Card 7. The Alimentary Tract

Card 2. GENERAL OSTEOLOGY

Osteology is the study of the skeletal system. The skeleton is the solid framework of the body and is composed mainly of bones but is completed in certain parts by the addition of cartilages. The skeleton is divisible into two parts, namely, (1) the axial skeleton, which includes the vertebral column. Skull, sternum, and the ribs, and (2) the appendicular skeleton, which comprises the bones of the extremities, including the free limbs and their girdles. The skeleton serves many functions: (1) it supports the body, (2) it gives the body definite shape, (3) it serves to protect vital organs, (4) it forms a system of (3) levers (4) by means of which the muscles attached to the bones (5) executes bodily movements, (5) it is a reserve (6) storage of calcium salts, and (6) it is a (7) source of blood cells.

 

 

1 курс, 1 семестр № 2 Аралық бақылау

Card 3. ENGLAND

ENGLAND is the largest and richest country of Great Britain. The capital of England is London but there are other large industrial cities, such as Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester and other famous and interesting cities such as York, Chester, Oxford and Cambridge.

Stonehenge is one of the most famous prehistoric places in the world. This ancient circle of stones stands in Southwest England. It measures 80 metres across and made with massive blocks of stone up to four metres high. Why it was built is a mystery.

Not far from Stonehenge stands Salisbury Cathedral. It is a splendid example of an English Gothic Cathedral; inside there is one of four copies of Magna Charta and the oldest clock in England.

Chester is very important town in the north-west of England. In the past it used to be a Roman fort; its name comes from the Latin word castra, meaning «fortified camp». In Chester there is a famous museum which contains over 5000 ancient and modern toys.

Oxford is the home of the oldest university of England. The most famous college is Christ Church. It has a great hall which was built during the reign of Henry VIII and its chapel has become the Cathedral of Oxford.

Cambridge is the home of Britain’s second oldest university.

York was the capital of Northern England. It is one of the best preserved medieval cities of Europe. It was built by Romans, conquered by Anglo-Saxons and ruled by the Vikings.

Birmingham is often called the «City of 1500 trades» because of the great variety of its industries.

 

Vocabulary:

Famous – знаменитый

Measure(s) – измерять

Cathedral – собор

Fort – форт

Camp – лагерь

College – колледж

Medieval – средневековый Conquered – завоеванный

1 курс, 1 семестр № 2 Аралық бақылау

Card 4. The Lungs

The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. There are two lungs in the human body located in the lateral cavities of the chest. The lungs are separated from each other by the mediastinum. The lungs are covered with the pleura. They are conical in shape. Each lung has the base, apex, two borders and three surfaces.

The lung has the apex extending upward 3-4 centimetres (cm) above the level of the first rib.

The base of the lung is located in the convex (выпуклы) surface of the diaphragm.

The posterior borders of the lungs are on each side of the spinal column. The anterior border is thin and overlaps (перекрывать) the pericardium.

The weight of the lungs varies according to many conditions.

In the adult male the weight of the lungs is about 1,350 gr. The right lung is about 15% heavier than the left one. The vital capacity of the lungs is 3.4-4 litres in the male and it is 3-3.5 litres in the female.

The right lung consisting of three lobes is heavier than the left one because the latter consists only of two lobes. The lower lobe of the left lung is larger than the upper one.

In infants the lungs are of a pale rose colour, but later they become darker.

The structure of the lung consists of an external serous coat, the visceral layer of the pleura, a subserous elastic tissue, and the parenchyma, or proper substance of the lungs.

 

1 курс, 1 семестр № 2 Аралық бақылау

Card 5. THE AORTA

 

The aorta is the main vessel of the systemic arteries or the arteries of the general system. It begins at the upper part of the left ventricle, goes up, arches over the root (корень) of the left lung to the left side of the trunk at the level of the fourth thoracic vertebra. On its way from the fifth thoracic vertebra to about the level of the last thoracic vertebra it is called thoracic aorta.

Then it goes down through the diaphragm. From the point of the last thoracic vertebra to the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra it is called the abdominal aorta.

It then goes to the border of the fourth lumbar vertebra and here it finishes dividing into the left and right iliac arteries.

 

1 курс, 1 семестр № 2 Аралық бақылау

Card 6.WALES

WALES is the country in the west of Great Britain. It is mainly a mountainous land with a chiefly agricultural economy and an industrial and coal-mining area in the south. The landscape is beautiful. Many English people move to Wales when they retire.

Cardiff, a large city in the south, was chosen as the capital of Wales in 1955, mainly because of its size. Since 1536, Wales has been governed by England had heir to the throne of England and has the title of Prince of Wales, but Welsh people have strong sense of identity. There is a Welsh National party which wants independence from the United Kingdom and the Welsh language is still used in certain parts of the country.

Welsh is an ancient Celtic language, similar to Breton, spoken in Brittany, France. In the 60’s Welsh was given equal status with English as an official language and is used in the law courts. It is taught in school and some TV programs are broadcast in Welsh. However, only about 20% of the population speaks Welsh.

 

Vocabulary:

Chief – главный

Coal-mining – добыча угля

Sense – чувство

Independence – независимость

Certain – определенный

Celtic –кельтский

Equal – равный

Broadcast – трансляция

 

1 курс, 1 семестр № 2 Аралық бақылау

Card 8. AUSTRALIA

AUSTRALIA is the only country in the world that is also a continent. It is the sixth large country and the smallest continent. Australia lies between the South Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. It is situated about 11 000 km southeast of mainland Asia. The name of the country comes from Latin word «australis» which mean southern. The country’s official name is Common wealth of Australia.

