Words fokmed from Latin verbs.

CONTINDED.

I now proceed now to the verb Eo, to go, and its participle Itus, gone. From the present indicative we have " ambient" and " circumambient," signifying going about or round about; the prefix ambi in the first word signifying about, and in addition to it circum, around, in the latter. The words " ambition" and " ambitious" originally meant nothing more than the going about of candidates to solicit votes; but it has come to signify an inordinate desire of advancement. From the participle itus with the preposition circum, is formed the word " circuit," which means going round, and is applied to the portion of the kingdom about or around which the judges periodically go; and secondarily to the going round of the judges itself. " Circuitous" is opposed to straight; it means going a round about way. " Exit" is a Latin word Anglicized, and is used in the margin of plays to mark the time when the actor goes off the stage. The word means he goes out, and the plural is " exeunt," they go out. " Exit" is used as a noun in English, to describe a way out from, and is sometimes applied to a man's death, which is a going off the stage of life. An " obituary" is a record of the dead; from obit, meaning he goes beyond, that is, passes out of this life. A " postobit" bond means that which is not payable until after the death of the person named. To " initiate" is to enter upon, to take the first step; and the " initials" are the first letters of a man's name. To " perish" is to go through, or thoroughly, expressed by per; and so is used to signify to go out, to die. In grammar, the tense which describes the time past is called the " preterite," which means that which has gone past or beyond (preter). " Sedition" is a going apart; and implies a departure from obedience, and a separation calculated to create dissension and discord among citizens, A " trance" means a going, as it were, for a time,of the soul out of the body; and to " entrance" or " intrance" is to cause to be in a state of ecstacy through any violent emotion. A " transit" is a going across, and in astronomy means the passage of the moon close by a planet, or that of a planet just by or under a fixed star. " Transient" and "transitory" designate things passing away; and " transition" is a going across from one state into another. In grammar, a verb is called " transitive" when it signifies an action having an effect on some object—going over to it; and it is " intransitive," when the action does not pass over to the object.

Erro to wander, forms the root of "err" and "errant," implying a wandering from the right way, as the negative " unerring" means the opposite. The same verb gives us " error" and " erroneous;" as also " aberration," signifying a wandering of the intellect from a man. From the participle Erratus, wandered or erred, we have "erratic," that is wandering; and an error of the press is noted as an " erratum" (plural " errata") at the end of a publication.

Estimo or rather, Aestimo, to rate or value, and Aestimatus Facio, rated, give the words " esteem," "estimable," "estimation;" and "inestimable," that upon which the price cannot be set, on account of its exceeding value.

