Read the text and decide what title is the most suitable for this text?

Main Sources for Getting Energy  

Muscle Metabolism and Fatigue

Mechanisms and Chemicals supplying Energy

1.Muscles get their energy from different sources depending on the situation that the muscle is working in. Muscles use aerobic respiration when we call on them to produce a low to moderate level of force. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen to produce about 36-38 ATP molecules from a molecule of glucose. Aerobic respiration is very efficient, and can continue as long as a muscle receives adequate amounts of oxygen and glucose to keep contracting. When we use muscles to produce a high level of force, they become so tightly contracted that oxygen carrying blood cannot enter the muscle. This condition causes the muscle to create energy using lactic acid fermentation, a form of anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration is much less efficient than aerobic respiration—only 2 ATP are produced for each molecule of glucose. Muscles quickly tire as they burn through their energy reserves under anaerobic respiration.

2.To keep muscles working for a longer period of time, muscle fibers contain several important energy molecules. Myoglobin, a red pigment found in muscles, contains iron and stores oxygen in a manner similar to hemoglobin in the blood. The oxygen from myoglobin allows muscles to continue aerobic respiration in the absence of oxygen. Another chemical that helps to keep muscles working is creatine phosphate. Muscles use energy in the form of ATP, converting ATP to ADP to release its energy. Creatine phosphate donates its phosphate group to ADP to turn it back into ATP in order to provide extra energy to the muscle. Finally, muscle fibers contain energy-storing glycogen, a large macromolecule made of many linked glucoses. Active muscles break glucoses off of glycogen molecules to provide an internal fuel supply.

3.When muscles run out of energy during either aerobic or anaerobic respiration, the muscle quickly tires and loses its ability to contract. This condition is known as muscle fatigue. A fatigued muscle contains very little or no oxygen, glucose or ATP, but instead has many waste products from respiration, like lactic acid and ADP. The body must take in extra oxygen after exertion to replace the oxygen that was stored in myoglobin in the muscle fiber as well as to power the aerobic respiration that will rebuild the energy supplies inside of the cell. Oxygen debt (or recovery oxygen uptake) is the name for the extra oxygen that the body must take in to restore the muscle cells to their resting state. This explains why you feel out of breath for a few minutes after a strenuous activity—your body is trying to restore itself to its normal state.

38. Read each section and answer the questions:

I. What are two main mechanisms used by muscles to get energy? Briefly describe each one.

II. What chemicals do muscle use to keep working for longer period of time? Describe the nature of each one in short.

III. Give your explanations of a muscle fatigue?

 

39. Fill in the table (use the information from the text):

Term	Description
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Myoglobin
Creatine phosphate
Energy-storing glycogen
Muscle fatigue
Oxygen debt

40. You are going to tell about Muscle Metabolism and Fatigue. Make brief notes about:

a) main mechanisms used by muscles to get energy

b) chemicals used by muscle to keep working for longer period of time

c) a muscle fatigue, causes and signs

Note: Making notes only key words or word combinations (adjective + noun, noun = verb) may be used.

41. Briefly render the text using your notes (4-5 sentences). Point out the main idea of the text. Express your opinion using the following expressions and word combinations:

 

The main idea of the text/article is…

The text/article is about…

The text/article is devoted to…

The text/article deals (is concerned) with…

The text/aim of the article is to provide the reader with some material on…

I found the text/article (rather) interesting (important, useful) as / because…

I think / In my opinion the text/article is (rather) interesting (important, useful) as / because…

I found the text/article too hard to understand / rather boring as / because…

Review your progress

Test for self-control

Vocabulary

42.Name the muscular group for each muscle give below:

Rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis, tibialis anterior, brachioradialis, sternocleidomastoid, mastoid process, occipitofrontalis, biceps, triceps, quadriceps, deltoids,serratus muscle, rhomboid major, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, myocardium, sartorius muscle.

43. Fill in the gaps with verbs given below:

derive, maintain, connect, move, construct, contain, attach

a. Skeletal muscle tissue, blood vessels, tendons, and nerves __________each muscle.

b. Skeletal muscles effect skeletalmovement such as locomotion and ________posture.

c. Tendons ________ most skeletal muscles to two bones.

d. Muscles _________by shortening their length.

e. Many muscles __________their names from their anatomical region.

f. Some muscles _________to more than one bone or to more than one place on a bone.

g. The gluteal region ___________three muscles differentiated by size.

44. Replace words in italics with a word having the opposite meaning:

ü Muscle cells contain protein filaments of actin and myosin that slide past one another, producing a relaxation that changes both the length and the shape of the cell.

ü Muscles function to produce weakness and rest.

ü They are primarily responsible for maintaining and changing posture, locomotion, as well as movement of external organs.

ü Cardiac and smooth muscles contract without conscious thought and are termed voluntary.

ü The function of skeletal muscle is to relax to move parts of the body closer to the bone that the muscle is attached to.

ü Aerobic chemical reactions are also used, particularly by slow twitch fibers.

ü The place on the stationary bone that is connected via tendons to the muscle is called the insertion.

ü The place on the moving bone that is connected to the muscle via tendons is called the origin.

