The preposition of place. Where?

 

 in England- в Англии

  in the south- на юге

  in the living-room- в гостиной

  in the garden- в саду

  In the water- в воде

  in a town- в городе

  in the country- в сельской местности/за городом

  in a shop- в магазине

 in a picture- на картине

 in hospital- в больнице

  in the sky- на небе

  in a book- в книге

 in a car- в автомобиле

  in the middle- в середине

  in a tree- на дереве

 

***

at home- дома

at work- на работе

at school- в школе

at the desk- за партой

at the table- за столом

at the door- возле двери

at the bus shop- на автобусной остановке

at a party- на вечеринке

at the station- на вокзале

at my Granny`s- у бабушки

at a concert- на концерте

***

оn the table- на столе

on a shelf- на полке

on the shelves- на полках

on the floor- на полу

on a plate- на тарелке

on the wall- на стене

on a horse- на лошади

on the ceiling- на потолке

on the ground floor- на первом этаже

on the first floor-на втором этаже

on a bus- в автобусе

on a train- на поезде

on the left- слева

on the right- справа

 

***

at home- дома

at work- на работе

at school- в школе

at the desk- за партой

at the table- за столом

at the door- возле двери

at the bus shop- на автобусной остановке

at a party- на вечеринке

at the station

at my Granny`s- у бабушки

 

 

Present simple tense

Порядок слов в английском предложении строго фиксированный. В утвердительном предложении действует прямой порядок слов: подлежащие-сказуемое-второстепенные члены.

Утвердительные предложения

Образуется предложение Present Simple Tense достаточно просто. На первом месте подлежащие, которое может быть выражено существительным или местоимением. На втором месте сказуемое, выраженное глаголом без частицы «to».

I always get up early in the morning – Я всегда встаю рано утром.

В данном предложении сказуемое «get up» стоит в 1 лице, единственном числе, и употребляется без частицы «to», и каких-либо окончаний. То же правило действует и для других лиц, как в единственном, так и во множественном числах, кроме 3-го лица единственного числа. Если подлежащие в предложении выражено местоимениями «He/She/It» или существительным в единственном числе, то у глагола-сказуемого появляется окончание -s/-es.

My mother go es shopping every day – Моя мама ходит за покупками каждый день.
He brush es his teeth every morning – Он чистит зубы каждый день.

Окончания

Окончание –es появляется у глаголов, которые заканчиваются на -o, -s, -sh, -ch, -tch, -x, -z:

go – goes (идет), dress – dresses (одевается), brush – brushes (чистит), c – teaches (обучает) и другие.

Если глагол оканчивается на -у, то при прибавлении окончания –s происходят следующие «метаморфозы»:

· если согласная + -у, то -у меняется на -ie и к нему прибавляется окончание –s: to try – tries (пытается);

· если гласная + -у, то никаких изменений не происходит: to buy – buys (покупаем).

Отрицательные предложения

В отрицательных предложениях в Present Simple Tense появляется помощник – вспомогательный глагол do/does, к которому и присоединяется отрицательная частица not (не).

We do not go to the seaside in the evening – Мы не ходим на морское побережье вечером.

He does not know her name – Он не знает её имени.

Вопросительные предложения

Вновь на помощь основному глаголу приходит вспомогательный глагол does для «He/She/It» и do – во всех остальных случаях. Кроме того, есть ещё один существенный нюанс. В утвердительных и отрицательных предложениях в английском языке используется прямой порядок слов. В вопросительных – обратный.

Это означает, что на первом месте – вспомогательный глагол, на втором – подлежащие, на третьем – основной глагол без окончания, на четвертом – остальные члены предложения.

Do you like candies? – Ты любишь конфеты?
Does your sister go to school? – Твоя сестра ходит в школу?

Вопрос к подлежащему не требует вспомогательного глагола. В нём сохраняется прямой порядок слов, свойственный английским утвердительным предложениям (Who knows her name? – Кто знает её имя?).

Глагол to be

Отдельно от всех глаголов стоит to be – быть, есть. Он обладает следующими особенностями:

· Это единственный глагол в английском языке, который изменяется по лицам и числам. Единственное число: I am (я есть), you are (ты есть), he is (он есть), she is (она есть), it is (оно есть). Множественное число: we are (мы есть), you are (вы есть), they are (они есть).

I am teacher – Я учитель.
He is a clever man – Он умный мужчина.