The Common wealth of Australia is a federation of states. Australia has six states – New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia. Each state has its government. Australia has two territories – the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory. The capital of the country is Canberra.

Australia is a constitutional monarchy like Great Britain. The nation is administered under written constitution. The British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, is also queen of Australia and country’s head of state. But the queen has little power in the Australian government. She serves mainly as a symbol of long historical tie between Great Britain and Australia. Australia is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations which is an association formed by Britain and some of its former colonies.

Australia is one of the world’s developed countries. Australia had modern factories, highly productive mines and farms, and busy cities. It is the world’s leading producer of wool and bauxite (the ore from which aluminium is made). It also producers and exports large amounts of other minerals and farm goods. Income from the export enables Australians to have high standard of living. The most important trading partners of Australia are Japan and the United States.

Vocabulary:

To lie – находиться

To be situated – быть расположенным

Mainland – материк

Latin – латинский

Commonwealth of Australia – Австралийский Союз

Federation – федерация

State – штат

Territory – территория

Capital –столица

Government – правительство

Tie - связь

Commonwealth of Nation – Британское Содружество наций

Income – доход

Standard of living – уровень жизни

1 курс, 1 семестр № 2 Аралық бақылау

Card 10. Skeletal muscles

 

The skeletal muscles are the organs of the muscular system. They number over 400 in the human body. Each has an arterial, venous, lymphatic and nervous supply as well as a connective tissue framework, the whole constituting an independent unit. However, muscles never act singly but in groups. We seldom contract an individual muscle, we execute a movement and in the performance of that movement whole groups of muscles are involved. Skeletal muscles, then, are grouped into a system which exhibits correlation and cooperation of its parts.

Attachments of Muscles. Each striated muscle consists of a body and two attachments. The body contains the muscular tissue, the attachments are composed of white fibrous tissue. The attachment of muscle to bone may be one of three types: direct to the periosteum, by means of a tendon, or by means of an aponeurosis. A tendon is a band or cord of white fibrous tissue serving to connect a muscle to a bone.

 

1 курс, 1 семестр № 2 Аралық бақылау

Card11. MOSCOW

Moscow is the capital of Russia. It was first mentioned in the records dated back to the year 1174. at that time it was a small frontier post. The history of Moscow is connected with the history of Russia. In 1237 Moscow fell under the yoke of the Tatars. And it was Moscow Prince Dmitry Donskoy who led the Russian troops to a decisive victory over the invaders in the battle of Kulikovo field in 1380.

By the 15^th century Moscow turned into a wealthy city. It was under Ivan III that Moscow became the capital of the state of Moscow. At that time the Kremlin was rebuilt and the largest Kremlin Cathedrals were erected.

During the Troubled Times Moscow was occupied by the Polish invaders, but they were routed by the popular levy headed by Minin and Pozharsky.

In 1812 the Napoleonic army entered Moscow. The city was set ablaze. The army had to retreat. That was a poor substitute for the military triumph in Russia, so much desired by Napoleon.

Nowadays Moscow is the largest city of Russia. It is a political, administrative, economic, educational and cultural centre of the country.

There are many places of interest in Moscow. The city is famous for its historical monuments, museums, art galleries and theatres. The Historical Museum, the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, the Tretyakov State Picture Gallery are world famous. Moscow is proud of the Bolshoi, Maly and Art theatres. Moscow is an industrial centre with highly developed engineering, electric, light and chemical industries.

Moscow is a scientific centre too. The Russian Academy of Sciences, the oldest university, many schools of higher learning, colleges and scientific institutions are located here.

Moscow is the country’s largest sports centre. It often becomes a scene of international sports festivals.

1 курс, 1 семестр №2 Аралық бақылау

Card 12. Skull

The skull is the skeleton of the head and face. The skull is made of twenty-nine bones.

Twenty-one bones are so firmly knit together that they are taken apart with difficulty, they are built together in such a way that they enclose one large cavity and three smaller bones. The large cavity is called the cranial cavity, and contains the brain and its membranes, the smaller cavities are the cavities of the nose, and the two orbits, which hold eyeballs.

There are lesser cavities contained within certain of the skull-bones, these cavities are the middle-ear, the internal ear, and the air-sinuses.

The skull-bones consist of two plates or tables of compact substance that enclose a layer of spongy substance between them; in skull-bones this substance is called diploe. In some of them the diploe is absorbed leaving cavities or air-sinuses between the tables of compact bone, the sinuses communicate with the cavity of the nose and have a mucous lining continuous with that of the nose.

 

 

1 курс, 1 семестр № 2 Аралық бақылау

Card 14. Stomach

 

The stomach, the widest segment of the digestive tube, lies below the left of the diaphragm and extends obliquely to the pyloroduodenal flexure.

For purposes of description, it is usually subdivided into three portions.

The fundus is the portion cephalad to the cardiac orifice. The pars media of body lies between the fundus and the antrum.

The media is limited below by the angular incisura on the lesser curvative and the left vertebral border on the great curvative.

The antrum or pars pylorica is the segment between the media and the pyloroduodenal flexure.

