To rise is to move from a lower position to a higher one. The sun ha s just risen.

ENVIRONMENT

Phrasal verbs break out — to start suddenly  bring about — to cause sth to happen cut down on — to use or do less of sth do without — to manage without  give off—to emit face up to — to accept (an unpleasant fact, reality) and deal with it make up for — to make a situation better, to compensate put up with — to tolerate, to endure run out of sth — to have no more of sth left work out — find a solution to sth by thinking or talking

Phrases and collocations

biodegradable packaging Our goods are produced in a natural and totally biodegradable packaging

 breeds of (domestic) animals What breed is you dog? — It's a collie.

 climate pattern Tropical rainforests regulate global climate patterns.

favourable climatic conditions The favourable climatic conditions of this area are suitable for apricot cultivation.

to eliminate war/poverty/ chemical weapons Economic growth does not always eliminate poverty.

to have a positive/negative effect on sth Gardening has a positive effect on people’s health.

to raise money/funds The funds raised will help corner endangered meadowlands.

Word formation

aware awareness, unaware	to inhabit habitat, inhabitant	to save safe, safety, unsafe

Organ

organic,

inorganic,

organically,

organics,

organism

Danger

dangerous,

to endanger,

endangered,

endangerment

human humanity, humane, humanism, humanitarian, inhuman   tо emit emission hazard hazardous to starve starvation New to renew, renewable, non-renewable, renewal to pollute pollution, polluted, pollutant environment environmental, environmentalist, environmentally to surround surroundings to survive survival, survivor threat to threaten, threatened, threatening globe global(ly), globalization, to globalize, globetrotter wild wildly, wildlife, wilderness poor poorly, poverty, to impoverish

GLOSSARY

Nouns a) Ecology

biodegradable packaging	биологически разлагаемая упаковка
biodiversity	биологическое разнообразие
bottle bank	«банк бутылок» (контейнер для использованных бутылок, стеклянных банок)
conservation	охрана природы
ecosystem	экосистема
food chain	пищевая цепь
fossil fuel	ископаемое топливо
incinerator	Мусоросжигательная печь
natural habitat	естественная среда обитания
nature reserve	заповедник
ozone layer	озоновый слой
rainforest	тропический лес; влажные джунгли
raw materials	сырье
recycling	переработка отходов (для повт. использования)

b) Environmental problems

acid rain	КИСЛОТНЫЙ дождь
carbon dioxide	углекислый газ
chemical discharge	слив, сток химических отходов
deforestation	уничтожение лесов, вырубка леса
ecological disaster	Экологическая катастрофа
endangered species	исчезающий вид
exhaust gases/fumes	выхлопные газы
fertilizer	удобрение
garbage	мусор, отходы
global warming	глобальное потепление
greenhouse effect	парниковый эффект
monoculture	монокультура, отсутствие севооборота
nuclear/industrial/ waste	ядерные/промышленные отходы/нечистоты
oil spill	разли в нефти (на поверхности воды)
overpopulation	перенаселенность
pesticide	пестицид,
pollution = contamination	загрязнение
sewage	сточные воды, нечистоты
smog	смог, густой туман с дымом и копотью

Adjectives

to be alternative to stb	быть альтернативой чему-либо
to be aware /conscious of sth	осознавать что-либо
to ban sb from sth	запрещать к -л что-либо, находиться г-л
to be exposed to sth	подвергаться чему-либо
to benefit from sth	извлекать из чего-либо пользу, выгоду
to die of sth	умереть от чего-либо
to deprive of sth	лишать чего-либо
to lead to sth	вести к чему-либо
to put in sth (money, effort)	вкладывать (деньги, усилия, годы работы)
to result in sth	иметь следствием что- либо
to result from sth	являться результатом чего-либо
to threaten with sth	угрожать чем-либо
environmentally friendly	не наносящий ущерб окружающей среде
extinct	вымерший, исчезнувший
limited	ограниченный
poisonous	ядовитый
rare	редкий
solar	солнечный

Verbs

to absorb впитывать, поглощать to ban= to prohibit запрещать to contaminate (= to pollute загрязнять to deplete истощать, исчерпывать (запасы, ресурсы) to dump сбрасывать, сваливать, разгружать to emit= to release выделять (свет, тепло, запах), выбрасывать to threaten = to menace угрожать