There is perhaps no Latin verb that gives us more English words than Facio, to do or make, with its participle Factus, made, to which we may unite Fio (Fieri), to become, or to be made. A " fact" is a deed that is done; and a " factor" is an agent, a doer for another. The term " faction" is applied to those who would do one thing, in opposition to those who would do another. Such persons are themselves " factious," and they act " factiously." " Factitious" means made by art, as distinguished from what is natural. A " factory" is a house of " factors," or makers of any thing; from hence also we have " manufacture" and " manufactory;" but these belong to the class of words compounded of nouns and verbs. That which may be easilydone is said to be " feasible;" but this is through the French, as is also " feat," meaning an exploit or a deed well done; and "fait accompli" lately adopted into English, and meaning an accomplished fact. A " fit" meant formerly a feat, and in old romances and songs the divisions of the piece were called " fittes" as they are now called " acts." A good " fit" means a thing well made—does it do? and does it Jit? are equivalent expressions. That which is " fitting" it is correct to do, and that which is so performed is " fittingly" done. A command is sometimes called a " fiat," which is the imperative mood of fieri, to be done. To " affect" is to make or do towards; and means to act upon, as on one's feelings. Shakspeare uses it, in the sense of being fond of or aiming at. The sub-derivatives "affectedly" and "affectation" are now applied to the assumption of deceitful appearances, and always imply false pretence and self-conceit. On the other hand, " affection" and "affectionate" are applied to that which is real, conveying the idea of kind and benevolent feelings. " Disaffected" and " disaffection" imply a want of affection, discontent, and dissatisfaction. An " affecting" tale is one that works upon the feelings. An " artifice" means that which is done by art, and is applied to cunning tricks. An " artificer" is an artist, one who works by art; and flowers, &c. are " artificial" when made by art to imitate nature. " Beatific" is that which makes happy; but it belongs to words compounded with adjectives; as do "benefactor," "benefaction," " benefice," " beneficial," and " benefit," to words compounded with the adverbbene, well, and/acio, or fio, to make or cause to be done. A " confectioner" is one that makes up diverse things together, and " confectionary" is the name of the article so made or mingled together. " Counterfeit" means made against, that is, wrongfully or in opposition to, as forging the coin of the realm. It signifies also, generally, to assume or pretend to a sameness. This word, however, like others with the preposition contra as a prefix changed to counter is derived to us through the French. " Defeat" is the opposite to a " feat," or successful exploit, and as a verb means to undo.Similar to this is the signification of " defect," which means any thing left undone, and therefore wanting— " defective" or " deficient." A want or deficiency is also called a " deficit," which is a Latin word introduced into English, without any change, meaning, it is wanting. An " edifice" means a building, compounded of a noun meaning a house, with facio, to make. The verb to " edify," as also the noun " edification," is used in a metaphorical sense,meaning to build up in knowledge, virtue, or religion; and hence to instruct and improve. The words " effect," " effectual," " efficacy," " efficiency," and their sub-derivatives, have reference to that which is well and thoroughly done; and so to " effect" any object is to accomplish it. " Effects" in the plural are things acquired, and " effectually" attained. To " forfeit" any thing is to do away with it, to lose it. This word has come to us through the French, as do generally words from facio orjfto terminating in eit. To " infect" is to taint with some pernicious quality; the literal meaning of the word being to make in or within. An " office" is that which ought to be performed or done—what one is bound to do, any service or employment. The word is also applied to the place where " official" acts are done; and they who perform those acts are called " officials." An " officious" person is one who makes himself busy with doing things, or with meddling in other people's business. An " officer'' is one who does the duties of an office; and to " officiate" is to perform the duties assigned. " Perfect" means thoroughly done; of which the opposite is " imperfect," as " inefficient" is not " efficient" and " insufficient" is opposed to " sufficient." This latter word means " sufficing," that is, acting adequately. The word seems to mean to do any thing.under another, to supply the place of another, and to do as well as the other could. " Proficient" and " proficiency" imply making progress, getting on; " profit" and " profitable" are of similar signification,—making forward, that is, advancing and thereby attaining benefits. To " refect" is to make again; and a " refectory" is the place where a "refection" that restores strength to the body is to be had; which therefore goes by the name of refreshment as making one fresh again. To " refit" is to fit or make up again, to re-furnish with things fitting.

There are many words formed from the verbs we have been now considering, in composition with substantives, which do not at present come under consideration. It may, however, be proper here to notice, that the verbs fio and fieri supply the suffix or affix fy, much in use in addition to adjectives and substantives, in the composition of English words. I shall only enumerate some of these, reserving the more particular consideration of them for future Lectures on words compounded of substantives and adjectives united to verbs. Of such are the following verbs:Amplify, beautify, certify, deify, edify, fortify, glorify, horrify, indemnify, justify, liquify, magnify, nullify, ossify, purify, qualify, rectify, satisfy, terrify, unify, verify.

It will be observed that at least one word with the affix fy may be found commencing with each letter of the alphabet, with the exception of five; and o.f these, four (k, w. y and z) do not occur in Latin; while x is never to be found commencing a word in Latin or in English.

From the verb Fallo, to err or deceive, participle Falsus, deceived, we have " fallible," that may err; and "fallacious," implying deception. The noun " fallacy" is applied in logic to sophisms in argument, intended to mislead. " False" is the English form of falsus, meaning deceptions; and " falsehood" is the noun formed from the same participle, with the usual English or Anglo-Saxon affix hood, to express a state or condition. It is doubtful iffallo be the root of the English verb to " fail," as a man is said to fail of his promise; or whether it may not be more properly derived from the Anglo-Saxon feallan, to fall or fail, as describing loss or decay.