The normal shape, size and position of the stomach are all variable, depending on the volume of gastric content, the position of the individual, the age of the individual and his constitutional type.

The stomach is abundantly supplied with blood from the coeliac axis, a short, wide artery which comes directly from the aorta and likewise gives branches to the liver, pancreas and spleen. The stomach is very richly supplied with nerves both from the nerve vagus and from the nerve sympathicus.

 

1 курс, 1 семестр № 2 Аралық бақылау

Card 15. LIVER

The liver is the organ primarily engaged in the intermediary metabolism of the materials absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract and in the excretion of metabolic waste products.

The liver is a large, two – lobed, wedge – shaped gland; it weighs about 1500 grams. Its structure and manner of blood supply is a fine illustration of the close connection, so often observed, between structure and function.

The blood brought by the portal vein to the liver is rich in food materials and poor in oxygen, and another vascular system provides the liver cells with oxygen. The blood sent to the liver by the hepatic artery traverses its capillary system, unites with the blood sent to the liver by the portal vein and thus reaches the hepatic vein and returns to the heart.

Aside from its blood supply and lymph vessels, the liver possesses still another system which is peculiar to it. This system serves for the collection of the bile, secreted by liver cells, for the concentration of part of the bile in the gall- bladder and for the final flow of all the bile through the common duct into the duodenum.

The liver can act as reservoir for water to a limited extent.

 

1 курс, 1 семестр № 2 Аралық бақылау

Card 16. Population

The British Isles are the home of four nations- English, Scottish, Welsh and Irish. Even though foreigners often call all British people “English”, and sometimes have difficulty in appreciating the distinctions, the component nations of the United Kingdom are well aware of their own individual characteristics. The Scots, Welsh and Irish regard themselves as largely Celtic peoples, while the English are mainly Anglo-Saxon in origin.

British society as a whole does not have a uniform cultural identity. In 1988 the population of the United Kingdom was about 57 million inhabitants. This figure gives a population density of 600 persons per square mile (284 per square km). England has an average density of 980 persons per square mile (364 per square km). This average does not reveal the even higher densities in some areas of the country, such as south-east parts. Within Europe only the Netherlands has a higher population that England.

 

Vocabulary:

Distinction-различие

Regard-уважение

Society-общество

Inhabitant-житель

Density-плотность населения

Reveal-обнаруживать

1 курс, 1 семестр № 2 Аралық бақылау

Card 18. Heart

 

The heart is a hollow organ about the size of a man’s fist, made up of cardiac muscle, which contracts periodically from the first moment of life until the last. The rate of the heartbeat varies somewhat in different persons as well as in res ponse to specific demands of the organism at different times. In the adult it is usually from 70 to 75 per minute, while in children it is generally much higher.

Following each beat of the heart there is a period of rest for the muscle. This rest period is shorter during greater activity and longer when the body is quiet. On an average the heart muscle works, i.e., is in a state of contraction, about one third of the time. The heart is really two separate pumps, each composed of two chambers the auricle and the ventricle.

1 курс, 1 семестр № 2 Аралық бақылау

Card 19. Edinburgh

Edinburgh - the capital and second largest city of Scotland. Situated on the southern shore of the Firth of Forth, the city is overlooked by Salisbury crags and the hill Arthur’s Seat. It is built on rocky hill, one of which rises westward to a precipitous rock Castle Hill. Here since pre-Christian times, a castle has stood dominating the Lothian region. Along the crest of this ridge a continuous road called the royal Mile descends eastward from Castle Hill to Canongate and Holyrood Palace, residence of Mary, Queen of Scots. Each side of the Royal Mile is flanked by the “wynds” or alleys of the Old Town. Besides the castle and palace one finds here Parliament House, the Royal Exchange, and many XVI and XVII century dwellings, some carefully restored as museums. Seen from the southernmost street of the New Town, Princes Street, the ridge descending from Castle Hill to the old Town, presents such a magnificent vista that Edinburgh is often called the “Athens of the North”. More familiarly, it is nicknamed “Auld Reekie” because of the low-lying smoke and fog.

Much of the city’s industry is related to its metropolitan and cultural functions. Printing, publishing are the mops important commercial industries. Baking, confectionery and chocolate manufacturing, brewing, distilling, and bottling are also important. New industries include the production of rubber and electrical and marine engineering.

1 курс, 1 семестр № 2 Аралық бақылау

Card 20. THE LIVER

Structure: The liver is the largest gland of the body. It is a soft plastic organ. There are two principal lobes, the right and the left. The cells of the liver are arranged in lobules. These are elongated polygonal structures, having five, six or seven sides. Blood is brought from two sources: from the digestive tract and spleen by the portal vein and from the aorta through the hepatic artery.

Functions: The most obvious function of the liver is the formation of its external secretion, the bile. The other functions of the liver are numerous and varied. These are: blood formation in the embrio, stimulation of red bone marrow, production of fibrinogen, storage of iron and cooper, detoxication, protein metabolism, fat metabolism, heat production and many others.

 

1 курс,1 семестр № 2 Аралық бақылау

Card 21. NOTHERN IRELAND

 

NOTHERN IRELAND, also known as Ulster, is still a part of the United Kingdom. It is made up of six countries: Antrim, Armagh, Down, Fermanagh, Londonderry, and Tyrone. One third of the population lives in and around the capital, Belfast. Belfast is also the most important port and commercial and industrial centre. Some parts of the territory, those that are not close to the capital, have remained mainly rural.