· Это единственный глагол, с которым в отрицательных и вопросительных предложениях не используется вспомогательный глагол. При отрицании частица not присоединяется непосредственно к нему. В вопросах он ставится на первое место перед подлежащим.

We are not travelers – Мы не путешественники.
Is she a good doctor? – Она хороший врач?

 

Present continuous

(Настоящее длительное время)

Утверждение

«подлежащие + to be + основной глагол + –ing»:

Единственное число	Множественное число
I am working – я работаю You are working – ты работаешь He (she, it) is working – Он (она, оно) работает	We are working – мы работаем You are working – вы работаете They are working – они работают

Отрицание

подлежащие + to be + not + основной глагол + –ing:

Единственное число	Множественное число
I am not cooking – я не готовлю You are not cooking – ты не готовишь He (she, it) is not cooking – она не готовит	We are not cooking – мы не готовим You are not cooking – вы не готовите They are not cooking – они не готовят

Вопрос

to be + подлежащие + основной глагол + –ing?

Единственное число	Множественное число
Am I swimming? – я плаваю? Are you swimming? – ты плаваешь? Is he (she, it) swimming? – Он (она, оно) плавает?	Are we swimming? – мы плаваем? Are you swimming? – вы плаваете? Are they swimming? – они плавают?

Слова спутники

· Now (сейчас)

· Right  now (прямо сейчас)

· At the moment (в настоящем)

· Still (всё ещё)

· Nowadays (в наше время/в наши дни)

 

 

1. Now she is choosing a new dress.

2. Don’t hurry! The shop is still working!

3. At this moment they are discussing new questions.

 

При добавления окончания –ing к основе смыслового глагола необходимо обращать внимание на конечную гласную или согласную:

· если глагол заканчивается на немую гласную –е, то она опускается (to bake – baking, to blame – blaming);

· если глагол заканчивается на –ie, то данное сочетание заменяется на –y (to die – dying);

· если глагол состоит из одного слога и заканчивается на гласный + согласный, то конечный согласный удваивается (to cut – cutting, to put – putting).

 

V. Тренировочные тексты для чтения

Текст №1

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  Physical Education is one of the subjects taught at school. Students do many different sports, exercises, and activities. There are many types of physical fitness. Physical education keeps kids and adults fit and active. It is very important for their health and well-being.

Scientists have shown that brain development and physical exercise go hand in hand. Physical education can help academic success. It is important to educate people in the field of healthy and smart ways to stay active.

 

Текст №2

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Chinese food is famous all over the world. Chinese cuisine has countless delisious and fantastic dishes. Ingredients of Chinese food are various and sometimes shocking to foreigners. Chinese cuisine varies even across China. There are many regional cuisines with different flavors: spicy, sweet, sour. China has its own unique dinning culture and etiquette, which foreign visitors may find quite different from what they are used to. Chinese use chopsticks to pick up food, not knives and forks. There are usually not salt or pepper shakers, or tomato sauce on the table, but you may find bottles of soy sauce, vinegar, and chili paste on the table. Some Chinese restaurant can be quite noisy and smoky where people don't control their talking volume or smoking. Tips are not expected in Chinese restaurant, as the service fee is included in the food price.

 

Текст №3

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 Why do cats purr? Humans tend to think that purring is a sign of happiness in a cat, but there are other reasons why our pets produce these particular sounds. Purring is a habit that develops very early in a cat's life. The most usual time for purring is in company. It can be a sign of social pleasure. Moreover, it can mean that the cat is asking to be fed or stroked.

Strangely, vets also report that cats will purr when they are in great pain or even before death. It is not good to show weakness as this could encourage larger animals to eat you. The purr may just mean: «Everything's fine, I'm on top of the world. Nothing to see here, go away please».

 

Текст №4

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It's not always easy to know how to be there for your friends. At first,try to understand a situation from your friend's point of view. Ask questions to get a sense of the problem or issue, but the main thing is to listen to them. You don't have to have all the answers, and don't assume that your friend wants advice — they might just want to talk so that they can work it out for themselves.

If your friend has a medical or mental health issue, a good way to offer support is to learn about what they've been diagnosed with. Being interested in what they're going through shows you care, and that you plan to stick around no matter what's going on. Ask them what they need.

If you're worried about someone and you want to be there for them, ask them what they need. You'll then know what they find helpful during tough times, and you can offer them support in a way that's genuinely helpful.

Hugging your friends is a great way to show you care for them. Physical contact can be really comforting, especially when someone feels alone.

