Страдательный залог (passive voice)

Если подлежащее обозначает лицо или предмет, совершающее действие, то глагол употребляется в форме действительного залога:

The sun attracts the planets.

Если же подлежащее обозначает лицо или предмет, подвергающийся действию со стороны другого лица или предмета, то глагол употребляется в форме страдательного залога:

The planets are attracted by the sun.

Времена страдательного залога образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени и формы причастия 2 смыслового глагола (причастия прошедшего времени). Таким образом, при спряжении глагола в страдательном залоге изменяется только глагол to be, смысловой же глагол имеет во всех временах одну и ту же форму – причастия прошедшего времени. Следовательно, время, в котором стоит глагол в страдательном залоге, определяется формой, в которой стоит вспомогательный глагол to be.

Спряжение глагола to ask в страдательном залоге

Время (Tense)	Страдательный залог
Простое (Simple)	настоящее	am/are/is asked
прошедшее	was/were asked
будущее	will be asked
Продолженное (Progressive)	настоящее	am/are/is being asked
прошедшее	was/were being asked
будущее	-
Совершенное (Perfect)	настоящее	have/has been asked
прошедшее	had been asked
будущее	will have been asked

 

The room is cleaned every other day.

Is this word used in several meanings?

They aren't invited to the concert.

The guest was introduced to everyone.

When was the book written?

They weren't told the news.

They will publish the book soon.

Will prices be raised again?

The work will not be done tomorrow.

My brother's car is still being repaired now.

Are our tests being looked through now?

The room isn't being decorated now.

This important facts have been mentioned several times.

Has all the necessary information been collected?

The new theatre hasn't been built yet.

Способы перевода глаголов в страдательном залоге

На русский язык

1. Соответствующим предложением с глаголом в страдательном залоге:

The teacher was asked a very important question. - Учителю задали очень важный вопрос.

2. С конца предложения в действительном залоге, если в нем указан предмет или лицо, выполняющее действие, которое вводится в предложение предлогами by и with:

The teacher was asked a question by one of his students. – Один из студентов задал учителю вопрос.

3. Глаголом быть и краткой формой причастия страдательного залога (для прошедшего и будущего времен):

The house was built last year. – Дом был построен в прошлом году.

4. Возвратным глаголом, оканчивающимся на –ся (преимущественно для длительных времен):

The house is being built. – Дом строится.

5. Неопределенно-личным оборотом с глаголом в действительном залоге в 3-ем лице множественного числа:

The house is going to be built next year. – Дом будут строить в следующем году.

 

Проверочные задания на тему «Пассивный залог»

Задание 1. Сравните пары предложений, обращая внимание на различные способы перевода пассивных конструкций.

1. The students asked the reporter several questions.

The reporter was asked several questions.

2. The collegues invited her to take part in the discussion.

She was invited to take part in the discussion.

3. The specialists collected all the information.

All the information was collected by the specialists.

4. The constructors build new houses every year.

New houses are built every year.

5. The commission will discuss my report tomorrow.

My report will be discussed tomorrow.

 

Задание 2. Поставьте глагол в нужную форму, используя Present Simple Passive.

1. This book … (to write) by a famous scientist.

2. His films … (to watch) by millions of people.

3. Thousands of newspapers … (to sell) every day.

4. Operation control … (to perform) by machines.

5. This room … (not to use) very often.

6. … she (to invite) to come to foreign countries?

7. … these methods (to apply) in production processes?

 

Задание 3. Поставьте глагол в нужную форму, используя

Past Simple Passive.

1. I … (to tell) to translate the instructions.

2. The first photograph … (to take) in 1887.

3. The proton … (to discover) by Rutherford.

4. The windows … (to break) with a stone.

5. The building … (to destroy) by fire.

6. Many new discoveries … (to make) in the 20^th century.

7. The questions … (not to answer) at once.

8. … this car (to manufacture) in Japan?

Задание 4. Поставьте глагол в нужную форму, используя Future Simple Passive.

1. We … (to give) the answer in some days.

2. His new film … (to show) next month.

3. Time will … (to save) if one uses a computer.

4. The performance of a new apparatus … (to demonstrate) tomorrow.

5. The letters … (to deliver) tomorrow.

6. His new book … (not to finish) next year.

7. … the work (to do) tomorrow?

 

Задание 5. Перефразируйте предложения, используя

Passive Infinitive с модальным глаголом.

We can charge metals by friction.

Metals can be charged by friction.

1. A video system can watch the house.

2. They must inform all the customers about the important issues by letters.

3. They must investigate this problem thoroughly.

4. They must take measures to prevent an accident.

5. They should send the application forms by December

the 12^th.

6. We should install an alarm system.

7. We cannot answer such a question at once.

8. No one can open the box.

 

Обратите внимание на использование глаголов с предлогом в страдательном залоге.