The Irish population is divided into two groups: the Protestants and the Catholics. The Protestants are of British origin. They are descendants of British settlers who came to Ireland in the XVIth and XVIIth centuries, during and after Reformation. The Catholics are mostly natives of Ireland.

The Protestants were the majority and dominated the Catholics with strong discrimination. In 1968 the Catholics began the movement for equal civil rights.

The fightings between the two groups of the population continue to this day.

Northern Ireland has a strong cultural tradition: songs, dances, literature and festivals.

It has its own Art Council, and there are orchestras, theatres, ballet and opera companies.

 

Vocabulary:

Population – население

Origin – происхождение

Descendants – потомок

Settler(s) – поселенец, переселенец

Discrimination – дискриминация

Civil rights – гражданские права

 

 

1 курс,1 семестр № 2 Аралық бақылау

Card 22THE BLOOD

Blood structure. The blood supplies all the tissues and organs of the body with oxygen and nourishment. It also removes from the tissues the products of metabolism which are not needed and carries them to the lungs, kidneys, liver, intestines, and other parts of the body where they are excreted.

Whole blood consists of a cellular fraction and a cell-free fluid portion, which is the plasma. The cellular fraction consists of red blood cells (erythrocytes). White blood cells (leucocytes), and blood plates (thrombocytes).

The chief constituent of the red blood cells is hemoglobin, an iron and protein compound that carries oxygen from the lungs to all the tissues and organs of the body. There are normally 4,500,000 to 5,000,000 red blood cells per milliliter and about 15 Gm of hemoglobin per 100 ml of blood.

The white blood cells are less numerous than red blood cells. There are normally from 5, 00 to 10,000 of them in each milliliter of blood

A majority of there cells are concerned with combating infection in the body. They destroy bacteria in the blood and tissues and also help neutralize poisons formed by bacteria by producing antibodies.

 

1 курс, 1 семестр № 2 Аралық бақылау

Card 23. LONDON

As well as being of the capital of England, London is the capital of the United Kingdom.

London was founded by the Romans in 43 A.D. and was called Londinium. In 61 A.D. the town was burn down and when it was rebuilt by the Romans it was surrounded by a wall. That area within the wall is now called the City of London. It is London’s commercial and business centre. It contains the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange and the head offices of numerous companies and corporations. Here is situated the Tower of London. The Tower was built by William the Conqueror who conquered England in 1066. He was crowned at Westminster Abbey. Now most of the Government buildings are located there.

During the Tudor period (16^th century) London became an important economic and financial centre. The Londoners of the Elizabethan period built the firs theatres. Nowadays the theatre land is stretched around Piccadilly Circus. Not far from it one can see the British museum and the convent Garden Opera House.

During the Victorian period (19^th century). London was one of the most important centre of the Industrial Revolution and the centre of the British Empire.

Today London is a great political centre, a great commercial centre, a paradise for theatre-goers and tourists, but it is also a very quiet place with its parks and its ancient buildings, museums and libraries.

 

Vocabulary:

Capital – столица

Found(ed) – основывать

Surrounded – окруженный

Crowned – коронованный

Westminster Abbey – Вестминстерское аббатство

Theatre land – район театров

Paradise – рай

Ancient – древний

 

 

1 курс, 1 семестр № 2 Аралық бақылау

Card 23. THE CARDIAC RHYTHM

One knows that during diastole the atria and the ventricles take in the blood. It has been determined that during the systole the atria and the ventricles discharge out the blood. The diastole of the ventricles takes place during the systole of the atria, and the systole of the ventricles takes place during the diastole of the atria. These functions of the atria and the ventricles compose the cardiac rhythm. The cardiac cycle lasts 0.9 second. The contraction of the atria lasts 0.2 and that of the ventricles 0.3. When the atria contract the ventricles are at rest. The diastole or the period of rest of the cardiac muscle lasts 0.4.

So during one cardiac cycle the ventricles work 0.3” but rest 0.6”.

The period of contraction of the ventricles is longer that of the atria and the systolic blood pressure is always higher than the diastolic one. Such an interesting cardiac rhythm which enables the heart to rest longer than to work is very important for the blood circulation. If the period of cardiac rest has become constantly shorter the rate of heartbeat increases. Such an increased rate of heartbeat may affect the heart and produce different cardiac diseases.

 

