Panadol Extra Soluble tablets

Description

Panadol Extra Soluble contains an additional ingredient to provide extra relief from pain is based on paracetamol, which is gentle on the stomach. This special Panadol Extra Soluble Tablets mulation is absorbed into the bloodstrearn Faster than conventional tablets to provide fast and effective pam relief.

Each effervescent tablet contains Paracetamol Ph.

500 mg and Caffeine Ph. Eur. 65 mg

Indications

Panadol Extra Soluble is suitable for headache, migraine backache, rheumatic and muscle pains, neuralgia, toothache and period pains. Panadol Extra Soluble also relieves discomfort in colds, influenza, sore throats and helps reduce tem- perature. Panadol Extra Soluble contains no aspirin.

Dosage

ADULTS: 2 tablets dissolved in at least half a tumblerful of water up to 4 times daily.

• Dose should not be repeated more frequently than every four hours.

• No more than eight tablets should be given in 24 hours.

• Panadol Extra Soluble should only be given to children

under 12 years of age on medical advice.

Cautionary notes

Do not exceed the stated dose. If symptoms persist, con sult your doctor. Avoid drinking too much tea or coffee whilst taking this product. For professional advice on medicines consult your pharmacist.

Keep out of the reach of children. Store below 30 ⁰ C.

STERLING

HEALTH

Guildford, Snrrey Nfadc in England.  

llpoqumaùme u nepeeeòume me}ccm.

ESTER

rt has already been explained, that an ester is the product formed by the reversible reaction between an acid and an alcohol. If an acid and an alcohol are mixed a condition of

equilibrium will eventually be setup when the rates of the direct reaction (esterification) and reverse reaction (hydrolysis) are equal. It follows from the law of mass action that an increase in the molecular concentration of anyone of the reacting substances will displace the equilibrium in the opposite direction. Any excess of water will diminish the proportion of ester present at equilibrium. Consequently in the preparation of esters, it is necessary as a rule to use the anhydrous acid and alcohol in order to obtain good yields, and the reaction is usually carried out in the presence of an acid catalyst (concentrated sulphuric acid or dry hydrogen chlo-

An ester may be almost completely hydrolyscd if it is heat-

ed with water, provided that a large enough proportion of water is used. The hydrolysis is usually slow, but is catalysed by acids. It becomes complete if a dilute solution of an alkali is used instead of for the acid produced by hydrolysis is neutralized by the alkali as fast as it is formed, and so can take no further part in the reaction. Most esters of organic acids are pleasant — smelling, volatile liquids and many of them are used in perfumery and in the production of artificial flavouring agents.

82

Me,VEU11HCKHX KonneA)Keï:

Ethvl acatale is a tvpical example of an ester ofan ic acid. It is formed when acetyl chloride or acetic anhydride acts on ethyl alcohol. Ethyl acetate is prepared by the interaction of alcohol and glacial acid in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid.

Ethyl acetate is a colourless. mobile liquid. with a pleasant fn)ity odour. Its weight per ml is 0.9 and it boils at 77. It is soluble in water and is miscibie with alcohol, ether and chloroform, forming neutral solutions. When ethvl acetate is boiled with water under reflux condensation, it slowly undergoes hydrolysis.

Omeemwne na eonpoc maccmy.

l) What can you say about ester and its main features?

TJpouumaùme u nepeeeðume me,çcm.

IMPORTANCE OF CARBON CHEMISTRY   

It is well known that the element carbon plays an important role in the life on Earth. If all the carbon and carbon compounds were suddenly removed from the earth it would look like the surface of the moon. Many of the little everydav things would be quite impossible without the element carbon. In on ordinarv pencil, for example, the inside of the pencil made from graphite, which is an elementary form of carbon. the wood and the paint on the surface of the pencil are all carbon or carbon compounds. The paper of a book, the cover and soon are also made of carbon compounds. All of the clothes one we,ms including shoes cannot exist without carbon. If carbon compounds were removed from the

                                                                                          Pa3ge-h 2. OCHOBHOñ Kypc                          83

human body, there would be nothing left except water and a small residue of minerals and the same is true for all forms of living matter. Fuels, foods and many drugs are mostly made of carbon compounds. In addition, many carbon compounds such as plastics to be connected, with the life processes play a vital role in one's life.

