Определите основную идею текста.

Electromagnetism is one of the essential forces of the universe finding an increasingly wide application nowadays.

Electricity and magnetism are combined to form one of the fundamental forces of the universe – electromagnetism.

It is widely known that the relationship between electricity and magnetism is one of the most important in physics.

It is questionable how people would exist without the knowledge of electricity and magnetism nowadays.

Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

The controlling parts in a circuit can strengthen currents, turn them on and out, or change their direction.

It has been found out that in magnetized iron domains are aligned and all point to the South.

Electronics deals with the ways of modifying kinds of electricity in various electronic devices.

Scientists proved that domains can move easily only when iron and steel become magnetized.

 

 

Solid

1. Solid is one of the major states of matter. It is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume. Unlike a liquid, a solid object does not flow to take on the shape of its container, nor does it expand to fill the entire volume available to it like a gas does. The atoms in a solid are tightly bound to each other, either in a regular geometric lattice or irregularly one.

2. The branch of physics that deals with solids is called solid-state physics, and is the main branch of condensed matter physics (which also includes liquids). Materials science is primarily concerned with the physical and chemical properties of solids. Solid-state chemistry is especially concerned with the synthesis of novel materials, as well as the science of identification and chemical composition.

3. The forces between the atoms in a solid can take a variety of forms. For example, a crystal of sodium chloride (common salt) is made up of ionic sodium and chlorine, which are held together by ionic bonds. In diamond or silicon, the atoms share electrons and form covalent bonds. In metals, electrons are shared in metallic bonding. Some solids, particularly most organic compounds, are held together with van der Waals forces resulting from the polarization of the electronic charge cloud on each molecule. The dissimilarities between the types of a solid result from the differences between their bonding.

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A solid’s properties are quite different from those of a gas or a liquid due to its structure and the ability to resist.

It has been an accepted fact that the quantity of atoms in a solid’s lattice is permanent.

The existence of various solids can be explained by different types of their lattices.

It is possible to change a solid’s state modifying its chemical bonds.

Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.

A solid has a constant form …

as the atoms in it are tightly bound to each other

depending on the type of its lattice

if only possessing covalent bonds

that’s why it is difficult to identify its chemical composition

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Тема: Изучающее чтение с элементами анализа информации

Ответьте на вопрос:

Why do there exist different types of solids?

This is due to the type of a chemical bond a certain solid possesses.

This happens due to certain amount of electrons in a solid.

It is influenced by its structural rigidity and resistance to any changes.

It depends on different types of lattices of solids.

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Тема: Изучающее чтение с выделением главных компонентов содержания текста

Определите основную идею текста.

A solid has its own distinctive characteristics which are studied by different branches of sciences.

The text deals with similarities and differences among solids possessing different bonds.

The text introduces the readers to description of various properties of solids, gases and liquids.

Solids are quite difficult to be distorted due to their structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume.

Technology

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1. Technology is the usage and knowledge of tools, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or create an artistic perspective. Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species' ability to control and adapt to their natural environments. The human species' use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools.

2. The prehistorical discovery of the ability to control fire increased the available sources of food and the invention of the wheel helped humans in travelling in and controlling their environment. Recent technological developments, including the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to interact freely on a global scale. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes; the development of weapons of ever-increasing destructive power has progressed throughout history, from clubs to nuclear weapons.

3. Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advanced economies (including today's global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of the Earth and its environment. Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and new technology often raises new ethical questions.

Тема: Изучающее чтение с элементами аннотирования