Fendo, to keep off, to strike, and Fensus, kept off, supply us with " fender," a piece of furniture to keep off the ashes and cinders; " fence," that which keeps off cattle, &c., and the verb meaning to keep off the blows of an adversary. We have also "defend" to keep off from oneself; and " defence" that which so protects from danger. A " defender" is one who defends; and the " defendant" in a lawsuit is the person put upon his " defence." When any conduct or proceeding is said to be " indefensible," it means that it cannot be defended, and the person adopting such a course is " defenceless," this word being formed by the addition of the English affix less meaning without. To " offend," or give " offence," is to repel or attack another, to strike against an opponent, ob being changed to of, for euphony. Hence, " offensive" war means that which is undertaken to assail another, while " defensive" is war which one is compelled to engage in to keep off the attacks of the assailant.

From Fero, to carry, or suffer, and its irregularly formed participle Latus, carried, we have several words. A " ferry" is a boat that carries passengers across a river. Land that bears or brings forth much fruit is designated "fertile;" and " fertility," as also " fertilize" to make fruitful, come from the same root. The " circumference" means the line including or surrounding anything, and is applied to a circle around which a line can be carried. To " confer" is to bring together, and is applied to communion of thoughts by conversation, as when two or more persons are brought together to hold a " conference." It is also used to signify a bringing together for some common good, and hence it means to give or " confer" a benefit. To "defer" is to put from one, and is generally applied to delay, a putting off from the present to a future time. The noun " deference" implies a putting away one's own judgment, and " preferring" that of another; and " preference" is putting one before another. " Preferment" is that to which the person receiving it is " preferred" to others. To " differ" is a word of " different" meaning, namely to bear apart; and hence signifies disagreement. A " difference" with another person implies the opposite to " deference;" it means not only that one does not submit his judgment to another, but that he dissents from it. To " infer" is to bring in; and hence it signifies to induce or deduce, that is, by virtue of one proposition laid down as true, to draw or carry in another as true likewise; and the deduction or conclusion that we arrive at, by bringing into account the preceding arguments, is the " inference" that we draw from the whole. To " offer" is to bring before another; and an " offering" is that which is so brought. The " offertory" means the act of " offering;" and of similar signification are " oblations," things offered, derived from the participle latus. To " proffer" differs little from " offer," meaning to bring forward. It is to be observed, however, that whereas violence may be said to be " offered " to another, it is only to friendly acts that " proffer" is applied. When a man betakes himself for decision from one authorityto another, he is said to make " reference" of the matter to another tribunal; to " refer" meaning literally to bring back, and hence to " remit," to resort to; and the party to whom the matter is thus made " referrible" is called the " referee." When a person is brought under trial and affliction, or made to undergo punishment, he is said to " suffer," suf being put for sub before fer from fero to bear; and he is called a " sufferer," enduring " suffering." The word is also used in the sense of permitting or tolerating anything, that is, bearing under it; and to allow a man to exercise any power which might be prevented is described as letting matters so continue by " sufferance." A " transfer" is a carrying over to another person, and that which may be so transmitted from one to another is said to be " transferrable."

From the participle of this verb, Latus, we have to " collate," that is, to bring together, as for the purpose of comparison. This word is usually applied to an examination of different copies of books, which is called a " collation;" a designation also given to a slight repast, where various articles of food are collected or brought together. The word " collateral," although sounding like " collate" is of different derivation, having the noun latus (lateris) a side, for its root; the word meaning side by side, one running parallel with the other. To "dilate," or as formerly written," delate" is to speak at large of any thing, to expatiate upon a subject; and may either be traced to the participle of fero, or to the Latin adjective lotus signifying broad or large. To be "elated" is to be carried out of; and hence " elation" was formerly used to signify pride, and to describe the state of mind of a man that is carried out of himself, acknowledging neither superior nor equal. A " prelate" is one who is brought before or preferred above others; and the term is applied to bishops as being set before or over other ecclesiastics. " Prolate," to pronounce, to bring forward, maybe considered obsolete; but " relate" means to recite, to bring back, to recall to mind. The word " relation" is applied, not only to the tale recited, but also to describe the connection between persons or things. " Illation," a word not much in use, meant an " inference." That which is borne, or carries itself, above all others is designated " superlative;" and a book taken from one language over to another is called a " translation," as is also the moving from one place to another, usually applied in the sense of a transference for the better. A " translator" is one who turns one language into another, the word being derived through the French.