There are nearly two million different carbon compounds to have been studied and described in the chemical literature with thousands of new ones, which are reported every year. Although there are 89 other naturally occurring elements, the number of known carbon compounds is many times greater than that of the known compounds which contain no carbon. The very large and important branch of chemistry, which studies and investigates carbon compounds, is called organic chemistry. The name "organic" comes from the past when chemical compounds produced from ones-living matter were called "organic" and all other compounds were called inor- ganic.

 The importance of carbon chemistry for man is great. Every month several hundred new organic compounds are prepared. A few of these new compounds become important as medicines, plastics, textiles, solvents, food additives, cosmetics or some other products.

A very few number may provide an important explanation of the mechanism of fundamental chemical reaction in the human body. Most, however, become laboratory findings and for the present, at least, have no practical application. The preparation of new and different compounds through chemical reaction is called organic synthesis. The million or so

organic compounds now known and characterjzed were synthesized in the laboratories of the world in the past 50 years.

Complex mixtures of hydrocarbon compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen Occur in very large quantities in nature as petroleum and natural gas.

Many other organic compounds are prepared from these materials after they are separated into their constituents. From the simplest hydrocarbon, methane, come such products as plastic vessels, acrylic fibers, vinyl paints, etc.

Notes

l) If all the carbon com-	l) ECDH 6b1 BeCb yrnepoa H
pounds were suddenly re-	yrJ1ep0AHb1e coeAÞIHe-
moved from the earth it	Mcqe3JT1f 6b] C 3eM-
would look like the	YIM, OHa 6b1 Bblrjlqnena
face of the moon.	KaK rTOBePXHOCTb JIYHb1.
2) there would be nothing	2) 1--1Hk1ero 6M He OCTaJIOCb,
left except...	3a McVJHoqeHiteM..,
3) the same is true for all	3) TO Re HY)KHO CKa3aTb H o
forms of living rnatter.	BC.ex apyrprx

(þopMax

)KHBOÿ1 MEìTeP1fM.

Omeembtne na eonpoc i^tc me}ccmy.

l) What products can be prepared from hyl rocarbons?

17poqumaùme u nepeeeðume me;ccm.

                  BIOCHEMISTRY                        

The chemistry of life, or "biochemistry" as chemists call it, is an area in which the classical fields oj chemistry and

                                                     Paggen 2. OCHOBHOÜ Kypc       ^A 85

biology meet. It can be called, molecular biologv. Biochemistry is known to be the study of the structures and reactions of the thousands of compounds involved, in life process. It is considered to be the most complex area of chemistry.

Living things are supposed to represent the most efficient, sophisticated, compact chemical "factories" ever known. How, for example, do cells of the body know when to divide

and multiply into new cells having the same characteristics as the original cells? When the body is afflicted by disease or by a wound how does the body protect itself and repair the

damage? We know these processes to involve thousands of different chemical compounds.

When we compare the nervous system to man — made electronic computers the efficiency and complexity of the biological systems become even more impressive. Despite great advances in computer technology, the greatest computer ever built is almost insignificant being compared to a human brain weighing little more than a kilogram. A computer can perform mathematical operations million of times faster than a person, but think of some of the things the nervous system can do. For example, it can cause your arm to reach out and touch an object. The brain can translate signals from the retina of the eyes into three dimensional colour images. It can translate a series of frequences detected by the ear into thoughts whereas a computer can only perform operations being programmed by a person. to t storage capacity the brain really wins out. f he largest computers have storage capacity of about one million "words" but some experts believe the brain, to store up all the signals it receives,

86

The chemical nrocesses of eur bodies invclve enormousIy complex sequences of reactions details of these processes being for from complete understandirlg. Nevefiheless great progress has been made in our understanding of the processes that occur in the body.

The first half of this century might be termed the Golden Age of Physics because so many discoveries in understanding the structure of molecules, atoms and nuclei were made. By the same virtue we may be in the midst of a Golden Age in Biochemistry'. The next few years of research may bring much increased understanding of chemical processes in cells.

Notes

l) sophisticated — _VCJIO)KHeHHb1fi 2) cell K.rreTKa

3) to affect — cipaJtaTb

4) retina — ceTqaTKa

5) storage capacity oíbeM na.MHTif

J7poqumaùme u nepeeeèume meccm.

