Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на «сложное подлежащее».

1. Arbitrators, mediators, and conciliators who specialize in a particular area, such as construction or insurance are expected to have knowledge of that industry and must be able to relate well to people from different cultures and backgrounds.

2. Solicitors are considered to qualify as higher court advocates, and barristers to deal directly with some clients (chiefly other professionals) without the need for the client to see a solicitor first.

3. Legal English proves to be extremely difficult for non-lawyers to understand.

4. If the Court upheld a specific application of a more general law it was considered to uphold the law itself.

5. In a 3-tier application every tier is supposed to interact with only one other tire.

6. The appellate court is supposed to review the record that the lower court relied on.

7. The probability of conviction is assumed to conform to a uniform probability distribution with increasing variability until the trial date.

8. Adjudicators are known to be experts in the subject matter in dispute.

9. People all over the world seem to becoming more and more accustomed to using legal means to regulate the relations with each other.

10. Lawyers try to explain exactly why a judicial decision has been made even when the decision appears to be obvious common sense.

11. Most people are sure to be confident that political views they hold at any particular moments are absolutely right.

12. In America claims against doctors turn to be so common and awards of damages so high, that some doctors are afraid to stop at accidents to help the injured for fear they may be taken to court.

13. After the divorce he is thought to have given a proportion of the proceeds to his wife.

14. The police are supposed to release the suspect provided he appears on a certain day at a certain Magistrates’ Court.

15. Special rules are presumed to interpret contracts in which one or more contractors made a mistake or were pressured or tricked into making a contract.

Измените предложения, используя в них оборот «сложное подлежащее».

1. By the term offence we usually understand a crime not indictable but punishable. (to consider)

2. Everyone expects that the federal court will reverse the state judge`s erroneous findings. (to expect)

3. The general opinion was that the court would uphold a practice. (to be likely)

4. The traditional view is that judicial review is concerned with the lawfulness of a decision. (to believe)

5. They suppose that the remedy will be in force for a limited period of 2 years. (to suppose)

6. According to the report, an average judge in the Moscow Arbitrazhniy Court handles around 450 cases a year. (to report)

7. It is said that the defendant`s whereabouts were unknown. (to tell)

8. They say that the trial has been postponed. (to say)

9. Everyone thinks the parties will resort to alternative dispute resolution. (to be sure)

10. A conciliator is now trying to settle their dispute. This was announced yesterday. (to announce)

11. The standards of proof are higher in criminal action then in a civil one. (to turn to be)

12. The victim of a road accident does not directly benefit if the driver who injured him is found guilty of the crime of careless driving. (to appear)

13. Once the plaintiff has shown that the defendant is liable, the main argument in a civil court is about the amount of money, or damages, which the defendant should pay to the plaintiff. (to be sure)

14. The concept of vicarious liability is useful when high damages are sought and the defendant does not have enough money to pay them. (to regard)

15. The plaintiff has to show that he has suffered an action recognized as a tortious one and he has to show that his relation to the tort feasor gives him the legal capacity to sue. (to be certain)

 

 

Сослагательное наклонение. Условные предложения. (The Subjunctive Mood. Conditional Sentences).

 

Сослагательное наклонение

Сослагательное наклонение показывает, что действие, выраженное глаголом, не соответствует действительности, а является желательным, маловероятным или невероятным (нереальным). На русский язык сослагательное наклонение переводится глаголом в прошедшем времени с частицей «бы». В английском языке сослагательное наклонение образуется при помощи вспомогательных глаголов:

should (1лицо) + Indefinite

would (длявсех + Infinitive

остальных лиц) (без частицы “to”)

Examples:

To discuss general principles of international law would be useful.

Было бы полезно обсудить общие принципы международного права.

What would you say if you were the witness?

Что бы вы сказали, если бы были свидетелем?

It is obligatory that we should observe laws.

Необходимособлюдатьзаконы.

We demand that the criminal should be punished.

Мы требуем, чтобы преступник был наказан.

 

Сослагательное наклонение может употребляться после глагола “to wish”.

Examples:

I wish he pleaded guilty.

Я бы хотел, чтобы он признал свою вину.

Условные предложения

Условные предложения могут выражать реальные или нереальные условия. Они вводятся союзами if, incase, provided, unless.

1 тип. Условные предложения 1 типа выражают реально осуществимые условия и переводятся на русский язык изъявительным наклонением.

Examples:

If his guilt is proved, he will be punished.

(В придаточном предложении будущее время не употребляется, вместо него используется одна из форм настоящего, чаще всего present simple).

Если его вина будет доказана, он будет наказан.

2 тип. Условные предложения 2 типа выражают маловероятные условия, относящиеся к настоящему или будущему и переводятся на русский язык сослагательным наклонением.

Examples:

If I were a lawyer, I should explain this law to you.

Если бы я был юристом, я бы объяснил тебе этот закон.

3 тип. Условные предложения 3 типа выражают нереальные условия, относящиеся к прошлому и переводятся сослагательным наклонением на русский язык.

Examples:

If he had been more careful, he wouldn’t have had a car accident.

Если бы он был более внимательным, он бы не попал в автомобильную аварию.

Смешанный тип. Если действия главного и придаточного предложений не совпадают по времени, то мы имеем смешанный тип условного предложения.

Examples:

If you had studied English properly at school, you would know it now.

Если бы ты изучал английский как следует в школе, то ты знал бы его сейчас.

В условных предложениях 1 и 2 типов может иметь место инверсия (обратный порядок слов).

При этом союз, вводящий условное предложение, опускается.

Examples:

Were the judge more experienced he would notice some changes in the defendant’s behavior.

Если бы судья был более опытным, то он бы заметил некоторые изменения в поведении подзащитного.

He been in the courtroom then, he would have heard the sentence pronounced by the judge.

Если бы он был тогда в суде, он бы услышал приговор, вынесенный судьей.

 

Condition			Subordinate Clause			Principal Clause			Translation
Real				If it looks like rain, If I have more time, If he is working on Friday Present Ind./Cont.			We’ll stay at home I’ll come over. he won`t be able to go with us Will + Infinitive		Without БЫ
Unreal	Present/ Future	If I were you, If I had more time, If you knew him better, If it were not raining, Past Ind./Cont.				I would go there. I would come over. You wouldn’t think so. I could go out. Would Could + Infinitive Might			БЫ
	Past	If you had gone there, If it hadn’t been so hot last summer Past Perfect			you would have seen him. we could have gone to the South. Would Could + have + Participle II Might			БЫ