From Fingo, to form or fashion, Fictus, feigned, we have through the French to " feign," that is, to invent, and a " feint" or pretence; both used in a bad sense, like the word counterfeit. " Unfeigned" is the opposite, and means sincere. From the past participle, we have " fiction," an invention, implying a similitude to what is real, the reference being to a " figure" made by a potter; we have also " fictitious," that is, allegorical or representing as by an image; but generally applied to describe that which is false, and intended to deceive.

Flecto, to bend, Flexus, bent, give " flexible," and " flexibility," referring to what may be bent; as " inflexible" is in pure Saxon English unbendable. The mark over a letter or syllable is called a " circumflex," as bending round in form. To " deflect" is to bend or turn aside from, to deviate; in navigation it denotes the departure of a ship from its true course. To " inflect" is to bend inwards; the term " inflection" is applied to the variation of nouns and verbs in their terminations. To " reflect" means to bend back again; and is applied, as well as the noun " reflection," to the casting back of the image in a mirror; and the glasses which thus act in a light-house are called the " reflectors." Metaphorically, the words are applied, as is the adjective " reflective," to the act of the mind meditating repeatedly on a subject; casting back a thought, a judgment, or censure—hence called a " reflection" upon the person or thing thought of; and restricted to abad opinion so formed. A " reflex" argument is one that results from the mind looking back upon facts, and drawing conclusions from the consideration of them.

From Fligo, to beat, Flictus, stricken, we have " afflict," " affliction," and " afflictive," implying a striking to or against; also "conflict," conveying the idea of a struggle together with another. " Conflicting" opinions or statements are such as contend with or oppose each other. "Profligate" may mean dashing forward without consideration. To " inflict" is to strike against as a punishment, and an " infliction" is that which is so imposed upon a person.

From the verb Fluo to flow, participle Fluxus, flowed, we have " fluid," " fluxion" and " flux," all having reference to flowing, in a literal sense; while "fluent" and "fluency" are applied to a flowing and copious style of speaking. " Affluent" is flowing to; " confluent" flowing together; and a " defluxion" is a flowing away from. " Effluvium" is a Latin word adopted into English, and, with its plural " effluvia," signifies flowing out from, and is applied to offensive odours. " Influential" implies a flowing into or upon, and thus acquiring "influence" or power over one. " Influx" means a flowing in, and "reflux" a flowing back. The plain English of " superfluous" is overflowing; and a " superfluity" denotes superabundance, more than is needed.

Franco, to break, and Fractus, broken, supply us with several English words. " Frangible'' and " fragile" mean easily to be broken; and a " fragment" is a piece broken off. " Irrefragable" arguments are such as cannot be broken, or successfully resisted. A "fraction" is a part broken from the whole; and a " fracture" is a breach, usually applied to a broken limb. Goods are said to be " frail," when perishable; and the word is applied metaphorically to denote a person of broken character and liable to errors. " Frailty" means instability, usually applied to the mind, to designate weakness of resolution; and consequently sins of infirmity, in which sense the word is used in the plural.t To " infringe" is to break in upon, and the " infringement" of a law is the breach or violation of its commands. To " refract" is to break again; and the word is applied, as also " refraction," in astronomy, to signify the breaking of the natural course of the rays of light. " Refractory" is applied in a metaphorical sense, to describe an obstinate character, one who breaks the law, and will not be obedient to it

From Fugio, to fly, Fugitus, fled, we have " fugitive," applied to one who flies from justice; also a " refuge," a place of safety to which one may fly back; and a " refugee," used to describe one who has fled to another country for "refuge." A " subterfuge" is a flight under cover, an evasion, a pretence under which to escape a difficulty.