SaTAMINS

In addition to carbohydrates, fats, proteilò, mineral salts

and water, it is essential that the food of man and animals contains small amounts of the substances called vitamins which the living organism is unable to manufacture by itself and which have to be supplied from other sources, namely diet. If anyone of same fifteen of more of these compounds is lacking in the diet there occurs eventually a breakdown of

                                                    Pægen 2. OCHOBHOÌ KYPC 87

metabolic processes that results in symptoms of malnutrition that are classed, at the deficiency diseases.

Vitamins are believed to belong to ancient elementary organic compounds and to exist before life originated on Earth. According to Academician Chagovets vitamins took part in the building up of as primary organism together with such "blocks" of living matter as nucleic acids, proteins aminoacids.

Like the hormones, vitamins are considered to be very

potent, and daily intake of the order of 0, I to 5 mg is 2 adequate except in the case of vitamin C of which much larger amounts are required. In addition to being "accessory food factors" necessary for the maintenance of health and indeed for life itself, the synthetic vitamins are now recognized as being valuable therapcntic agents for the treatment of deficiency syndromes and as such they may legitimatelv be considered

as drugs.

The vitamins as a class are not chemically related, and they are classified according to their solubility and chief therapeutic effect into two groups: l) water — soluble vitamins 2) fat — soluble vitamin group. It is known to be essential for the maintenance of normal epithelial tissue.

Vitamins A is an unsaturated cyclic alcohol. It is synthesezed by at least three separate processes.

It has been concentrated and isolated from the non- saponitlable to be present in fish oil, both in the free alcohol and in the ester form. The source of all vitamin A is in the carotenoid pigments, the yellow — coloured, compounds occuring in all chlorophyll — containing plants.

88                    AHTÄRñCKHÚ R3b1K       MeAHUHHCKHX Kox•xeAxeif H y^t1HA¥f1_q

In pure form it is a pale yellow oil, soluble in fat solvents having an ultra — violet absorption spectrum. The ester forms of the vitamin have been found to possess greater stability than the free alcohol.

Vitamin Bl, Vitamin B2, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B 12, Vitamin C and other are stated to belong to the water — ble vitamin class. Vitamin B2 (riboflavine) is built up from a ribose and isoalloxazine residue, the name riboflavine being derived from the sugar component and the intense yellow fluorescence of it's agucous solution. It is of wide occurrence in, nature and constitutes a component of the flavin coenzome systems.

Vitamin C (ascorbic and acid) is essential for the normal

functioning of living cell and is involved in many enzymatic reactions. It is required for the development of cartilage, teeth and bones, for 'yvound healing and aiding the absorption of iron from the intestin. Gross deficiency causes scurvy.

Notes

l) breakdown — HapyweHHe

2) to result in — 3A. B pe3YJ1bTare

3) the deficiency diseases — 60jre3HH, Bb13b1BaeMb1e HeXBaTKOfi (þaKTOPOB ITHTaHH51, 60;re3H1å HezOCTaTO^t1HOCTM

4) of the order — nopflA0K

5) in addition to being "accessory food factors" —

KPOMC Toro, Okin SIBJ1fflOTCfl A06aBOHHb1MH rlHTaHHS1

6) as such -— KaK TaKOBb1e

Pa3ge.-n 2 OCHOBHOM KYPC

7) non-saooniflable fraction — HeOTbeM„¹1eN1aq d)paK-uuq

Omeembme Ha eon ⁿoc:

What is ascorbic acid essential for?

17D0 ^Ltumaùme meKcm c norM01Ub}0 cnogapq.

SOME RULES FOR DRUG TAKING

It' medicine is taken incorrectly, it may actually cause harm.

As a rule, the prescription contains information about dosage, doses, time for taking it and the way of taking. But some patients don't always follow the orescribed instructions.

Here some rules for drug taking:

l. Some medicines taken after meal can lose their effect. Hence pharmacological therapy follows this gcneral rule: medicines having an organic structure should be taken one-half hour to one hour before meal-time.

2. Non-acid-resisting antibiotics (ampicillin, penicillin) and other medicines should be taken with acidic juices or drinks containing alcohol.

3. Alcohol has a very negative influence on the effect of medicines. It intensifies the effect of histamines, barbiturates and tricvclic antidepressants. Alcohol increases the toxicity of barbiturates by more then 50 70.

