Translate the sentences from English into Russian. Pay attention to the word combinations given in bold print.

1. China's average annual urban disposable income per household is increasing.

2. UK/US undergraduates starting a course from October 2015 with a household income of less than 42,620 pounds, will be eligible to receive an annual Oxford Bursary to help with the costs of studying and living in Oxford. The amount of bursary will depend on their household income.

3. With two spouses working outside the home more discretionary income is available.

4. The Law requires these companies to distribute 90% of their annual taxable income in the form of dividends to the shareholder.

5. If you are on a low income, you may be able to get a benefit to help with your living expenses, your rent and your Council Tax. You may also be entitled to help with other costs like prescriptions.

6. With politicians ramping up the pressure, Goldman Sachs also came in for criticism over plans to delay paying bonuses to its bankers in Britain to exploit an income tax cut for top earners that is due in April.

7. In a sole proprietorship there are no corporate taxes involved, and the sole proprietor pays income tax on the profits generated.

8. Even if you have a great full-time job, it's not a bad idea to have a source of extra income on the side, whether it's some consulting work or selling collectibles on eBay. With job security so nonexistent these days, more jobs mean more job security.

9.Blogging can be a way to supplement your income. If you have a subject that you are passionate about, and if you like to write, a blog can let you earn extra money from your expertise.

5. Learn the difference the terms "gross" and "net" when talking about finance, accounting and payments. Translate the given examples.

Gross vs Net

	Gross	Net
Meaning	Gross refers to the total amount before anything is deducted. Many important accounting statistics use this method, such as gross earnings and gross profit.	Net refers to the amount remaining after certain adjustments have been made for debts, deductions or expenses.
Gross vs Net Income	Gross income is the pre-tax net sales minus cost of sales. Also called gross profit.	Net income is what remains after subtracting all the costs (namely, business, depreciation, interest, and taxes) from a company’s revenues. It is sometimes called the bottom line. Also called earnings or net profit.
Examples	This is called double taxation because the corporation's gross income is taxed and the dividends paid out to owners are taxed again.	Net income is one of the most closely followed numbers in finance. Shareholders look at net income closely because it is the main source of compensation to shareholders of the company, and if a company cannot generate enough profit to adequately compensate owners, the value of shares will plummet. Conversely, if a company is healthy and growing, higher stock prices will reflect the increased availability of profits.

 

Section 2 Business Finance

 

Lead in

A) CAPITAL

 

When people want to set up or start a company, they need money, called capital. Companies can borrow this money, called a loan, from banks. The loan must be paid back with interest: the amount paid to borrow the money. Capital can also come from issuing shares or equities - certificates representing units of ownership of a company. The people who invest money in shares are called shareholders and they own part of the company. The money they provide is known as share capital. Individuals and financial institutions, called investors, can also lend money to companies by buying bonds - loans that pay interest and are repaid at a fixed future date.

Money that is owed - that will have to be paid - to other people or businesses is a debt. In accounting, companies’ debts are usually called liabilities. Long-term liabilities include bonds; short-term liabilities include debts to suppliers who provide goods or services on credit - that will be paid for later.

The money that a business uses for everyday expenses or has available for spending is called working capital or funds.

Vocabulary

to set up a company start a company found a company establish a company	основать, учредить компанию
interest interest rate	процент, процентный доход процентная ставка
loan Syn. borrowing interest-free loan	заем, ссуда, кредит заимствование, заем, кредит беспроцентный займ
shares Syn. equities, stocks, stock shares in a company to issue shares   share capital Syn. equity capital, stockholders' equity, owners' equity, equity financing, share capital shareholder	акции   акции компании выпускать в обращение акции, производить эмиссию акций акционерный капитал     акционер
unit of ownership Syn. interest in a company Stake	доля участия в капитале компании
working capital Syn. operating capital,funds	оборотный капитал, оборотные средства
bonds T-bonds (Treasury Bonds)	облигации казначейские облигации США
liabilities   assets and liabilities	пассивы, долговые обязательства, задолженность активы и пассивы
individual legal entity	физическое лицо юридическое лицо

 

NOTE:

1) BrE: shares; AmE: stock

2) BrE: shareholder; AmE: stockholder

Vocabulary Practice