Fundo, to pour out or melt, and Fusus poured out, form the roots of some well-known words. A " foundery" is a place where metals are melted; a word derived through the French, as is also the verb to " found," that is, to form figures by melting and pouring into moulds. " Fuse," " fusible" and " fusion," have all the same reference to melting. To " confound" is to mix or pour together, and thus to cause things to be indistinct, in a state of " confusion;" and, applicable to the mind, it means to deprive of the power of distinction or discernment, and thus to perplex and stupify. " Diffuse" and " diffusive" mean spread abroad, widely dispersed, expanded. " Effusion" is theact of pouring out; and is applied, in a contemptuous sense, to the pouring out of words. It is also used to signify waste; and an useless spilling or shedding of blood. To " infuse" and " infusion," applied both literally and metaphorically, refer to a pouring into; and so the words are used in the sense of instilling or steeping, and also in that of inspiring and insinuating. " Profuse" and "profusion" imply a. pouring forth, and that inordinately. To " refund" is to pour back, or return, what had been taken away. To " suffuse" is to pour over, and " suffusion" is that which is suffused or spread over—" super-fused" or poured over as melted liquid matter. " Transfused" means spread or poured over from one vessel to another; and it is found applied to a translation from one language to another.

Gero, to carry or bear, and Gestus, earned, are to be found in the composition of some English words. A " gest" is an act or a representation carried on; but this is an obsolete word. A "jest" has a similar signification, in reference to a play acted or carried out in order to represent any thing in a humourous light. To " gesticulate" was to mock a man by " gesturing" or acting, by moving the hands or the countenance in a ridiculous manner, to the prejudice of the other; and a " jester" meant a person who made " gestures" or grimaces, intended to excite mirth. " Gestation" is a term applied to the bearing or carrying the young in the womb. A " congeries" means a number of distinct things heaped or brought together, a collection; and a "congestion" is of similar signification, and is applied in medical language to a collection of matter, as in abscesses and tumours. To " digest," formerly " disgest," is to convey food into different parts of the body. To " digest" thoughts or ideas is to dispose of them in order. " Digests," in legal language, are volumes of the civil law, in which the precepts are well ordered or disposed. " Digestible," " disgestion," and their opposites formed by in prefixed negatively, relate to the " digestion" of food. To " suggest" is to cam.y under. and is applied to the placing a thought under review, or putting it before the mind; and hence means to prompt or instigate secretly. The act so brought out is a " suggestion;" and that which conveys a hint of any thing is said to be " suggestive" of it. Gradior, to go step by step, and Gressus, gone, (from which is derived the Latin nounGradus (a step), supply the root of several English words. Hence we have the terms " grade," to express rank or degree; " gradation," meaning a regular progress from one degree to another; and " gradual," advancing step by step. A " gradient" means a deviation from a level to an inclined plane. A " graduate" is one who has taken his " degree," that is, his rank or place of dignity in an university, to which he has attained " gradually," or step by step. An " aggressor" is one who advances towards another with a hostile intent; the attack so made is an " aggression;" and he that first begins a quarrel is the " aggressor." A " congress" is a meeting with or coming together; it is usually applied to an appointed meeting for political purposes, as the " Congress of Vienna;" and the periodical assembly in America similar to our parliament is called the " Congress." To " degrade" is to take one down from a higher degree, which is a " degradation" to the person so cast down. To " digress" is to wander from, or to go asunder. A turning aside from the subject in hand, by an author or speaker, is a " digression;" and a " digressive" or discursive style is one that wanders from the point, expatiating too much. " Egress" is a going out from; opposed to " ingress," a coming into. The " ingredients" of any mixture are the component parts entering in, to form the composition. The " progress" a man makes in learning, or his advance in any way, is his going forth, or forward, by degrees; which constitutes a " progression;" and he is himself said to be "progressive." On the other hand, " regress" is a going back; and " retrogade" is of similar import. To " transgress" is to go over, or beyond bounds. A " transgressor" is one who oversteps the limits prescribed by law, and such an act of disobedience is a " transgression." An " undergraduate" is the name given to a student in a university who is still below his degree, but to which he is " gradually" proceeding.