The reporters often write about this new hydro power station.   This new hydro power station is often written about.	Репортёры часто пишут об этой новой гидроэлектростанции. Об этой новой гидроэлектростанции часто пишут репортёры.
You will be laughed at. The doctor has been sent for.	Над тобой будут смеяться. За доктором послали.
to hear of	слышать о
to laugh at	смеяться над
to look after	ухаживать за
to look at	смотреть на
to pay attention to	обращать внимание на
to refer to	ссылаться на
to rely on	полагаться на
to send for	посылать за
to speak (talk) of/about	говорить о
to take care of	заботиться о
to think of	думать о
to listen to	слушать
to look for	искать

 

Запомните: to follow by – следовать за

The first experimental car was followed by thousands of new cars.

За первым экспериментальным автомобилем последовали сотни новых машин.

 

Задание 6. Перефразируйте предложения, используя пассивный залог. Обратите внимание на употребление предлогов.

1. Nowadays people pay great attention to the construction of nuclear power plants.

2. They often refer to Newton’s Laws of Motion.

3. They spoke much about technical achievements at the last conference.

4. The old car is in excellent condition. The man looked after it very well.

5. They often made use of voltmeters in our laboratory.

6. He is a very clever man. People always listen to his advice.

7. A number of experiments followed the theory.

8. Light and temperature influence the conductivity of semiconductors.

 

З адание 7.

A. Поставьте глагол в нужную форму, используя Present Progressive Passive.

1. I can’t use my office at the moment. It … (to redecorate).

2. This device … (to repair) at present.

3. Now new atomic power plants … (to construct) in many countries of the world.

4. Progress … (to make) all the time.

5. The room … (not to clean) now.

6. Why … she (to ask) so many questions?

B. Поставьте глагол в нужную форму, используя

Past Progressive Passive.

1. Dinner … (to cook) when my father came.

2. A new grammar rule … (to explain) when somebody knocked at the door.

3. The letters … (to sort out) when we came.

4. The results of the test … (not to discuss) on Monday morning, were they?

Задание 8. Поставьте глагол в нужную форму, используя Present Perfect Passive.

1. The window … (to break).

2. Lots of new materials … (to invent) recently.

3. Petrol prices … (to increase) lately.

4. A way out … (not to find out) yet.

5. These questions … (not to answer) properly.

6. … she (to invite) to the party?

Задание 9.

A.Поставьте глагол в нужную форму, используя

Past Perfect Passive.

1. When I came to the office all the letters … (to sign).

2. The building became dark after the electric current … (to switch off).

3. Last year 2,000 new units … (to produce) by the time we introduced the new design.

4. Last year all the money … (to spend) by the end of

the holidays.

B.Поставьте глагол в нужную форму, используя

Future Perfect Passive.

1. The dictionaries … (to bring) by the monitor before

the lesson begins.

2. The motor … (to examine) before the director comes.

3. All work … (to complete) by five o’clock this evening.

 

Задание 10. Перефразируйте предложения, используя пассивный залог.

1. People eat millions bars of chocolate every year.

2. They are discussing a new problem.

3. I won’t leave such important documents at the office.

4. He has already signed all the letters.

5. The manager gave him a ten days’ leave.

6. They have collected all the necessary information.

7. Did you know that they were watching you?

 

Задание 11. Поставьте глагол в нужной форме пассивного залога.

1. Heat and light … (to give) to us by the sun.

2. St. Petersburg … (to found) in 1703.

3. Don’t come in. The students … (to test) now.

4. At tomorrow’s lesson the students … (to ask) to give some examples of energy transformation.

5. All the data must … (to check).

6. Motors … widely (to employ) not only in industry but in everyday life.

7. Unfortunately, he … (not to offer) this job earlier.

8. Running competitions … (to hold) since ancient times.

9. … this power plant (to put into operation) in the early nineties?

10. I noticed at once that my desk … (to move).

11. Some new components of the engine … (to supply) to our plant last month.

12. I’ll go by bus because my car … (to fix) now.

13. The equipment … (to repair) when a former came into the workshop.

14. This equipment … (not to repair) yet.

15. I hope the missing book … (to find) by the beginning of the experiment.

 

Задание 12. Поставьте глагол в нужную форму Active or Passive.

1. English … (to speak) by many people of the world. They … (to speak) English to each other to communicate easily.

2. When the earthquake occurs in a city, many buildings … (to destroy).

3. The telephone … (to invent) by Alexander Graham Bell.

4. … you (to prepare) everything for the opening ceremony yesterday?

5. America … (to discover) by Columbus, but he … (to think) that the continent was India.

6. Our new production line … (to launch) tomorrow. I’m very excited.

7. A Power Transmission and Distribution division … (to reorganized) next year.