Рубежный контроль №4 1 курс Card №1. Open the brackets using verbs in Present, Past, Future Simple Passive. 1.The spinal column (to separate) vertebrae. (Present Simple) 2.The spinal column (to separate) vertebrae. (Past Simple) 3.The spinal column (to separate) vertebrae. (Future Simple) Replace the modal verbs with equivalents. 4.The renal blood can be constricted or dilated.   Fill in some, any or no. 5.Smooth muscle cells have … characteristic features.	Рубежный контроль №4 1 курс Card №2.   Open the brackets using verbs in Present, Past, Future Perfect Passive. 1. Many questions (to ask) at the seminar. (Present Perfect) 2. Many questions (to ask) at the seminar. (Past Perfect) 3. Many questions (to ask) at the seminar. (Future Perfect) Replace the modal verbs with equivalents. 4.We may divide all animals into two classes.   Fill in some, any or no. 5.There is … backbone in invertebrate animals.
Рубежный контроль №4 1 курс Card №3. Open the brackets using verbs in Present, Past, Future Perfect Passive. 1.A report on muscular system (to make) 1st year student. (Present Perfect) 2. A report on muscular system (to make) 1st year student. (Past Perfect) 3. A report on muscular system (to make) 1st year student. (Future Perfect) Replace the modal verbs with equivalents. 4.Smooth muscles can contract slowly.   Fill in some, any or no. 5.Are there … special hospitals for children?	Рубежный контроль №4 1 курс Card №4. Open the brackets using verbs in Present, Past, Future Continuous Passive. 1.Numerous problems (to solve) medicine.(Present Continuous) 2.Numerous problems (to solve) medicine.(Past Continuous) 3.Numerous problems (to solve) medicine.(Future Continuous) Replace the modal verbs with equivalents. 4.Future doctors must know human anatomy very well.   Fill in some, any or no. 5.There are … illustrated books on Human anatomy.
Рубежный контроль №4 1 курс Card №5. Open the brackets using verbs in Present, Past, Future Simple Passive. 1.The ventral chamber (to divide) the diaphragm.(Present Simple) 2.The ventral chamber (to divide) the diaphragm.(Past Simple) 3.The ventral chamber (to divide) the diaphragm.(Future Simple) Replace the modal verbs with equivalents. 4.We must know all the functions of the lungs.   Fill in some, any or no. 5.Smooth muscles contract without … volition.	Рубежный контроль №4 1 курс Card №6. Open the brackets using verbs in Present, Past, Future Simple Passive. 1.The heart and the lungs (to enclose) the thorax. (Present Simple) 2.The heart and the lungs (to enclose) the thorax. (Past Simple) 3.The heart and the lungs (to enclose) the thorax. (Future Simple) Replace the modal verbs with equivalents. 4.I can describe the bones of the trunk.   Fill in some, any or no. 5.There is … special name for radius in English language.
Рубежный контроль №4 1 курс Card №7. Open the brackets using verbs in Present, Past, Future Perfect Passive. 1.The functions of the brain (to discuss) the whole lesson.(Present Continuous) 2.The functions of the brain (to discuss) the whole lesson. (Past Continuous) 3.The functions of the brain (to discuss) the whole lesson. (Future Continuous) Replace the modal verbs with equivalents. 4.We cannot deliberately cause smooth muscles to lift our hands or open our mouth.   Fill in some, any or no. 5.You may come for consultation on physics … time from 5 to 8.	Рубежный контроль №4 1 курс Card №8. Open the brackets using verbs in Present, Past, Future Simple Passive. 1.The skeleton (make up) the bones of our body. (Present Simple) 2.The skeleton (make up) the bones of our body. (Past Simple) 3.The skeleton (make up) the bones of our body. (Future Simple) Replace the modal verbs with equivalents. 4.We may call the humerus, an armbone.   Fill in some, any or no. 5.A cardiac muscle fibers has … beginning and ending.
Рубежный контроль №4 1 курс Card №9. Open the brackets using verbs in Present, Past, Future Simple Passive. 1.The beating of the heart (to control) the involuntary muscles. (Present Simple) 2.The beating of the heart (to control) the involuntary muscles. (Past Simple) 3.The beating of the heart (to control) the involuntary muscles. (FutureSimple) Replace the modal verbs with equivalents. 4.We may use this drug three times a day.   Fill in some, any or no. 5.Smooth muscles form the coat of … internal organs.	Рубежный контроль №4 1 курс Card №10. Open the brackets using verbs in Present, Past, Future Simple Passive. 1.The structure of the human body(to study)every year.(Present Continuous) 2. The structure of the human body (to study) last year. (Past Continuous) 3. The structure of the human body (to study) next year. (Future Continuous)   Replace the modal verbs with equivalents. 4.In this picture we can see the blood vessel size difference.   Fill in some, any or no. 5.The teacher asked … questions.
Рубежный контроль №4 1 курс Card №11. Open the brackets using verbs in Present, Past, Future Continuous Passive. 1.Patients (to take care of) nurses.(Present Continuous) 2.Patients (to take care of) nurses.(Past Continuous) 3.Patients (to take care of) nurses.(Future Continuous) Replace the modal verbs with equivalents. 4.The renal blood can be constricted or dilated.   Fill in some, any or no. 5.Are … surgical departments in this hospital?	Рубежный контроль №4 1 курс Card №12. Open the brackets using verbs in Present, Past, Future Simple Passive. 1.The larger part of waste products of the body (to excrete) by urinary system. (Present Simple). 2.The larger part of waste products of the body (to excrete) by urinary system. (Past Simple) 3. The larger part of waste products of the body (to excrete) by urinary system. (Future Simple) Replace the modal verbs with equivalents. 4.We may divide all the muscles into two groups.   Fill in some, any or no. 5.I don’t know … of these diseases.
Рубежный контроль №4 1 курс Card №13. Open the brackets using verbs in Present, Past, Future Simple Passive. 1.Fluid and certain solids (to separate) from the blood kidneys. (Present Simple) 2.Fluid and certain solids (to separate) from the blood kidneys. (Past Simple) 3.Fluid and certain solids (to separate) from the blood kidneys. (Future Simple) Replace the modal verbs with equivalents. 4.Each type of muscles must perform definite functions.   Fill in some, any or no. 5.There were … patients that fell sick.	Рубежный контроль №4 1 курс Card №14. Open the brackets using verbs in Present, Past, Future Simple Passive. 1.The esophagus (to protect) the slippery mucus.(Present Simple) 2.The esophagus (to protect) the slippery mucus.(Past Simple) 3.The esophagus (to protect) the slippery mucus.(Future Simple) Replace the modal verbs with equivalents. 4.Under the microscope we can see the membrane which consist of different cells.   Fill in some, any or no. 5.There were … informative articles in this journal.