4. Shake the bottle with liquids or the last dose can be too strong.

5. Keep the medicine in a cool place.

90                  Английский язык для медицинских колледжей и училищ

Стоматология

Основные стоматологические термины

D Стоматология — stomatology

Стоматологическая поликлиника — stomatological polyclinic

2) зуб(ы) — tooth (teeth) кариес зуба — dental caries коронка зуба — crown of а tooth корень зуба — root ofa tooth пломбирование зуба fllling of а tooth

3) полость рта — mouth cavity

4) парадонтоз — paradontosis

5) челюсть — jaw, нижняя челюсть — lower jaw, верхняя челюсть — upper jaw

6) язык — tongue

7) зубной (ые) протез (ы) — dental prosthesis (prosthe-

8) бормашина — dentai dilling machine

9) зубоврачебное кресло — dentist's chair

0) щипцы для удаления зубов — dental forceps l l) зубной врач — dentist

12) десна — gum изъязвление десны — gum ulceration повреждение десны —- injury to the gum разрыв десны — mpture to the gum отек десны — edema to the gum

13) верхние зубы — иррег teeth

Ращел 2. Основ н ой КУРС

нижние зубы — lower teeth живой зуб — live teeth мертвый зуб -- dead teeti\ первые зубы — ftrst teeth ПОСТОЯННЫС зубы — permanent teeth зуб мудрости — -wisdom tooth зубная боль — toothache удаление зуба — extraction / pulling out of а tooth

14) предупреждение кариеса зубов — prevention of dental caries

15) пломба — fllling временная пломба — temporary fllling постоянная пломба — permanent fllling поставить пломбу — to put а fllling

16) прикус — occlusion, bite глубокий прикус — deep occlusion / bite патологический прикус — pathological occlusion нормальный прикус — normal occlusion

аномалия прикуса — abnormality of occlusion прикусаcorrection of исправление / коррекция bite, occlusion нарушение прикуса — disturbance of occiusion

17) зубной протез — dental prosthesis бюгельный зубной протез — claps dental prosthesis пластмассовые протезы — plastic prosthesis съемный зубной протез — removable prosthesis протезировать зубы — to таке а prosthesis appliance

for the teeth удалять протез — to гето»е prosthesis

Cxaycume no-aHaquùcK11.•

1) Y Bac 601flT 3Y6b1.	l) Do you have a toothache?
2) bonb CHJ1bHaH           cna-	2) Is the pain severe or mild
6aq, KpaTK0BPeMeHHaq         JJtHTeifbHañ?	brief or protracted?
3)  POT pa-	3) Rinse your mouth out
CTBOPOM.	with a solution.
4) CTIJ1fOHbTe.	4) Spit out, please.
5) BOT 60J1bHOñ 3Y6. BaM	5) This is the bad tooth. I
yaa.mo ero.	shall extract it.
6) BaM Haao 3a11Ä0M6upoBaTb 3Y6.	6) The tooth needs filling.
7) OCMOTPVITe 110J10CTb pra	7) Examine the patient's
60J1bHOrO.	mouth cavity.
8) Ero KOPOHKa qpe3Bb1-	8) Its crow is extremely
llahH0 60ne3HeHHa.	tender.
9) Y 60J1bH01'O VIMeeTCH Ham	9) The patient has the
pyLueHue 111)HKyca.	disturbance of occlusion.
10) nepBb1e 3y6b1 1--1aHMHa10T	10) The first teeth begin to
Pa3BHBaTbCA, Koraa pe-	develop when the baby is
6eHK3' 3—6 MecqueB.	three or six months old.

I l) Bo BpeMfl nepB0T0        Il) During the first visit of a

Ta Bpaq 06b1¼HO CTaBHT	patient the dentist usually
BpeMeHHYžo 11ÃOM6y	puts a temporary filling
TOJibKO 3atreM rrocT0flH-	and only some time later
Hyo.	a permanent

one.