Habeo, to have or hold, with its participle Habitus, had, is a fruitful source from whence English words are derived. From the participle, we have " habit," applied to the mode or manner of having or keeping; and so it came to signify not only the usual style or " habit" of dress, but also the articles of clothing, formerly called "habiliments." Our " habitation" is the place of our abode, the house that we " inhabit," that is, where we have our being, where we " habitually" or customarily reside. To " cohabit" is live together with. To " exhibit" is to hold forth what one has; and an " exhibition" is the act of setting forth or out things; also applied to the building in which " exhibitors" shew forth their goods. The term " exhibition"used to be applied to any pension or salary; but is now restricted to such as are granted to scholars in colleges or universities. To " inhibit" is to hold in; and an " inhibition" is restraint upon; similar to a " prohibition," a command to leave off; and to " prohibit," to forbid, to hold forth or off. With the prefix un as a negative, we have " uninhabited," that is not " inhabited," and " uninhabitable," where we cannot live, or have our existence.

From Haereo, to stick to, and Haesus, adhered, we have the English word to " adhere," that is, to stick close to. The verb, as well as the noun derived from it, is applied metaphorically to signify one's " adherence" to any person, party, or opinion. " Coherence" is literally a sticking together, and an " incoherent" harrangue is a rambling speech in which the ideas are not well connected together. " Cohesive" and " cohesion" are of similar signification with " coherence;" and that which exists in any thing, so as to be inseparable from it, is " inherent" or sticking into it.

Impero, to command, gives us "imperative," the name given to the mood of verbs which expresses a command. " Emperor" and " empire" are spelt withe, but "imperial" and "imperialist," relating to such a ruler or his realm, have i, as in the Latin. " Imperious" is used to signify haughty and assuming command over others.

Jacio, to throw, and Jectus, thrown, supply us with several English words. Hence we have "abject" cast from or down; and used to signify base and servile, as applied by Shakspeare. The " adjective" in grammar is so called because cast to or added to the noun. Hence also " conjecture," a casting together of our thoughts; " dejected," cast down; and "eject" to cast out. An "ejectment" is a casting out from one's house or lands; " ejection" is a casting out, and an " ejector" is one who casts out. To " inject" is to cast into, and an " interjection" is so called as being cast in between the parts of a sentence. To " object" is to cast in the way of, or against; and an " objector" the person who makes the " objection." An " object" is that which is cast in our way, or before our eyes. Any thing is " objectionable" or " unobjectionable," as it may be liable to objection or otherwise. " Objective" means relating to the " object," and in grammar the case so called is that which follows a preposition or a transitive verb, whose action passes over to the " object." To " project" is to cast forth or forward; and " projectiles" are the bodies so shot out. A " project" is any thing set forth as the object of attainment; and a "projector" is one who initiates a design which he is said to have cast in his mind. To " reject" is to cast back, and thus to refuse; and " rejection" is the act of rejecting. The verb to " subject," as well as the noun " subjection," implies being cast under; and a " subject" is a person under the dominion of another. The " subject" of a discourse or lecture means that which is brought under review, or submitted to consideration. In logic, the " subject" of a proposition is that concerning which any thing is affirmed or denied.

From Jungo to join, Juinctus, joined, we have many words; as "join," "joiner," and "joint" or "joining;" also "adjoin," to join to; "conjoin," to join with; " disjoin," to separate from. A " joining" of two things, as of roads, forms a "junction," a word well known to railwaj'travellers, terms of Latin origin being usually employed in connection with this comparatively modern mode of conveyance. A " junto" is a term applied to a set of men "joined" in some secret design. " Adjunct," " conjunct," and " disjunct," have reference, respectively, to a joining to, or together, and a separation. A " conjuncture" implies a meeting together of different events; and is used emphatically to describe such a meeting of important circumstances. To " enjoin" is to join upon one, that is, to put upon; and is applied to the laying on of commands or admonitions, and that which is so laid on is an " injunction." To " rejoin" is to unite again; a " rejoinder" is an answer to an answer, " joining" issue with one's opponent again; and that which is joined or added under, is said to be " subjoined." Ingrammar, we have " conjunctive," " disjunctive," and " subjunctive," which terms I explained, with their derivations, in my first Lecture.