Рубежный контроль №4 1 курс Card №15. Open the brackets using verbs in Present, Past, Future Simple Passive. 1.The blood to the all parts of the right side of the neck (to distribute) the right carotid artery.(Present Simple) 2.The blood to the all parts of the right side of the neck (to distribute) the right carotid artery.((Past Simple) 3.The blood to the all parts of the right side of the neck (to distribute) the right carotid artery.((Future Simple) Replace the modal verbs with equivalents. 4.One must remember that air is at all times full of bacteria.   Fill in some, any or no. 5.The blood capillaries are absent in … parts of the body.	Рубежный контроль №4 1 курс Card №16. Open the brackets using verbs in Present, Past, Future ContinuousPassive. 1.The cardiac muscle (to nourish) coronary arteries. (Present Continuous) 2.The cardiac muscle (to nourish) coronary arteries. (Past Continuous) 3.The cardiac muscle (to nourish) coronary arteries. (Future Continuous) Replace the modal verbs with equivalents. 4.The heart may be described as a hollow organ that has four chambers.   Fill in some, any or no. 5.There are … differences between the veins, arteries and capillaries.
Рубежный контроль №4 1 курс Card №17 Open the brackets using verbs in Present, Past, Future Simple Passive. 1.The lungs (to renew) constantly.(Present Simple) 2.The lungs (to renew) constantly.(Past Simple) 3.The lungs (to renew) constantly.(Future Simple) Replace the modal verbs with equivalents. 4.The renal blood can be constricted or dilated.   Fill in some, any or no. 5.… muscular effort increases the number of respirations.	Рубежный контроль №4 1 курс Card №18. Open the brackets using verbs in Present, Past, Future Simple Passive. 1.The larger part of waste products of the body (to excrete) by urinary system. (Present Simple). 2. The larger part of waste products of the body (to excrete) by urinary system. (Past Simple) 3. The larger part of waste products of the body (to excrete) by urinary system. (Future Simple) Replace the modal verbs with equivalents. 4.One must know that mechanisms in the upper respiratory tract serve to filter and warm the air.   Fill in some, any or no. 5.There was … information about methods of examination at the lecture, so I left it.
Рубежный контроль №4 1 курс Card №19. Open the brackets using verbs in Present, Past, Future Simple Passive. 1.Outside the digestive coat salivary glands, pancreas and liver (to situate).(Present Simple) 2.Outside the digestive coat salivary glands, pancreas and liver (to situate).(Past Simple) 3.Outside the digestive coat salivary glands, pancreas and liver (to situate).(Future Simple) Replace the modal verbs with equivalents. 4.During the intense muscular activity the inspiration rate may rise.   Fill in some, any or no. 5.Give the patient … analgetic.	Рубежный контроль №4 1 курс Card №20. Open the brackets using verbs in Present, Past, Future Simple Passive. 1.The left heart chambers (to divide) the mitral valve. (Present Simple) 2.The left heart chambers (to divide) the mitral valve. (Past Simple) 3.The left heart chambers (to divide) the mitral valve. (Future Simple) Replace the modal verbs with equivalents. 4.One must know that smoking is harmful.   Fill in some, any or no. 5.… student has been absent from the lecture today.
Рубежный контроль №4 1 курс Card №21. Open the brackets using verbs in Present, Past, Future Simple Passive. 1.The central portions of the abdominal cavity (to occupy) intestines. (Present Simple) 2.The central portions of the abdominal cavity (to occupy) intestines. (Past Simple) 3.The central portions of the abdominal cavity (to occupy) intestines. (Future Simple) Replace the modal verbs with equivalents. 4.One must know that the capacity of the bladder of an adult is about 350-500 ml.   Fill in some, any or no. 5.… nitrogenous waste products must be thrown off by the body first.	Рубежный контроль №4 1 курс Card №22. Open the brackets using verbs in Present, Past, Future Simple Passive. 1.Carbon dioxide and water (to excrete) lungs.(Present Simple) 2.Carbon dioxide and water (to excrete) lungs.(Past Simple) 3.Carbon dioxide and water (to excrete) lungs.(Future Simple) Replace the modal verbs with equivalents. 4.In the process of metabolism certain waste products must be cast off.   Fill in some, any or no. 5.There are … blood vessels in mucous coat.
Рубежный контроль №4 1 курс Card №23. Open the brackets using verbs in Present, Past, Future Simple Passive. 1.A vast amount of information concerning use of Penicillin (to accumulate).(Present Simple) 2.A vast amount of information concerning use of Penicillin (to accumulate). (Past Simple) 3.A vast amount of information concerning use of Penicillin (to accumulate). (Future Simple) Replace the modal verbs with equivalents. 4.Everybody must know that liver plays important role in the vital activities of the organism.   Fill in some, any or no. 5.My new eyeglasses are very good, I can … now.	Рубежный контроль №4 1 курс Card №24. Open the brackets using verbs in Present, Past, Future Continuous Passive. 1.The boy with diphtheria (to examine) doctor.(Present Continuous) 2.The boy with diphtheria (to examine) doctor.(Past Continuous) 3.The boy with diphtheria (to examine) doctor.(Future Continuous) Replace the modal verbs with equivalents. 4.The kidneys may be regarded as filters.   Fill in some, any or no. 5.The size and shape of the stomach vary with … amount of food.
	Card №1. sovereignty to separate vessel pharynx dilation treasure house trachea nucleus unanimously blood pressure	Card №2. skeleton cardiovascular esophagus to assist lung clot larynx pancreas plain muscular	Card №3. to adopt tissue skull state tongue breastbone digestive intestines coal-mining shoulder-blade	Card №4. convex stomach respiratory mucous low hills larynx elimination machine-building circulate Supreme Soviet
	Card №5. ventricle unanimously substance chamber trunk coexistence capillary tributaries inhale elbow	Card №6. kidney plateaux circulation aorta muscle lumbar to be situated breathe judicial neck	Card №7. educational establishment blood joint foreign policy pelvic windpipe auricle mankind inhalation habit	Card №8. passage-way bladder windpipe spleen distinguishable coal-mining grain-farming contraction urethra thigh
	Card №9.   civil liver saliva vertebra wrist mucous thorax to occupy an area branch digest	Card №10. chest circulatory knot digestive water ways urinary salivary treasure-house secretion artery	Card №11. cavity disturbance pelvis thorax jaw transparent ethnic groups digestion rib exchange	Card №12. extension fat pancreas connective tissue forearm atrium esophagus palm larynx vertebral column
	Card №13. bronchus urine muscular pelvic abdomen tissue gall-bladder digestive hilus waste products	Card №14. thumb circulate pharynx trachea ventricle intestines blood pressure shoulder-blade exhalation clot	Card №15. alveolar digest excretion substance eliminate cardiovascular connective tissue vein urethra lining	Card №16. abdomen digestive alimentary canal limb blood pressure inhalation jaw ventricle salivary nourishment
	Card №17. mucous glomerulus ankle urine secretion pancreas bronchial apex poison passage-way	Card №18. backbone ureter breathe circulation thorax secretion windpipe skull respiration salivary	Card №19. stomach trachea skull striated collarbone contract minute elimination elongate finger	Card №20. dilation fluid fundus separate false rib bean-shaped heart enclose skin mucus
	Card №21. bronchus poor circulation diaphragm capillary elbow life-giving gas cone-shaped narrow contractile pulmonary vein	Card №22. kidney bronchial aorta poisonous digestive glands to transverse invertebrate musculation lumbar neck	Card №23. to bend joint alveolar pelvic width volition to include carbon dioxide spleen separable	Card №24. pulmonary artery to extend bone weight sovereignty systemic circulation bile-reservoir fibre colourless breathless

