Developments of the Middle Ages

A very important development during the Middle Ages was the hospital. Hospitals appeared in Cevlon early in the fifth century B. C. and in India in 260 B. C. Hospitals were founded during the Middle Ages in Italy France, England, Spain, and other European countries.

The number of hospital beds was not always an indication of hospital size, usually great beds were used and four-six patients were put on one bed.

Hospitals were founded to treat the sick people. development during the Middle Ages was the foundation of Universities. Many of the great European Universities were

                                                  Pa3ge.h         ycTH0i pegq            135

founded during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Biological sciences were taught in the universities. Students also studied the human body and some diseases.

Haùôume omeembl na cneòyougue eonpocb! e mexcme:

l) What were important developments during the Middle Ages?

2) When and where did the first hospitals appear?

3) Was the number of hospital beds an indication of hospital size?

4) What were hospitals founded for?

5) What sciences did students study in the universities in the Middle Ages?

Ifaüòume 8 meKcme anaeonbl u onpeðenume ux euðo-epe-

.MeHHY,tO llpoqmume u nepegeòume meK,cm.

 RAPID SCIENTIFIC ADVANCES

Great discoveries were made in the nineteenth centurv. One of them was the discoverv of cocaine, which was very effective as a local anaesthetic. Surgeons could inject cocaine into a certain part of the body and deaden (3arjrywaTb) the pain in that part during the operation.

When the problem of pain was solved, surgeons could carry out long and complicated operations.

A very important discovery was made by the French chemist, phvsicist and bacteriologist Louis Pasteur. We know him as the originator of the "germ theory" of disease. He

136                     AHrn.HÜCKHü 93b1R         MeAMUHHCKHX KonneAžKeù n

discovered fermentation and developed the process of pasteurization. Louis Pasteur produced thê theory that disease and infection were caused by germs and he proved that they were spread through the air. He found that germs could be killed in the liquids (XMAKOCT¶X) by heat (Ter1JIOM) and the term "pasteurization" was given to the process.

Rudolf Virchov became known for his work in cellular pathology, and Herman von Helmholtz for his invention of the ophthalmoscope in 1850.

Lord Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic surgery in 1867 and Wilhelm K. Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895. He placed his hand in front of the apparatus and saw the rays passed through the hand and cast a shadow (TeHb) of bones on the screen (3KpaH). As these rays were unknown to him, he called them X-rays

Answer the questions:

l) What was very effective as a local anaesthetic?

2) When could surgeons carry out long and complicated operations?

3) Who was the originator of the germ theory of disease?

4) What is pasteurization?

5) Who is the founder of cellular pathology?

6) What are the main scientific advances of the nineteenth century?

7) What did Wilhelm K. Roentgen discover in 1895?

3. Kypc yc•rnoñ pe^t-ill 137 Ilpownume 11 nepegeðume mow-cm, no. 1b3)'HCb cnoeapeM.

THE DEVELOPMENTS

OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

During the first seventy years of the twentieth century many discoveries were made in the treatment and prevention of disease. In 1901 Karl LandSteiner discovered the blood groups.

Some diseases are not caused by germs or infections but by the ^lack (HeAOCTaTOK, HeXBaTKa) of certain substances in our food. The discovery of vitamins in 1912 was very important to provide (06ecrreqMTb) people with a properly balanced diet. In 1922 Sir Frederick Banting found that insulin was very effective against diabetes. Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Dr. Alexander Fleming who became the founder of the modern science of antibiosis. Penicillin was used in hospitals to reduce infections in wounds during the Second World War. Streptomycin and a series of anti-infection drugs were discovered after penicillin. All these drugs are known as antibiotics.

A drug known as sulphanilamide was discovered in 1935. It became the first of the "miracle" drugs (HYAoaeñcTBeHHoe JleKapcTBa) which gave immediate and amazing results in the treatment of many infectjous diseases including pneumonia.

During the two world wars, great advances were made in the field of plastic surgery, in which skin, bone or muscle was taken from one part of the body and then was transplanted to a badly injured area in another part.

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Great progress was 17)ade in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, bacterial and virat infections, kidney disorders and other main causcs of death and djsabijjty (noTepS1 TPYAOCnocoÕHOCTM). The individual of •odav will live longer and more healthfully than ever before.

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CJIOB u 6btpa,yceHuù.• ne ^KICHHe  rpynna

6b1Tb npHHHH0ü, HellOCTaTOK 011pene.neHHb1x BeLUC*CTB, 06ecneHHTb c6aJžaHcvrponaHH0iÍ 11HeT0ii, 6b1Tb

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Mblffluy, cepneqH0-cocyAHcTb1e 3aõ(MeBaHHH, paK, 6aKTePHa.ñbHb1e nupycHb1e HH(beKLUfH, rvpH¼HHa CMePTH, noTepq TPYAOCflOC06HOCTH.

17poqumaüme u nepegeðume meccm.