                                                                                        Pa3gen 2. OCHOBHOVI KYPC                       93

TEETH

Bblyqume cnoea, npoqumaùme meyccm

l) to erupt [1'ïAptl v IAPOPe3blBàTbCq 2) incisor [m'smzal pegeu, nepeAHHii 3Y6

3) gum lgxml n necyta

4) tiny         a OHCHb M',L'1eHbKHÏl, KpoureqHb1Ïf

5) spot [spot] n HATHO, 1151THb1U-iKO

6) to appear 110Ka3blBâTbCfl, HOHBJ151TbCfl

7) rapidity [ra ^ypiditl) n 6b1CTPOTa, CKOPOCTb

8) jaw [d33:] n qeJ110CTb

9) cuspid [1<AspŽd] KJ1b1K

The first teeth enlPt between 6 to 9 months. These are the lower central incisors, The gums look a bit swollen for a few days, and then tiny white spot appears, which is the tooth. Over the next 3—4 months the teeth erupt with great rapidly the central pair, the upper central pair and then two more on eithers side in the lower and upper jaws — making a total of 8 incisors. The rest of the teeth erupt in the manner shown in the table below, till the baby has 20 teeth.

Central incisors   6 to 8 months

Lateral incisors    8 to 12 months

First moral 12 to 18 months Cuspids 16 to 20 months

Second moral      20 to 30 months

The entire set of 20 teeth erupt by the age of 2,5 years. These are primary teeth.

96

H3b1K           MeAH1(HHCKHX P: Yes, I have.

D: It is a decayed tooth and I must fill it. I'll use a dental drilling machine. But it is not painful. Todav I shall put only a temporary filling, But, does this tooth hurt you? P: Yes, it does.

D: Your tooth is working loose and the root of the tooth is damaged. I must extract it. So today I shall extract this tooth and in two days I'll put a filling in that one. P: Oh, doctor. I am afraid.

D: Don't be afraid. I'll give you an injection. You will not feel any pain. In ten minutes I'll take the dental forceps and everything really will be all right.

P. Thank you, Doctor. I am sure now that everything really will be all right.

Ilaùðume me;ccme 3KûU6ŒaeHmb1 cneðyouguxpycacux Bblpa,yceHuù.•

HTO C BaMH?, y MeHA_ CHJ1bHO 60JIHT 3Y6, 3YõHoe 3epKano, 30HA, pa3pY111eHHb11i 3Y6 (HCrt0PqeHHb1Ï1 3Y6), 3artJ10.M6HDOBaTb, ÕOPMaL11HHa, BpeMeHHa51 11JIOM6a, 3Y6 uraTaeTc51, KOPeHb 3V6a HOBPe»aeH, YlIaj1MTb 3Y6, caenaTb MHbeKUHIO.

Tlepe?eðume c pyccžcoeo aHaauùocuÜ.

l) IQr,KAbrV1 qeÄ0BeK HMeeT BcpXH10K)

Jl}OCTb.

2) TIepBb1iá Ha60p 3y60B flOÃBJIRTCH y pe6eHKa B 3—6

MecmueB.

2) BTopoñ 110CTOHHHb1fi Ha60p 3Y60B    B 13— 14 'lei'.

97 Pa 3ge,'L 2. OCHOB uoñ Kypc

4) Bbl NO}1XHb1 noce11LaTb CTOMaTOÄOra ABaXÅbt B roa npenynpexneHVffl Kapueca 3y60B.

5) TIOJiOCTb PTa, aeCHb1 3y6b1 110JIXHb1 6blTb ßcerna B nopSIÅKe.

AKymepcTB0 rimeKonor11fl

OCHOBHb1e aKymepcK0rHHeKonornqecKHe TeP1',n1Hb1

i) aKY1uepcTB0 obstetrics 2) THHeKOJIOrUfl — gynecology

3) 6epeMeHHOCTb — pregnancy, BHeMaTO¼HaS1 — extrauterine

4) a60PT — abortion, nenaTb a60pT — to perform abortion

5) n POTHB03aqaTOAHb1e cpencTBa — contraceptives

6) — fetus

7) poAb1 labor

TpYIlHb1e ponbl -- difficult labor

6e360ne3HeHHb1e poÃb1 — painless labor

8) KecapeB0 ceqeHHe — cesarean section

9) POILIU1bHbliâ 110M —- maternity home

10) naTo.qorHñ 6epeMeHHocTH —- pathology of pregnancy

I l) TOKCHK03 6ePeMeHHb1X amniotic toxemia fluidof pregnancy

— 12) OKOJIOflJIOAHb1e BOAb1

13) — water bag

BCKPb1TUC flJiOLHOrO nY3b1pq —- rupture of the water bag

Pcž3geA 2. OCHOBHOÜ Kypc

14) nocjtea — afterbirth

0TneneHHe nocnena — separation of afterbirth

15) nyrT0BHHa — umbilical cord nepeBfl3Ka Hyr10BHHb1 tying of the cord pa3pb1B nyr10BMHb1 —- cord rupture