 

 

Card №25 bronchus poor circulation diaphragm capillary elbow lowlands cone-shaped narrow contractile united

 

 

Card 2. GENERAL OSTEOLOGY

Osteology is the study of the skeletal system. The skeleton is the solid framework of the body and is composed mainly of bones but is completed in certain parts by the addition of cartilages. The skeleton is divisible into two parts, namely, (1) the axial skeleton, which includes the vertebral column. Skull, sternum, and the ribs, and (2) the appendicular skeleton, which comprises the bones of the extremities, including the free limbs and their girdles. The skeleton serves many functions: (1) it supports the body, (2) it gives the body definite shape, (3) it serves to protect vital organs, (4) it forms a system of (3) levers (4) by means of which the muscles attached to the bones (5) executes bodily movements, (5) it is a reserve (6) storage of calcium salts, and (6) it is a (7) source of blood cells.

 

 

1 курс, 1 семестр № 2 Аралық бақылау

Card 3. ENGLAND

ENGLAND is the largest and richest country of Great Britain. The capital of England is London but there are other large industrial cities, such as Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester and other famous and interesting cities such as York, Chester, Oxford and Cambridge.

Stonehenge is one of the most famous prehistoric places in the world. This ancient circle of stones stands in Southwest England. It measures 80 metres across and made with massive blocks of stone up to four metres high. Why it was built is a mystery.

Not far from Stonehenge stands Salisbury Cathedral. It is a splendid example of an English Gothic Cathedral; inside there is one of four copies of Magna Charta and the oldest clock in England.

Chester is very important town in the north-west of England. In the past it used to be a Roman fort; its name comes from the Latin word castra, meaning «fortified camp». In Chester there is a famous museum which contains over 5000 ancient and modern toys.

Oxford is the home of the oldest university of England. The most famous college is Christ Church. It has a great hall which was built during the reign of Henry VIII and its chapel has become the Cathedral of Oxford.

Cambridge is the home of Britain’s second oldest university.

York was the capital of Northern England. It is one of the best preserved medieval cities of Europe. It was built by Romans, conquered by Anglo-Saxons and ruled by the Vikings.

Birmingham is often called the «City of 1500 trades» because of the great variety of its industries.

 

Vocabulary:

Famous – знаменитый

Measure(s) – измерять

Cathedral – собор

Fort – форт

Camp – лагерь

College – колледж

Medieval – средневековый Conquered – завоеванный

1 курс, 1 семестр № 2 Аралық бақылау

Card 4. The Lungs

The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. There are two lungs in the human body located in the lateral cavities of the chest. The lungs are separated from each other by the mediastinum. The lungs are covered with the pleura. They are conical in shape. Each lung has the base, apex, two borders and three surfaces.