Word patterns

in captivity в неволе on a farm на ферме reason for причина чего-либо to affect sth влиять на что-либо

Confusing words

spilt	разлив	shortage	нехватка
spread	распространение	reduce	Сократить
flood	наводнение	decrease	уменьшиться
litter	мусор	consequence	последствие
rubbish	мусор, отходы	drought	засуха
waste	отходы	draught	Сквозняк
starvation	голодание	draft	Чертеж
famine	голод	raise	поднимать
malnutrition	плохое (недост) питание	arise	Возникать
lack	Нехватка, отсутствие	rise	подниматься

Confusing words

Spill / spread / flood

To spill is to cause or allow (liquid) to flow over the edge of its container. especially unintentionally. 70,000 tonnes of oil spilled from a tanker.

Tо spread is to extend over a large or increasing area. Nuclear contamination from Japan has spread to some US states.

Tо flood is to make or become covered with water. The dam burst,flooding a small town.

Litter / rubbish / waste

Rubbish is unwanted things or waste material. Our rubbish is taken away   twice a week.

Litter is rubbish such as paper, tins, and bottles left lying in an open or public place. Always clear up after a picnic and never drop litter

Waste is unwanted or unusable material, substances, or by-products. The disposal of hazardous industrial waste is strictly monitored by the government.

Raise / rise / arise

To raise is to lift or move to a higher position or level. The aim of the campaign was to raise awareness of environmental issues.

Lack / shortage

Lack is deficiency or absence. Lack of rainfall caused severe drоught in the country.

 Shortage is a deficiency in amount, an insufficiency. Vietnam is suffering from food shortage.

Reduce / decrease

To reduce- is to make smaller in quantity or size. To reduce household waste just change your shopping habits.

To decrease is to become smaller in quantity or size. The population of the area has decreased radically.

Drought / draught / draft

A drought is a long period of abnormally low rainfall. Farmers are  affected by the drought.

A draught is a current of cool air in a room or other confined space. Don't sit in a draught!

A draft is a plan, sketch, or drawing of something..

ENVIRONMENT

Phrasal verbs break out — to start suddenly  bring about — to cause sth to happen cut down on — to use or do less of sth do without — to manage without  give off—to emit face up to — to accept (an unpleasant fact, reality) and deal with it make up for — to make a situation better, to compensate put up with — to tolerate, to endure run out of sth — to have no more of sth left work out — find a solution to sth by thinking or talking

Phrases and collocations

biodegradable packaging Our goods are produced in a natural and totally biodegradable packaging

 breeds of (domestic) animals What breed is you dog? — It's a collie.

 climate pattern Tropical rainforests regulate global climate patterns.

favourable climatic conditions The favourable climatic conditions of this area are suitable for apricot cultivation.

to eliminate war/poverty/ chemical weapons Economic growth does not always eliminate poverty.

to have a positive/negative effect on sth Gardening has a positive effect on people’s health.

to raise money/funds The funds raised will help corner endangered meadowlands.

Word formation

aware awareness, unaware	to inhabit habitat, inhabitant	to save safe, safety, unsafe

Organ

organic,

inorganic,

organically,

organics,

organism

Danger

dangerous,

to endanger,

endangered,

endangerment

human humanity, humane, humanism, humanitarian, inhuman   tо emit emission hazard hazardous to starve starvation New to renew, renewable, non-renewable, renewal to pollute pollution, polluted, pollutant environment environmental, environmentalist, environmentally to surround surroundings to survive survival, survivor threat to threaten, threatened, threatening globe global(ly), globalization, to globalize, globetrotter wild wildly, wildlife, wilderness poor poorly, poverty, to impoverish