16) POAOBb1e CXBaTKJ1 birth pains, contractions gacTb1e pon0Bb1e CXBaTKVf frequent contractions peAKMe POAOBb1e CXBaTKM — infrequent contractions

17) XeHCKOe 6eC11J10AHe — female sterility

18) MaT0¼Hoe Kl)0B0TeyeHIR uterine bleeding

19) MeHCTT)Y01bHb1ñ — menstrual cycle

20) — climacteric

21) B.nara.nmue — vagina

22) — ovary  

  3a60JueBaHHe         — ovarian disease

23) MaTKa — uterus

3a60J1eBaržue iMaTKh — uterine disorder / disease orryLLteHvte MaTKH — uterine prolapse nepd)opat1Hfl M,RTKH — perforation of the uterus pa3pb1B MaTKH — uterine rupture paK MaTKM — uterine cancer weiiKa MaTKH — uterine neck,

Ccaoæume no-a,yacuùcycu:

l) B KíiKOM B03pacTe no-	l) At what age did you have
1BHJlaCb nepyaq MCHCTpyaullfl?	your first menstrual peri-
2) Y 60J1bH0já TqxeJ1asE	2) The patient has a severe
(þop.ua K-,UfMaKTePHqeC-	form of the climacteric
Koro CMHAPOMa.	syndrome,

3) Y 60J1bHOV1 HagaJlOCb 3) The patient has

CHY1bHOe MaTOHHOe KPO- heavy uterine bleeding.

B0TeqeHHe.

4) HagHÞfTe nepeJILfBaHk1e 4) Begin blood transfusion. KPOBH. IlPHMHTe Mepbl Take steps to control

        OCTaHOBKM KPOBOTe-         bleeding.

qeHHfi.

5) MaTKa 60J1e3HeHHaq, 5) The uterus is tender, enY'BeJ1vtqeHHaA MAFKaq.  larged and soft.

6) JIeBb1V1 51HYHHK yneÄH- 6) The left ovary is enlarged.

geH.

7) b0T1bHa51 cTpaAaev 6ec• 7) The patient suffers from

TIJIOAV1eM.                                     sterility.

S) HacTynneHkie 6epe,ueH- 8) Pregnancy is impossible.

HOCTH HeB03MOXHO.

PREGNANCY

Bblyqume cno?a, npoqumaüme ma-cm.

l) pregnancy ['pregnansl] 6ePeMeHHOCTb 2) to expect [Iks/pekt] v OXI.taaTb 3) to avoid [a'vold] v If36eraTb, VICK.moqaTb

4) advice [ad' vals] n COBeT, KOHCYJ1bTaUMS1

5) womb [wu:m] n MaTKa

6) range [reind3] n nuana30H, npeneflbl

7) premature [prema'tjual a TIPe>KLCBPCMeHHb1Èt, Heao-

HOIiRHHb1Vf

8) excitement [Ik'smtmont] n BOJIHež-iHe

9) expectancy [Iks'pektansll n oxwaaHMe, Haaex,lia.

100                   AHFhHücKH1"E 13b1K   MeA111-4HHCKHX KOYtneAHeï1

Pregnancy is a period of excitement, expectancv and a bit of fear and nervousness for the future mother. It should be an exciting experience, and for that, love and consideration of the family as well as knowledge of what changes are taking place in the bodv and what to expect, is important.

The first 3 months of pregnancy are irnportant because during this period the baby's organs, like brain, heart, kidneys, limbs, eyes and ears are being formed. Avoid any medicine during this period. Some medicines can be harmful to the growing baby and so no medicines, particularly pills for sickness, headaches and anxiety should be taken without the advice of the doctor.

The normal time the baby is in the mother's womb is about 40 weeks — 9 months and I week, but a few days earlier or later is within the range of normality. A baby who is born earlier than his time is called' premature,

Ynpa-»KHeHMe 1. [Tepeeeðume Ha ane-quùæcuÙ 51361K.'