From Juko, to swear, we have " juror," and "jury," as being sworn to give a true verdict; also "adjure," and "conjure," literally to swear to, and together. The former word is used in the sense of charging with the solemnity of an oath administered to the other; and the latter with a somewhat similar signification, but implying entreaty or supplication rather than command. A " conjuror" is so called, from such persons having, in the dark ages, pretended to perform their devices by prayers and incantations. Formerly conspirators were called " conjurators" as being sworn together in a plot. Those persons who, upon the Revolution in the 17th century, would not swear allegiance to the new dynasty, were called " non-jurors." To " perjure," or to be guilty of " perjury," is to forswear oneself, to swear falsely—to break through an oath.

The Latin verb Lego, signifying to gather or select, and also to read (with Lectus, gathered or read) forms the root of several English words, in both senses. A " legend" is that which may be read; a word not only applied to what are known as " legendary" tales, but also to the inscription to be read on medals or coins. " Legible" writing is such as may be easily read; and its opposite is " illegible," formed by the prefix in as a negative changed to il. A "legion" of soldiers, amongst the ancient Romans, meant a number of selected men; and the word came to be applied to any large number. A " lecture" means a reading, and the " lecturer" is the person who reads it. A " lesson" is of the same derivation. To " collect" is to gathertogether; and thus a " collection" is made of contributions, or of any thing the " collector" desires. Prayers called " collects" are such as were collected together or selected. " Collective" means gathered into one mass. An " election" is a gathering or choosing out /romyand an "elector" is one who chooses from amongst the candidates, by exercising his " electoral" rights. Those German princes who had a vote to " elect" an emperor were called " Electors." That which was chosen with care, and therefore opposed to what was slovenly or coarse, was called " elegant," that is, chosen out; " eligible" describes that which is worthy of choice, and " ineligible" that which is not so deserving. " Predilection" means choosing beforehand; and is used to signify a previously formed good opinion, as prejudice, meaning to judge beforehand, implies a bad opinion so formed. The proper signification of a " prelection" is a reading before; and was originally applied to the reading of the master prior to that of the student, and preparatory to it; or before, that is, in the presence and hearing of the pupils. It has come to be applied to a lecture generally. To " recollect'' is to choose or collect again; and " recollection'' is a calling back to the mind things that had been forgotten; if this be done without an effort, it is calledremembrance. To " re-elect" is to elect again; and to " select" is to choose out o/and in preference to others. From the compounds of the Latin verb, lego, viz. diligo, intelligo, and negligo, we have " diligence," or careful choosing out; " intelligence/' or choosing between, and by the exercise of the " intellect" perceiving which is best; and "negligence," or not choosing at all, implying a " neglect" of the duty of rational beings.

From Levo, to raise up, Levatus, lifted up, we have " leaven," applied to bread made with barm, also called yeast, to make it rise. The eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea is called the "Levant," being the French for rising, derived by them from the Latin, indicating the part where the sun appears to rise. A " levee" meant a reception at the time of the person holding it first rising from bed; and the word is continued to signify a reception, although not now held in abed-room. A " levy" of soldiers, or of taxes, is the raising of them. This term also comes to us through the French. One of the mechanical powers is called a " lever," a word of similar derivation, to describe that which raises weights. To " elevate" is to raise out of a low estate, and is also applied, metaphorically, to the mind or the spirits. To " relieve" means to raise up again, and hence to assist, and so to diminish pain or labour; it is also used in the sense of raising another from a duty or task by taking it upon oneself; thus soldiers are said to " relieve" guard. " Belief" is assistance rendered; and in the fine arts the word is used to designate the rising or standing out part, whether it be real, as in statuary, or in appearance only, as in painting.

From Liceo, to be lawful, we have a few words, as to " license," to give a right, to make it lawful. A " licentiate" is one licensed to preach, teach, or practice. " Illicit" is unlawful; and " licentious" means dissolute, as implying freedom from restraint, uncontrolled by any law, giving the passions full " license."