ü Anaerobic respiration is very efficient, and can continue working as long as a muscle receives adequate amounts of oxygen and glucose.

Listening

45. Watch the video ‘How your muscular system works’ and answer the questions:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VVL-8zr2hk4

 

a) How many muscles work for helping you to make a step?

b) What exactly is a muscular system?

c) What is the name of muscle cell?

d) How many types of muscle contraction are mentioned?

e) What names of the muscles are mentioned? List them.

f) What are two types of muscle fibers?

g) What nervous system controls cardiac and smooth muscles?

h) How many percent of body’s warmth do muscles produce?

Grammar

Ing - forms

46.Define a part of speech, –ing form refers to, and translate sentences into Russian.

1.Muscles move by shortening their length, pulling on tendons, and moving bones closer to each other. 2.Being either voluntary or involuntary muscles can be classified in different types.3. A muscle having two origins is called a biceps. 4. Cardiac and smooth muscles contract without thinking consciously. 5. The natural pacemaker of the heart is made of cardiac muscle tissue stimulating other cardiac muscle cells to contract. 6. The place on the moving bone that is connected to the muscle via tendons is called the insertion. 7. Skeletal muscles are named based on many different factors, including their location, origin and insertion, and others. 8. Muscles are sometimes classified by the performing of specific function. 9. Anatomists have named most of the muscles of the forearms basing on their function.10. After taking in extra oxygen after exertion the body will rebuild the energy supplies inside of the cell.

47. Translate the sentences into English using –ing form s:

1.Масса скелета состоит из неживого костного матрикса и множества крошечных клеток. 2. Длинные кости – это кости, играющие очень важную роль в передвижении человеческого организма. 3. Главная цель плоских костей – это защита жизненно важных органов. 4. Сесамовидные кости обеспечивают дополнительную защиту и амортизацию. 5. Кровеносные сосуды начинают врастать в мягкий скелет плода, принося стволовые клетки и питательные вещества для роста костей. 6. Понимание древними китайцами анатомии отличалось от представления европейцев. 7. Понимая всю сложность ситуации, врач принял решение оперировать немедленно.

 

 

Sources:

 

https://en.wikipedia.org

http://www.innerbody.com

https://www.britannica.com

https://kidshealth.org

https://www.visiblebody.com

http://www.onlinebiologynotes.com

https://www.youtube.com

 

 

Additional Information:

Meet Your Muscles: 6 Remarkable Human Muscles

Biggest muscle

The biggest muscle in the human body is the gluteus maximus, or the buttock muscles, also known as "the glutes." These muscles (there is one on each side) help move the hips and thighs, and keep the trunk of the body upright. They are the chief muscles that work against gravity when you're walking up stairs.

Smallest muscle

The smallest muscle in the body is located inside the ear. It's called the stapedius, and it's less than 2 millimeters long, according to Guinness World Records. Its job is to support the smallest bone in the body, called the stapes, which is part of the middle ear and helps conduct vibrations to the inner ear.

Strongest muscle

No single muscle in the body can be called the "strongest," because strength can be measured in different ways. If you consider the muscle that pulls in a single direction with the most force to be the strongest, then the calf muscle, known as the soleus, would be the winner, according to the Library of Congress. But if you define strength as the muscle that exerts the most pressure (or the force exerted per unit area), then the winner would be the jaw muscle, called the masseter. The jaw can close teeth with a force as great as 200 lbs. (890 newtons), the Library of Congress said.

Most injured muscle

Exactly which muscle you are most prone to injuring depends on the activities that you do. But among runners, the most commonly injured muscle is the hamstring, according to a 2012 review study. That research found that hamstring injuries affect about 7 percent of runners. (Overall, the most common injury among runners is shin splints, which involves inflammation of not only the muscles, but also the tendons and bone tissue, and affects about 10 percent of runners.)

Hardest-working muscle

While "hardest working" can be defined in various ways, most sources seem to agree that the heart is the hardest-working muscle. This organ pumps at least 2,500 gallons (9,450 liters) of blood per day and beats over 3 billion times during the average person's life span, according to the Library of Congress.

Longest muscle

The longest muscle in the body is the sartorius muscle, which runs diagonally down the thigh. It stretches from the outer side of the hip bone down to the inside of the knee bone. The sartorius can be up to 23 inches (60 centimeters) in length, according to a 2005 paper.

Original article on Live Science.

https://www.livescience.com/55384-remarkable-human-muscles.html

Face Muscles

You may not think of it as a muscular body part, but your face has plenty of muscles. You can check them out next time you look in the mirror. Facial muscles don't all attach directly to bone like they do in the rest of the body. Instead, many of them attach under the skin. This allows you to contract your facial muscles just a tiny bit and make dozens of different kinds of faces. Even the smallest movement can turn a smile into a frown. You can raise your eyebrow to look surprised or wiggle your nose. And while you're looking at your face, don't pass over your tongue — a muscle that's attached only at one end! Your tongue is actually made of a group of muscles that work together to allow you to talk and help you chew food. Stick out your tongue and wiggle it around to see those muscles at work.