Florence Nightingale — the founder of the nursing profession

Nadezhda Andreevna Boyko who had taken part in the Great Patriotic War as a medical nurse and who had saved many Soviet soldiers during the most severe battles near Novorossiysk, was awarded the medal cf Florence Nightingale by the International Organization of Red Cross.

Do you know who Florence Nightingale was? One hun- dred years ago the firs: professional School for nurses was

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founded at one of the hospitals in London by a young English woman Florence Nightingale. She was born on May 12, 1820, in the Italian city of Florence after which she was named. She was one of the greatest women in the history of England.

In 1854 Miss Nightingale and 38 other nurses went to the Crimea to help in the care of the sick and wounded British soldiers during the Crimean War. Pvliss Nightingale never gave an injection, never took blood pressure or made an electrocardiogram, but she did her best establishing a more reasonable and hopeful way of handling all kinds of illness: This way of handling has been used up to now. She was the first to establish the nursing profession.

Notes

I) to take part nPMH1•1h1aTb yqacTHe 2) to award — Harpaxnarb to be awarded — 6b1Tb Harpax1CHHb1M 3) to be founded — 6b!Tb OCHOgaHHb1M

4) to name after — Ha3BaTb B qecTb qero-nu60

5) reasonable — pa3vMHb1ii, IAPHeM-neN•lb1Ì

7) to handle — yxaxMBaTb, 06pa1uaTbc.q c KeM-,1H60,

06.XOAHTbC51

8) prominent — Bblaai0111ViñCq, M3BeCTHb\Vt

Omaemwne Ha eonpocbl K mexcmy.

l) Why was N. A. Boyko awarded the medal of Florence Nightingale?

                                   AHTÄHÏICKHÜ %3b1K AAR Me,'h111¥1HCKHX                                    H y^t111AH1.u

2) What International Organization awarded her this medal?

3) What did Florence Nightingale and her nurses do during the war in the Crimea'?

4) Why has the name of Florence Nightingale become widely known?

17poqmume u nepeeeòume meccm.

EDWARD JENNER

(1749—1823)

It was E. Jenner who made a great discovery in medicine. His new method of "vaccination" (in Latin the word "vaccines" means "cow") was made known in 1798. At first his discovery passed unnoticed. But soon the method was spoken about. People asked and demanded to be vaccinated. And in a short time there was no part of the world that had not

taken up vaccination. It was vaccination against smallpox.

Edward Jenner was born at Berkeley, Gloucestershire, on

May 17, 1749. He started practicing medicine in London at St. George's Hospital. When he was twenty-four he began practice in his native town. Ever since he was a boy he liked to observe things. Today, thanks to his discovery, the cases of smallpox are very rare. A lot of countries sent him their gifts, and even the French Emperor, Napoleon, in spite of the fact that he was at war with England, released two British prisoners when he learned that they were friends of Edward Jenner. E. Jenner vaccinated free of charge anyone who asked him to.

                                               Paagen        ycTHOÜ pe^tiH       141

Notes

l) "COW" — AxeHHep npHBMÄ KOPOBbK) cnac eMY XH3Hb

2) to be at war — 6blTb B COCTOHHHM BOñHb1

3) discovery — OTKPb1THe

4) smallpox — ocna

5) to release — OCBOÕO>KAaTb

6) free of charge — 6ecnnaTH0.

Omgemumb Ha cneôyougue gonpocbt K mezcmy:

l) When was the new method of "vaccination" published? 2) Who was the author of the new method of "vaccination"?

3) Where was Edward Jenner born?

4) Where did E. Jenner start medicine? 5) Is smallpox a rare illness now'

llpoqumaùme u nepeeeðume meK.cm.

MECHNIKOV 1. 1.

I. l. Mechnikov was born in 1845 in the village of Ivanov•• ka, not far from the city of Kharkov.

Since his early childhood I. I. Mechnikov had become interested in natural sciences. Being a pupil of the sixth form he began to attend the course of university lectures. Mechnikov graduated from Kharkov University when he was only

19 years old. While studying at the University he published several scientific articles in zoology.

142         AHrÄHAcKHü A3Hk MeAHL(HHCKHX             H

In 1870 at the age of 25 Mechnikov became one of the leading professors of Odessa University. But twelve years later, in 1882 he left the University demonstrating his protest against the tzarist ministry of education. He began his intense work in his private laboratory. In 1887 Mechnikov went abroad and spent almost 30 years in Paris at the Pasteur Institute.

l. I. Mechnikov was the first to observe the phenomenon of phagocytosis in experiments with lower animals.

Mechnikov took great interest in this phenomenon and began his regular observations. On the basis of his observations he proved that white blood ceils of the human being had the ability to pass through the walls of the capillary vessels and to destroy the invading microbes. Mechnikov called these cells phagocytes and the phenomenon itself phagocytosis. He also determined what defence forces the human body had and why not every bacterial infection resulted in a disease.

In 1908 1. I. Mechnikov received the Nobel Prize for his investigations on phagocytosis. Mechnikov performed considerable work on the effect of lactic acid on bacteria and devoted many years of his life to the problem of aging.

He died in 1916 at the age of 71.

