II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения с модальными глаголами.

1. Not only words but set expressions as well can be grouped into antonymic pairs.

2. What is agreed by almost all linguists is that spoken and written languages should be kept apart in analysis.

3. John watched his wife’s eyes widen and he quickly pulled out a chair and sat next to her, shoving his head towards the telephone so he could hear what was going on.

4. I needn't go to the supermarket, we're going to the restaurant tonight.

5. He spoke very quickly, but I was able to understand him.

 

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на причастие.

1. "I'm not angry", she said in a voice not showing any feeling.

2. Synonyms are two or more words of the same language, belonging to the same part of speech and possessing identical meanings, interchangeable, at least in some contexts, but different in phonemic shape.

3. No two speakers pronounce a given sound in exactly the same way.

4. While reading books I learn a lot.

5. Two young boys Nick and Tom invited by their grandmother to spend their holidays in the country came to the railway station.

 

VI. Выберите правильное определение для соответствующего термина. Переведите на русский язык.

1. play

2. novel

3. comedy

4. poetry

5. tragedy

a) a drama or literary work in which the main character is brought to ruin or suffers extreme sorrow, especially as a consequence of a tragic flaw, moral weakness, or inability to cope with unfavorable circumstances;

b) a play of amusing character, in which either wit or good humour prevails, usually with a happy end;

c)literature written in meter; verse;

d) a literary work written for performance on the stage; a drama;

e) a fictitious prose narrative of considerable length and complexity, portraying characters and usu. presenting a sequential organization of action and scenes.

V. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Verbal irony.

Verbal ironyis a use of language where we do not literally mean what we say; instead we imply an attitude of disbelief towards the content of our utterance or writing.

To understand how verbal irony works, we need to consider the construction of the meanings that we communicate when we speak or write. A communicated meaning can be analysed into two component parts: (1) a proposition and (2) an attitude towards that proposition. A proposition is a statement about the real world or about some fictional world. The sentences we produce typically encode propositions by containing specific words in a specific order; to be able to speak and understand sentences of a language is to be able to encode and decode a proposition into and from the sentences of that language.

However, both our thoughts and hence the meanings we communicate consist of something more than just basic propositions; attached to each proposition is an attitude, usually known as a propositional attitude, which expresses the speaker’s or writer’s relation to that proposition. The most common attitude is belief, but there are other attitudes as well – differing in strength as well as in polarity. If I have an attitude of belief towards a proposition, then that proposition is true for me.

This is relevant for irony, because in irony a speaker or writer produces a proposition that is not true for him or her. In normal (non-ironic) communication, I communicate two things: a proposition and my attitude towards that proposition, which is that I believe the proposition to be true. In verbal irony, I communicate a proposition and a different kind of attitude: that I do not believe the proposition to be true. There is no difference in the proposition itself; the difference is in the attitude that I communicate.

 

Вариант 2

(последняя цифра номера зачетной книжки - четная)

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите время, вид и залог глагола-сказуемого.

1. I rushed down to the rider, who was trying to free himself of his horse, and asked him, “Are you injured, sir?”

2. Jane is an orphan who is sent to a school to become a governess.

3. From all we have seen, I’m beginning to think that some of the savages must have lived here long ago.

4. Shakespeare's boldness of metaphors has often been pointed out in books of literary criticism.

5. The role of vocabulary is generally viewed as part of the language system.