GLOSSARY

Nouns a) Ecology

biodegradable packaging	биологически разлагаемая упаковка
biodiversity	биологическое разнообразие
bottle bank	«банк бутылок» (контейнер для использованных бутылок, стеклянных банок)
conservation	охрана природы
ecosystem	экосистема
food chain	пищевая цепь
fossil fuel	ископаемое топливо
incinerator	Мусоросжигательная печь
natural habitat	естественная среда обитания
nature reserve	заповедник
ozone layer	озоновый слой
rainforest	тропический лес; влажные джунгли
raw materials	сырье
recycling	переработка отходов (для повт. использования)

b) Environmental problems

acid rain	КИСЛОТНЫЙ дождь
carbon dioxide	углекислый газ
chemical discharge	слив, сток химических отходов
deforestation	уничтожение лесов, вырубка леса
ecological disaster	Экологическая катастрофа
endangered species	исчезающий вид
exhaust gases/fumes	выхлопные газы
fertilizer	удобрение
garbage	мусор, отходы
global warming	глобальное потепление
greenhouse effect	парниковый эффект
monoculture	монокультура, отсутствие севооборота
nuclear/industrial/ waste	ядерные/промышленные отходы/нечистоты
oil spill	разли в нефти (на поверхности воды)
overpopulation	перенаселенность
pesticide	пестицид,
pollution = contamination	загрязнение
sewage	сточные воды, нечистоты
smog	смог, густой туман с дымом и копотью

Adjectives

to be alternative to stb	быть альтернативой чему-либо
to be aware /conscious of sth	осознавать что-либо
to ban sb from sth	запрещать к -л что-либо, находиться г-л
to be exposed to sth	подвергаться чему-либо
to benefit from sth	извлекать из чего-либо пользу, выгоду
to die of sth	умереть от чего-либо
to deprive of sth	лишать чего-либо
to lead to sth	вести к чему-либо
to put in sth (money, effort)	вкладывать (деньги, усилия, годы работы)
to result in sth	иметь следствием что- либо
to result from sth	являться результатом чего-либо
to threaten with sth	угрожать чем-либо
environmentally friendly	не наносящий ущерб окружающей среде
extinct	вымерший, исчезнувший
limited	ограниченный
poisonous	ядовитый
rare	редкий
solar	солнечный

Verbs

to absorb впитывать, поглощать to ban= to prohibit запрещать to contaminate (= to pollute загрязнять to deplete истощать, исчерпывать (запасы, ресурсы) to dump сбрасывать, сваливать, разгружать to emit= to release выделять (свет, тепло, запах), выбрасывать to threaten = to menace угрожать

Word patterns

in captivity в неволе on a farm на ферме reason for причина чего-либо to affect sth влиять на что-либо

Confusing words

spilt	разлив	shortage	нехватка
spread	распространение	reduce	Сократить
flood	наводнение	decrease	уменьшиться
litter	мусор	consequence	последствие
rubbish	мусор, отходы	drought	засуха
waste	отходы	draught	Сквозняк
starvation	голодание	draft	Чертеж
famine	голод	raise	поднимать
malnutrition	плохое (недост) питание	arise	Возникать
lack	Нехватка, отсутствие	rise	подниматься

Confusing words

Spill / spread / flood

To spill is to cause or allow (liquid) to flow over the edge of its container. especially unintentionally. 70,000 tonnes of oil spilled from a tanker.

Tо spread is to extend over a large or increasing area. Nuclear contamination from Japan has spread to some US states.

Tо flood is to make or become covered with water. The dam burst,flooding a small town.

Litter / rubbish / waste

Rubbish is unwanted things or waste material. Our rubbish is taken away   twice a week.

Litter is rubbish such as paper, tins, and bottles left lying in an open or public place. Always clear up after a picnic and never drop litter

Waste is unwanted or unusable material, substances, or by-products. The disposal of hazardous industrial waste is strictly monitored by the government.

Raise / rise / arise

To raise is to lift or move to a higher position or level. The aim of the campaign was to raise awareness of environmental issues.

To rise is to move from a lower position to a higher one. The sun ha s just risen.

To arise is to begin to exist, take any  form or shape. The birds attack crops when the opportunity arises.

Lack / shortage

Lack is deficiency or absence. Lack of rainfall caused severe drоught in the country.

 Shortage is a deficiency in amount, an insufficiency. Vietnam is suffering from food shortage.

Reduce / decrease

To reduce- is to make smaller in quantity or size. To reduce household waste just change your shopping habits.

To decrease is to become smaller in quantity or size. The population of the area has decreased radically.