Notes

l) childhood —- neTCTBO

2) to become interested — 3aMHTepecoBaTbcq

3) natural sciences —- ecTeCTBeHHb1e HayKM

4) to attend — TIOCe1J-1aTb

                                            Pa3•gea          yc^rrnoïi peⁱïH         143

5) to graduate from (the Universit\) — 3aKOH ^t1MTb

BCPCHTCT)

6) tzarist ministry of education — uapcKoe MHHHCTCPCTBO

7) to go abroad —- ye.xarb ga rpaH1d11Y

8) to observe —- Ha6J1}OJIXfb

9) to take great interest in —- Cidj1bHO 3a1iHTePeCOi3aTbCR ^tRN1-JIHóo, TIPOñBA51Tb HHTepCC K qeMy-J1flõo

10) to determine —

I I) white blood cells 6eJ1b1e KPOBSIHb1e ICIeTK¼

12) defence forces yatÅ1dTHb1e CV1-^T1b1 13) to result in — rlPHBOÃYITb K yeMy-JIH60 14) considerable — '3Hagvrrej1bHb1ii

16) the problem of aging — np06JRlMa cTapeHMfl

3aK0ftqtffl?b

l) l. l. Mechnikov was born in

2) Since his early childhood Mechnikov had became interested in

3) Mechnikov graduated from the University when he was onlv

4) In Mechnikov became one of the leading professors of Odessa Universitv.

5) Twelve years later he left the University demonstrating his protest against,

6) In 1887 Mechnikov went abroad and spent almost 30 vears in.

7) l. l. Mechnikov was the first to observe

LOUIS PASTEUR

Louis Pasteur was born in 1822. He was a prominent

French chemist, one of the founders of modern microbiology. His research work helped much to establish the field of bacteriology. In his early Pasteur devoted his energies to the discovery of microorganisms in wine and beer production. He introduced the idea of heat sterilization (pasteurization) for these products and milk,

Later he became interested in hydrophobia. He showed that viral pathogenic properties could be attenuated by pass- ing the virus through the body of a proper animal. On the

basis of these observations he developed a vaccine for hydro phobia.

Continuing his investigation L. Pasteur discovered the method to prevent some infections diseases by introducing atLenuated causative agents. This method is kmown as vaccinaion. It has helped to fight against many infections diseases.

Ilaüòwne anaquùcçue 3Kguea,aehtmbt meKcme.•

BblAaE0LL(Hiicq (Ì)paH1-1Y3cKþ1ìá XHMVIK, OCHOBaTeJ1b cop.peMeHHOñ MHKP06HOJIOrH1d, HOCBSITHJI CBOåO 3HeprHE0, OTKPb1-

The MHKPOOPraHH3MOB, CTePWIM3a11HH XapoM, 3aHHTepccoBaTbCÐ, llaToreHHb1e CBOVICTBa, Moryr 6b1Tb OCJ1a6J1eHb1, Ha OCHOBe 3THX Ha6ñÆOAeHHñ, pa3pa60^rraJ1 MeTOÄ npeÃ0TBpa MHCþeKUHOHHblX 3a60neBaHHÜ.

Omaenlbme na gonpocbl K mepccmy:

1) When was Louis Pasteur born?

2) Was he one of the founders of modern microbiology?

3) What did Pasteur devote his energies in his early years for?

4) What idea did he introduce?

5) Did Pasteur become interested in hydrophobia later?

6) What did Pasteur develop on the basis of his observations?

7) Who discovered the method of vaccination?

146 AHi'AHüc•K11Ït 93bJK MeÅHUIMiCK}tX kq-c,A.neXNeü flpoqumaùme 11 nepeeeòume men-cm.

ROBERT KOCH

Robert Koch was a prominent German bacteriologist, the founder of modern microbiologv. He was born in 1843, died in 1910. Koch carried on many experiments on mice (Mb1U1aX) in a small laboratory.

In 1882 Koch discovered tvbercolosis bacilli. In his report made in the Berlin Phisiological Society Koch described the morphology of tvberculosis bacilli and the ways to reveal them, His discovery made him known all over the world. In 1884 Koch published his book on cholera. He included all the investigations during the cholera epidemic in Egypt and India into this book, Koch isolated a small comma-shaped bacterium. He determined that these bacteria spread through drinking water. In 1905 Koch got the Nobel prize for his important scientific discoveries.

l) to carry on — 1]POBOÄHTb 2) mouse mice) — MbH-lib,

3) bacillus (pl. bacil li [ba'sllos] 6aLIHJIJ1',1 [bo'sllal]

4) to reveal 06HaPYXHB?iTb

5) bacterium (pl. bacteria) [bæk'tlanam]       6aKTePM¶.

6) to spread [spred ^l — pacnpocTpaH¶Tbcg

                                                                                   Paage-å^p 3. Kypc Y'CTH0ü peqn                         " 147

3aK0Hqume npeò10JzeHus.

l) Robert Koch was the founder...

2) He was born..., died in...

3) In 1882 Koch discovered..

4)... made him know all over the world. 5) In 1884 Koch published his book on 6) Koch isolated a small... bacterium.

7) He determined that these bacteria spread through.

8) In 1905 Koch got... for his important scientific discovcries.

llpogumaùme u nepeäeòume meccm.