Ligo, to bind, gives us " league," in which parties are bound together to fulfil prescribed conditions, or to carry out certain objects. The subjects of the realm, bound to obedience to the sovereign are the Queen's " lieges," as implied by the word " allegiance" being bound to (al for ad}; and as such they are " liable," that is, bound to submission; or in case of default thereof they incur a " liability" to suffer the consequences. A " ligament" or a " ligature" is a band or bond. When a person is bound to another, either by law or gratitude, he is under legal or moral " obligation" to such a person; and when by any service or kindness we bind another to us, we are said to " oblige" the person, or by the contrary conduct, to " disoblige," that is, to release him from all moral " obligation" to us. The word " religion" is derived from the same root, as implying at once the highest of all " obligations," and as binding us to it by the strongest ties. The meaning conveyed by the word, moreover, is the reciprocal bond or " obligation" of man to man, and also the " obligation" or duty of the creature to the great Creator.

From Linquo to leave, Lectus left, we have " delinquency," a leaving off, and departing from the right way; which is the act of a "delinquent," who leaves undone that which ought to be done, such being the proper meaning of the word. A " dereliction" of duty is of similar import, meaning a forsaking of it; and a cast-away, or deserted ship is called a " derelict." To " relinquish " is to depart from, and so means to resign or give up what one had enjoyed or claimed — letting it depart from one's possession. A widow is called a " relict," as being left or bereaved of her husband. " Relics" mean the remains of any person or thing.

Loquor, to speak, and its participle Locutus, spoken, supply the root of several words; some of which being compounded with nouns and adjectives will be reserved for a future lecture, Of those not so formed we have " loquacity" and "loquacious," referring to a propensity to talk, having the gift of the gab; also " eloquent" and " eloquence," applied in a better sense to speaking out; the act of teaching or learning which is called " elocution." A " colloquy" means a talking, with another, conversation; and a " colloquial" style is one resembling talking or familiar conversation. Of similar meaning is "interlocution," adialogue or conversation between two persons. In law an " interlocutory" decree is one that is intermediate, not finally determined. " Obloquy" signifies a speaking against another, gainsaying; and is applied to detraction and reproach.

We have a small class of words from Luceo, to shine. A "lucid" argument is one that is clear; to " elucidate" a subject is to make it appear clearly out; and a " pellucid " stream is one that shines and sparkles, the prefix per being changed to pel,and signifying shining through —thoroughly clear.

Ludo, to play, to deceive, and Lusus played, supply some words. Of these are " allude" and "allusive;" having "allusion" properly to sportive or playful hints, and thence applied generally in the sense of referring to (ad being changed to at). To "collude" means to play together; and hence " collusion" and " collusive" imply a uniting for the purpose of fraud or deception (a playing into. each other's hands); to be distinguished from collision, the act of two bodies striking together. To " delude" is to deceive by false appearances. The word means literally to cease playing; and it is thought to have had reference to the mock battles of the Roman gladiators, who, when they ceased from these to engage in real combat, were said to cease from play; and the word " delude" came to be applied to the mock battle itself, when they counterfeited what was earnest. To " elude" is to evade or escape from; and " elusive" conduct is of a similar character with that which is " delusive," but also includes escaping, either physically or mentally, from one's grasp. An " illusion" is a counterfeit show or representation; and to " illude" signifies to play upon, — il being put for in as a prefix. A " prelude" is that which is played before and as introductory to something else; and an " interlude" is that which is played at intervals, between the parts. " Ludicrous" means playful, or exciting ridicule.

Mando, to command, or to give in charge of, supplies words of obvious meaning, as a "mandate," " command," " commander," and " commandment;" also a " countermand," (coming through the French,) meaning a command against or opposed to one before given, and recalling the first. To " demand" is to ask from, peremptorily; and to " remand" is to give back in charge. To " commend" is to give in charge of another; and thus it comes to mean to entrust or to declare trustworthy, and as such worthy of approbation; and when a man's conduct evinces that he is deserving of such confidence, it is " commendable;" and one need feel no hesitation in " recommending" him to others; a "recommendation" signifying a praising again to another.

These latter words have come to us through the French. I had intended to have reserved all words so derived for a separate Lecture; but they are so mixed up with those derived directly from the Latin, which, for the most part, constitutes the foundation of the French language, that I have judged it better not to make such a division; but to notice the circumstance of their mediate derivation, as the several words occur in regular order.

LECTURE IV.