It keeps politicians from holding all the power

Winston Churchill often described parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy as being imperfect - but the best that man had yet devised. It is human nature to require a leader at the helm*. In our century we have looked to our heads of state for this role. Apart from carrying out ceremonial duties, a head of state should foster the notion of political accountability, while remaining above politics. That, of course, can't be true in places where the head of state is an ex-politician - or in America, where the head of state is the political leader. The British system of constitutional monarchy, like the more than half-dozen monarchies still in existence in Europe, aptly* shows why a monarch is a more successful figurehead than a president.

«In Great Britain things that are conventional become habitual* and things that are habitual become constitutional», wrote American historian George Brinton Cooper 40 years ago. In Britain the monarch remains very much at the heart of its Constitution. As constitutional monarch Queen Elizabeth II holds powers that may surprise many. She can choose a prime minister, dissolve Parliament and declare war. In reality, she waives* these powers and is bound by tradition to accept the advice of Parliament. This system prevents politicians from too easily usurping power and, it may be argued, has prevented a dictator from dominating Great Britain since Oliver Cromwell's short rule in the 17th century. It is one of the great strengths of monarchy that it has never taken sides in any political debate, that it shows itself, as an institution, to be even-handed *. This apolitical stance* has made it possible for the political culture of Great Britain to assimilate, with relative ease, theories that would appear on the face of things to be radically at odds with a system of monarchical government -for example, socialism. Monarchy in this century has worked with socialist governments as effectively as with those whose politics one might choose to think were more sympathetic to the institution.

If one were to jettison the monarchy, government, Parliament, the nation and the commonwealth would be turned upside down. Every nut and bolt of every one of Britain's major institutions would have to be altered to make way for change. Bear in mind that every organ from the post office to the armed services acts with authority from the monarch. The troops that are sent to Bosnia and the letters that arrive in one's letter box now are all effectively Her Majesty's. This is a system that has shown itself to work, and it's generally agreed that if something works, it should be retained. Any replacement would be ruinously costly*, both in financial terms and also in terms of the loss of a unifying national symbol and a vital historical link. Only a monarchy can provide such continuity*, remaining constant in a country's ever-changing national vision.

British monarchy has served both the empire and the commonwealth with great distinction. It is easy to forget in Great Britain that Queen Elizabeth is head of state not only of one small island nation, but also of the 53 nations of the commonwealth, with a combined population of 1.5 billion. In short, she is head of state to more than one quarter of the earth's inhabitants. As such, she flies the world nurturing a sense of unity between nations. From this follows trade, and a vital economic boost to the nation's industry and commerce. At home, monarchy is at the center of a multimillion-dollar tourist industry. (And Elizabeth II donates more than $90 million a year to the treasury*.) Monarchy adds dignity and historical relevance to all state occasions, and there can be no doubt that it is still more impressive to be met by a monarch than by a president.

And yet monarchy is threatened because the idea of republicanism seems more democratic and less hierarchical. Support for the monarch in Great Britain dropped to 38 per cent. Yet these poll results stem largely from a confusion in the public mind between the words «monarchy» and «royal family». In a monarchy there is only one person of importance: the reigning monarch. The public actions and statements of other members of the royal family - however laudable* or distressing they may be - have no effect on the monarch's power or status. Nor should any individual's character or conduct be confused with those of an institution of much longer standing. Monarchy's legitimacy flows from its history and traditions and from the fact that it cannot be overwhelmed by any shortlived cult of personality. It commands too much respect.

Despite recent bursts* of anti-monarchical feeling, however, it is still hard to discover a strong movement toward a republic in this country. There is still no focus for this opposition, nor has any popular political party taken up the call for the monarch's removal. Even The Independent, one of Britain's most respected broadsheet newspapers, in its call for a wider debate on this issue still advocated the retention of Queen Elizabeth as head of state until her death. Taken together, what does all this show? That people like things the way they are.

With the Hon. Camilla Cameron.

Harold Brooks-Baker, publishing director of Burke's Peerage,

is an American living in London.

Vocabulary notes

at the helmу власти, у кормила правления

aptly как надо; надлежащим, подходящим образом

habitualпривычный

waiveотказываться (от права, требования)

to be even-handedбеспристрастный, объективный, справедливый

stanceпозиция, установка

costlyзатратный

continuityнепрерывность, неразрывность,

целостность, последовательная смена

treasuryгосударственное казначейство

laudableпохвальный, достойный похвалы

burstsвсплески

Task 2. Draw two mind maps of the texts “Why the Monarchy Must Go” and “Why the Monarchy Must Stay”

Mindmapping (составление ментальных карт или карт памяти) – это удобная и эффективная техника визуализации мышления при помощи графических схем. Автором методики является психолог Тони Бьюзен. Она отражает все стороны мыслительного процесса и позволяет выделить все главные аспекты проблемы, пробелы в понимании вопроса, ассоциативные связи.

Лист бумаги предпочтительно располагать горизонтально, что позволит расширять и модернизировать рисунок-конспект. В центре листа располагается образ всей проблемы/задачи/области знания. От него разноцветными линиями расходятся «ветки» - различные аспекты этого предмета. На каждой ветке располагаются по 3-4 слова – ассоциации с каждым аспектом, также связанные между собой ветками разных цветов.

Основные ветви далее разделяются на более тонкие. Все ветви подписываются ключевыми словами, заставляющими вспомнить то или иное понятие. Связи между отдельными идеями показываются стрелками.

Соблюдайте следующие рекомендации:

• Используйте печатные буквы.
• Размещайте ключевые слова над соответствующими линиями.
• Следите за тем, чтобы длина линии примерно равнялась длине соответствующего ключевого слова.
• Соединяйте линии с другими линиями и следите за тем, чтобы главные ветви карты соединялись с центральным образом.
• Делайте главные линии плавными и более жирными.
• Отграничивайте блоки важной информации с помощью линий.

Task 3. Make up a Microsoft PowerPoint presentation “The British monarchy: the past and the present” (approximately 16-18 slides) in accordance with the following plan:

• the definition of the monarchy
• its major types (an absolute monarchy, an estate-representative monarchy or limited monarchy, a constitutional monarchy)
• through the ages (historical aspects of the British monarchy)
• the British monarchy nowadays
• the official names of the monarch
• Her Majesty’s official address
• the Queen’s role in the modern state
• the monarch as the head of state
• the Royal prerogatives
• state your argumentative point of view on the issue whether the monarchy “must stay” or “must go”. Support your opinion with reasons and/or examples from your own observations, and/or reading