The lung has the apex extending upward 3-4 centimetres (cm) above the level of the first rib.

The base of the lung is located in the convex (выпуклы) surface of the diaphragm.

The posterior borders of the lungs are on each side of the spinal column. The anterior border is thin and overlaps (перекрывать) the pericardium.

The weight of the lungs varies according to many conditions.

In the adult male the weight of the lungs is about 1,350 gr. The right lung is about 15% heavier than the left one. The vital capacity of the lungs is 3.4-4 litres in the male and it is 3-3.5 litres in the female.

The right lung consisting of three lobes is heavier than the left one because the latter consists only of two lobes. The lower lobe of the left lung is larger than the upper one.

In infants the lungs are of a pale rose colour, but later they become darker.

The structure of the lung consists of an external serous coat, the visceral layer of the pleura, a subserous elastic tissue, and the parenchyma, or proper substance of the lungs.

 

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Card 5. THE AORTA

 

The aorta is the main vessel of the systemic arteries or the arteries of the general system. It begins at the upper part of the left ventricle, goes up, arches over the root (корень) of the left lung to the left side of the trunk at the level of the fourth thoracic vertebra. On its way from the fifth thoracic vertebra to about the level of the last thoracic vertebra it is called thoracic aorta.

Then it goes down through the diaphragm. From the point of the last thoracic vertebra to the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra it is called the abdominal aorta.

It then goes to the border of the fourth lumbar vertebra and here it finishes dividing into the left and right iliac arteries.

 

1 курс, 1 семестр № 2 Аралық бақылау

Card 6.WALES

WALES is the country in the west of Great Britain. It is mainly a mountainous land with a chiefly agricultural economy and an industrial and coal-mining area in the south. The landscape is beautiful. Many English people move to Wales when they retire.

Cardiff, a large city in the south, was chosen as the capital of Wales in 1955, mainly because of its size. Since 1536, Wales has been governed by England had heir to the throne of England and has the title of Prince of Wales, but Welsh people have strong sense of identity. There is a Welsh National party which wants independence from the United Kingdom and the Welsh language is still used in certain parts of the country.

Welsh is an ancient Celtic language, similar to Breton, spoken in Brittany, France. In the 60’s Welsh was given equal status with English as an official language and is used in the law courts. It is taught in school and some TV programs are broadcast in Welsh. However, only about 20% of the population speaks Welsh.

 

Vocabulary:

Chief – главный

Coal-mining – добыча угля

Sense – чувство

Independence – независимость

Certain – определенный

Celtic –кельтский

Equal – равный

Broadcast – трансляция

 

1 курс, 1 семестр № 2 Аралық бақылау

Card 7. The Alimentary Tract

The alimentary tract is a musculomembraneous canal 8 1/2 m (metres) in length. It extends from the oral cavity to the anus. It consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. The liver with gallbladder and pancreas are the large glands of the alimentary tract.

The first division of the alimentary tract is formed by the mouth. Important structures of the mouth are the teeth and the tongue, which is the organ of taste (вкуса) the soft and hard palates and the salivary glands are also in the oral cavity.

From the mouth food passes through the pharynx to the esophagus and then to the stomach.

The stomach is a dilated portion of the alimentary canal. It is in the upper part of the abdomen under the diaphragm.

The small intestine is a thin- walled muscular tube about 6.5 metres long. It is located in the lower and central portions of the abdominal and pelvic cavities. The small intestine is composed of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.

The large intestine is about 1.5 metres long. It is divided into ceacum, colon and rectum. The liver is the largest gland in the human body. It is in the upper part of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm. The liver is in the right side of the abdomen. The weight of the liver is 1,500 g.

The gallbladder is a hollow sac lying on the lower surface of the liver.

The pancreas is a long thin gland lying under and behind the stomach.

 

1 курс, 1 семестр № 2 Аралық бақылау

Card 8. AUSTRALIA

AUSTRALIA is the only country in the world that is also a continent. It is the sixth large country and the smallest continent. Australia lies between the South Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. It is situated about 11 000 km southeast of mainland Asia. The name of the country comes from Latin word «australis» which mean southern. The country’s official name is Common wealth of Australia.

The Common wealth of Australia is a federation of states. Australia has six states – New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia. Each state has its government. Australia has two territories – the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory. The capital of the country is Canberra.

Australia is a constitutional monarchy like Great Britain. The nation is administered under written constitution. The British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, is also queen of Australia and country’s head of state. But the queen has little power in the Australian government. She serves mainly as a symbol of long historical tie between Great Britain and Australia. Australia is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations which is an association formed by Britain and some of its former colonies.

Australia is one of the world’s developed countries. Australia had modern factories, highly productive mines and farms, and busy cities. It is the world’s leading producer of wool and bauxite (the ore from which aluminium is made). It also producers and exports large amounts of other minerals and farm goods. Income from the export enables Australians to have high standard of living. The most important trading partners of Australia are Japan and the United States.

Vocabulary:

To lie – находиться

To be situated – быть расположенным

Mainland – материк

Latin – латинский

Commonwealth of Australia – Австралийский Союз

Federation – федерация

State – штат

Territory – территория

Capital –столица

Government – правительство

Tie - связь

Commonwealth of Nation – Британское Содружество наций

Income – доход

Standard of living – уровень жизни

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