Текст №5

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There are numerous health benefits of owning a pet. The lowered blood pressure of a dog owner, for example, can be explained by the increased exercise taken on a daily basis. Going for a walk with your pet can also facilitate your social interaction, which can improve mood and reduce stress levels. If you live alone, pets can help overcome loneliness and encourage the feeling of responsibility for another being. Pets can also teach people with learning difficulties to communicate with the outside world. That is the miracle of pet ownership.

There is the inevitable downside to pet ownership. The death of a pet can lead to the same, or similar feelings of loss that we experience when we lose a human member of our family.

 

Текст №6

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A recent study shows that some male cockatoos create their own musical tools for drumming. The drumming and rhythm seem to be an extra component made to impress the ladies. Each bird has its own distinct style. Other animals (e.g. frogs and birds) use drumming and music to communicate as well, but cockatoos can drum at a steady rhythm, with a totally unique style, for up to half an hour — which takes quite a bit of practice.

Moreover, plenty of animals use tools, but far fewer make those tools themselves.

Among humans, a regular beat is associated with group-based activity, especially dancing. As for the cockatoos, drumming with a regular beat is a done solo.

 

Текст №7

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I will never forget my first visit to the Bolshoy Theatre. My mother bought two advance tickets for a performance of the ballet "Sleeping Beauty" by Tchaikovsky. We had come to the theatre long before the performance began. A sign at the entrance of the theatre said "full house". Many people were standing at the entrance of the theatre asking if we had an extra ticket.

We left our coats in the cloakroom and bought a programme from the usher to see what the cast was. I remember we were glad to see that Ulanova was dancing the main part. When we walked into the hall, the orchestra was tuning in their instruments. We found our seats which were in the stalls and went exploring the theatre. My mother showed me the boxes, the pit, the dress-circle and the balconies.

At 12 sharp, the lights went down. The conductor appeared, and the overture began. After the overture, the curtain went up. I had never seen anything more wonderful. The scenery and the dancing were superb. The ballet seemed to be a fairy tale. When the last curtain fell, the house burst into applause. The performance was a great success with the public. It was one of my brightest memories.

 

Текст №8

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The Ancient Egyptian pyramids are some of the most impressive structures ever built by human. Many of the pyramids are still present today for us to see and explore.

The pyramids were built as burial places to the Pharaohs. As part of their religion, the Egyptians believed that the Pharaoh needed certain things to take with him in the afterlife.

Deep inside the pyramids lays the Pharaoh's burial chamber which would be filled with treasure and various items for the Pharaoh to use in the afterlife. The walls were often covered with carvings and paintings. Near the Pharaoh's chamber would be other rooms where family members and servants were buried. There were often smaller rooms that acted as temples and larger rooms for storage. Narrow passageways led to the outside.

 

Текст №9

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Sleep is food for the brain. During sleeping, important body functions and brain activity occur. Skipping sleep can be really harmful. You can look bad, you may feel moody, perform poorly. Sleepiness can make it hard to get along with your family and friends and hurt your scores on school exams. Teens need about 8 to 10 hours of sleep each night to function best. Unfortunately, most teens do not get enough sleep.

Not getting enough sleep or having sleep difficulties can limit your ability to learn, listen, concentrate and solve problems. You may even forget important information like names, numbers, your  homework or a date with a special person in your life. Moreover, lack of sleep can lead to aggressive or inappropriate behavior.

 

Текст №10

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Writers have the reputation for being lonely. However, every now and then they forget about bonds of friendship with one another. Hemingway and Fitzgerald met in Paris in 1925. Fitzgerald had already published a few novels. Hemingway had not even published his first yet. Although despite the feeling of jealousy, the two became really close friends. Fitzgerald even helped edit "The Sun Also Rises". Fantasy giants Lewis and Tolkien first met at Oxford University, where both of them belonged to a group of writers known as The Inklings. They had a very intimate friendship, Tolkien even played a key role in converting Lewis to Christianity. That is not to say their friendship was perfect, however. They bickered over the quality of each other's work, and they finally drifted apart.

 

VI. Источники:

 

1. https://www.en7-vpr.sdamgia.ru/test?id=15

2. http://english-bird.ru

3. https://englandlearn.com

4. http://english-bird.ru/video-lessons/english/

5. https://englandlearn.com/words/opisanie-pogody

6. https://obrazovaka.ru

7. Урок.рф/library/pravila_chteniya_175856.html