Study the diagrams of the organ systems below and make the activities 1, 2.

 

 

5. Name the body systems:

 

Sceleton sistem

Respiroatory sistem sistem

Digestive sistem

Endocrine sistem

Nervous sistem

Integumentary sistem

Muscular sistem

Reproductive sistem sistem

Cardiovascular sistem

 

Match the body function (A-L) with the body system

 

Review your progress

Test for self-control

 

 

Sources:

 

http://www.anaphy.com/

https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/1-1-overview-of-anatomy-and-physiology-2/https://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/part_1/chapter_1.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body

 

Additional Information:

Depiction

Anatomy has served the visual arts since Ancient Greek times, when the 5th century BC sculptor Polykleitos wrote his Canon on the ideal proportions of the male nude. In the Italian Renaissance, artists from Piero della Francesca (c. 1415–1492) onwards, including Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) and his collaborator Luca Pacioli (c. 1447–1517), learnt and wrote about the rules of art, including visual perspective and the proportions of the human body.^[

History of anatomy

In Ancient Greece, the Hippocratic Corpus described the anatomy of the skeleton and muscles.The 2nd century physician Galen of Pergamum compiled classical knowledge of anatomy into a text that was used throughout the Middle Ages.^[35] In the Renaissance, Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564) pioneered the modern study of human anatomy by dissection, writing the influential book De humani corporis fabrica. Anatomy advanced further with the invention of the microscope and the study of the cellular structure of tissues and organs.^[38] Modern anatomy uses techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, fluoroscopy and ultrasound imaging to study the body in unprecedented detail.

History of anatomy

Anatomy can be traced from the Greek period, B.C., and the Roman Empire, A.D., to Andreas Vesalius, who reformed the subject in his De humani corporis fabrica ("On the Workings of the Human Body") in 1543. Subsequent highlights include the discovery of the compound microscope (1590), the founding of microscopic anatomy by Malpighi (seventeenth century), the discovery of the circulation of the blood by Harvey (1628), the establishment of modern embryology by Wolff (eighteenth century), the gross classification of tissues by Bichat (1801), and many notable advances during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

The best general introduction to the history of anatomy is Singer, C., A Short History of Anatomy and Physiology from the Greeks to Harvey, Dover, New York, 1957. Two other interesting works are Saunders, J. B. de C. M., and O'Malley, C. D., The Illustrations from the Works of Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, World Publishing Co., Cleveland, 1950; and O'Malley, C. D., and Saunders, J. B. de C. M., Leonardo da Vinci on the Human Body, Schuman, New York, 1952.

 

Anatomical Terminology

Anatomists and health care providers use terminology that can be bewildering to the uninitiated. However, the purpose of this language is not to confuse, but rather to increase precision and reduce medical errors. For example, is a scar “above the wrist” located on the forearm two or three inches away from the hand? Or is it at the base of the hand? Is it on the palm-side or back-side? By using precise anatomical terminology, we eliminate ambiguity. Anatomical terms derive from ancient Greek and Latin words. Because these languages are no longer used in everyday conversation, the meaning of their words does not change.

Anatomical terms are made up of roots, prefixes, and suffixes. The root of a term often refers to an organ, tissue, or condition, whereas the prefix or suffix often describes the root. For example, in the disorder hypertension, the prefix “hyper-” means “high” or “over,” and the root word “tension” refers to pressure, so the word “hypertension” refers to abnormally high blood pressure.

Anatomical Position

To further increase precision, anatomists standardize the way in which they view the body. Just as maps are normally oriented with north at the top, the standard body “map,” or anatomical position, is that of the body standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes forward. The upper limbs are held out to each side, and the palms of the hands face forward as illustrated in Figure 1. Using this standard position reduces confusion. It does not matter how the body being described is oriented, the terms are used as if it is in anatomical position. For example, a scar in the “anterior (front) carpal (wrist) region” would be present on the palm side of the wrist. The term “anterior” would be used even if the hand were palm down on a table.

Figure 1.Regions of the Human Body. The human body is shown in anatomical position in an (a) anterior view and a (b) posterior view. The regions of the body are labeled in boldface.

A body that is lying down is described as either prone or supine. Prone describes a face-down orientation, and supine describes a face up orientation. These terms are sometimes used in describing the position of the body during specific physical examinations or surgical procedures.

Regional Terms

The human body’s numerous regions have specific terms to help increase precision (see Figure 1). Notice that the term “brachium” or “arm” is reserved for the “upper arm” and “antebrachium” or “forearm” is used rather than “lower arm.” Similarly, “femur” or “thigh” is correct, and “leg” or “crus” is reserved for the portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle. You will be able to describe the body’s regions using the terms from the figure.

Directional Terms

Certain directional anatomical terms appear throughout this and any other anatomy textbook (Figure 2). These terms are essential for describing the relative locations of different body structures. For instance, an anatomist might describe one band of tissue as “inferior to” another or a physician might describe a tumor as “superficial to” a deeper body structure. Commit these terms to memory to avoid confusion when you are studying or describing the locations of particular body parts.

· Anterior (or ventral) Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body. The toes are anterior to the foot.

· Posterior (or dorsal) Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body. The popliteus is posterior to the patella.

· Superior (or cranial) describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper. The orbits are superior to the oris.

· Inferior (or caudal) describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column). The pelvis is inferior to the abdomen.

· Lateral describes the side or direction toward the side of the body. The thumb (pollex) is lateral to the digits.

· Medial describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body. The hallux is the medial toe.

· Proximal describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The brachium is proximal to the antebrachium.

· Distal describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The crus is distal to the femur.

· Superficial describes a position closer to the surface of the body. The skin is superficial to the bones.

· Deep describes a position farther from the surface of the body. The brain is deep to the skull.

e right side of the woman’s body from her perspective while left refers to the left side of the woman’s body from her perspective." >

Figure 2. Directional Terms Applied to the Human Body. Paired directional terms are shown as applied to the human body.

Body Planes

A section is a two-dimensional surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut. Modern medical imaging devices enable clinicians to obtain “virtual sections” of living bodies. We call these scans. Body sections and scans can be correctly interpreted, however, only if the viewer understands the plane along which the section was made. A plane is an imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body. There are three planes commonly referred to in anatomy and medicine, as illustrated in Figure 3.

· The sagittal plane is the plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. If this vertical plane runs directly down the middle of the body, it is called the midsagittal or median plane. If it divides the body into unequal right and left sides, it is called a parasagittal plane or less commonly a longitudinal section.

· The frontal plane is the plane that divides the body or an organ into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion. The frontal plane is often referred to as a coronal plane. (“Corona” is Latin for “crown.”)

· The transverse plane is the plane that divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions. Transverse planes produce images referred to as cross sections.

Figure 3.Planes of the Body. The three planes most commonly used in anatomical and medical imaging are the sagittal, frontal (or coronal), and transverse plane.