing complexes in electric power areas?

10. Is manufacture of transportation equipment concentrated in northern European Russia?

Exercise 2.

Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений:

Большие запасы угля и минералов; значение промышленности в экономическом развитии страны; производственные предприятия; сконцентрированы в Москве и Санкт-Петербурге; новые крупные производственные комплексы; максимально использовать; преимущества природных ресурсов; производство транспортного оборудования; промышленное производство России значительно упало за последние годы; производство некоторых видов продукции возросло.

 

Дистанционное задание для студентов группы СП-181

Преподаватель Сусидко Светлана Ивановна

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СП-181, немецкий язык,09.11., преподаватель Сусидко Светлана Ивановна

Работа с лексикой по теме № 3.8.4 Профессиональные заболевания сварщика: записать, запомнить, составить 4- 5 предложений, связанных с вашей специальностью.

das Herz – сердце
die Niere – почка
die Lunge – лёгкое
die Haut – кожа
die Leber – печень
das Gelenk – сустав
die Bronchien – бронхи

husten – кашлять
niesen – чихать
atmen – дышать
keuchen – задыхаться
Krankheit – болезнь
die Atemwegserkrankung – заболевание дыхательных путей
der Herzanfall – сердечный приступ
die Hypertonie – гипертония
der Infarkt – инфаркт
die Insomnie/ die Schlaflosigkeit – бессонница
der Krebs – рак
die Atembeschwerden – затруднение дыхания
starkes Keuchen beim Atmen – тяжело дышать

die Morbidität = заболеваемость