Translate the following sentences paying your attention to formal hall-marks (indications) of Verbal Noun.

1.The identifying of muscular function is very important for muscle classification. 2. We’ve obtained very interesting findings during the performing of our trial. 3. A good understanding of skeletal system helps students to study many clinical subjects. 4. The relaxing muscle follows after contraction. 5. He took part in the sittings of Heart and Vessels Association. 6. A doctor must have a good writing. 7. Severe reddening of hands was caused by problems with blood vessels. 8. Doctor was informed about ECG readings. 9. The strengthening of blood vessels is very important for our immunity.

 

 

Think of the questions below and give your ideas.

 

ü Name three types of muscles.

ü Why are skeletal muscles called so? Name specific features of this muscle type.

ü What groups of skeletal muscles do you know? (the picture below may help you)

ü What role do skeletal muscles play for the human body?

 

Read the text and match the topics (a-g) with the paragraphs (1-7)

a) Names of Skeletal muscles

b) Skeletal muscles

c) Origin and Insertion

d) Location

e) Function

f) Shape, Size and Direction

g) Number of Origins

Skeletal Muscles

1.There are over 600 skeletal muscles within the human body. Almost every muscle constitutes one part of a pair of identical bilateral muscles, found on both sides, resulting in approximately 320 pairs of muscles. The muscles of the human body can be categorized into a number of groups which include muscles relating to the head and neck, muscles of the torso or trunk, muscles of the upper limbs, and muscles of the lower limbs. Most skeletal muscles are attached to two bones through tendons. Tendons are tough bands of dense regular connective tissue whose strong collagen fibers firmly attach muscles to bones. Muscles move by shortening their length, pulling on tendons, and moving bones closer to each other. One of the bones is pulled towards the other bone, which remains stationary. The place on the stationary bone that is connected via tendons to the muscle is called the origin. The place on the moving bone that is connected to the muscle via tendons is called the insertion. The belly of the muscle is the fleshy part of the muscle in between the tendons that does the actual contraction.

2.Skeletal muscles are named based on many different factors, including their location, origin and insertion, number of origins, shape, size, direction, and function.

3.Many muscles derive their names from their anatomical region. The rectus abdominis and transverse abdominis, for example, are found in the abdominal region.Some muscles, like the tibialis anterior, are named after the part of the bone (the anterior portion of the tibia)that they are attached to. Other muscles use a hybrid of these two, like the brachioradialis, which is named after a region (brachial) and a bone (radius).

4.Some muscles are named based upon their connection to a stationary bone (origin) and a moving bone (insertion). These muscles become very easy to identify once you know the names of the bones that they are attached to. Examples of this type of muscle include the sternocleidomastoid (connecting the sternum and clavicle to the mastoid process of the skull) and the occipitofrontalis (connecting the occipital bone to the frontal bone).

5. Some muscles connect to more than one bone or to more than one place on a bone, and therefore have more than one origin. A muscle with two origins is called a biceps. A muscle with three origins is a triceps muscle. Finally, a muscle with four origins is a quadriceps muscle.

6.We also classify muscles by their shapes. For example, the deltoids have a delta or triangular shape. The serratus muscles feature a serrated or saw-like shape. The rhomboid major is a rhombus or diamond shape. The size of the muscle can be used to distinguish between two muscles found in the same region. The gluteal region contains three muscles differentiated by size—the gluteus maximus (large), gluteus medius (medium), and gluteus minimus (smallest). Finally, the direction in which the muscle fibers run can be used to identify a muscle. In the abdominal region, there are several sets of wide, flat muscles. The muscles whose fibers run straight up and down are the rectus abdominis, the ones running transversely (left to right) are the transverse abdominis, and the ones running at an angle are the obliques.

7.Muscles are sometimes classified by the type of function that they perform. Most of the muscles of the forearms are named based on their function because they are located in the same region and have similar shapes and sizes. For example, the flexor group of the forearm flexes the wrist and the fingers. The supinator is a muscle that supinates the wrist by rolling it over to face palm up. In the leg, there are muscles called adductors whose role is to adduct (pull together) the legs.

 

24. Using the information from the text answer the questions:

ü What is a bilateral muscle?

ü How are muscles attached to bones?

ü What is the origin of a muscle?

ü What is an insertion of a muscle?

 

25. Read the text and underline:

 

- a pair of muscles found on both sides

- tough bands of dense regular connective tissue

- a place on the stationary bone that is connected via tendons to the muscle

- a place on the moving bone that is connected to the muscle via tendons

- a fleshy part of the muscle in between the tendons

- muscles found in the abdominal region

- a muscle named after a region (brachial) and a bone (radius).

- a muscle connecting the sternum and clavicle to the mastoid process of the skull

- a muscle connecting the occipital bone to the frontal bone

- amuscle with two origins

- muscles featuring a serrated or saw-like shape

- muscles whose fibers run straight up and down

- muscles running at an angle

- a muscle that supinates the wrist by rolling it over to face palm up

- a muscle pulling together the legs