6epeMeHHOCTb, HepH0A BOJIHCHVISI, nepH0A 0)KidAaHHA, 6ynywaq M3MeHeHHA, MeCTO (rlP0Hcx0A¶T), ncpBbže Tpvt ÕepeMeHHocTH, H36eraÏlTe, JleK•-aPCTBa, Ntoryr 6bETb BPeAHb1, 6e3 COBeTa Bpaqa, B npeaerax HOPMb1, Ha3b1BaeTCS1 He.A0HoweHHb1ií.

Ynpa>KHeHHe 2, Omeemt)me Ha eonpocbl K meKcmy.

l. Is pregnancy a period of excitement and expectancy? 2. What period is more important for a future mother?

3. Is it harmful to take some pills during the pregnancy?

                                                   Pa3gaⁿ, 2. OCHOBHOÜ Kypc   " 101

A DIET FOR PREGNANT WOMEN

Bbžyqume cnoga u npoqumaùme men-cm.

l) total [toutl] n uenoe, a r[OJIHblÏf, CYMMaPHb1ì•Í 2) need [m:d] n 110TPe6HOCTb

3) to increase [Ill' kris] V flOBb11naTb,

4) to supply [saplal] v 06ecne(-1MBaTb, BOC110JIHflTb

6) to consume [kans/jum] v 110TPeÕJdHTb, pacxoaoBaTb

7) extra [ekstra] a AOHOJIHHTeJ1bHb1Ïf

8) snack [snelk] n,nerKas1 eua Mexmy 3t1BTPaKOM, 06eAOM

H YXHHOM.

CALORIES

During pregnancy the total caloric needs increase to supply energy for fetal development. A pregnant woman needs approximately 300 more calories per day than before she becomes pregnant. It may be a little less during the first trimester and a little more in the last, Woman carrying twins will need even more.

The extra 300 calories can come from an apple, half a cheese sandwich and a carrot stick. The best way to consume extra calories is healthy snacks eaten between meals.

Ynpa>KHeHŸe. nepegeðume no aHenuùctcuù H3b1'C.•

HOTPe6HOCT1.•1 B KUIOPH¶X TIOBb1wakOTC¶, "XenHeBHO, HeMHOFO MeHb1.ue, HeMHOFO 60J1bme, ABOÏiH51, AOHOJIHH^treJlbHble 300 KœAopHÏ1, 110J16yrep6po,ua C Cb1POM,.nyqL11Hi•i cnoC06, HOJIYMTb A0110JIHHTeJ1bHb1e KOAopHH, 3Aopona51 ena,

Meyuy npneM0M

AffiAHÜCKHÜ H3blK MeÅhUHHCKHX Koneà,xeñ n Bbtyqume c.noga u npoqumaüme meccm.

PROTEIN, MINERALS, VITAMINS

l) Protein [proutln] n 6eYlOK 2) cell [sell n KneTKa

3) maternal [mo ^r ta:nel] a

4) newe tissue [na:v'tlsju.•] HepBHaq TKaHb

5) brain [brem] n M03F

6) dairy [dean] a MO.TIO^LIHUI

7) minerals [mmarelz] n MHHePaJ1b1

8) calcium ['kælslem] n

9) phosphorus ['fosfores] n 10) to require [rl'kwalõ] v HyxnaTbC¶

I l) source [so:s] n HCTOHHHK

12) adsorption [ab'sopfnl n nor5101LteHHe, BCaCbžBaHHe

13) zinc [Zlÿk] n UMHK

14) iron talon] n xe;œ30

15) anemia [o'm:mlal n aHeMHA

16) metabolism [me'tæbahzm] n 06MeH Ben_RCTB 17) cereal [slenal] n 3J•raKH, Kpyna.

Protein is a component of every body cell and important for building the maternal blood supply Protein arso is necessary for fetal hair, skin, muscle, nerve tissue and brain development. Women need approximately 10 more grams of protein daily — a total of 60 grams a day during the pregnancy.

Minerals. Calcium and phosphorus are important minerals in fetal — bone development. a pregnant woman requires

1.200 mg of calcium and phosphorus daily. This is a 50 increase over what a woman needed before she became preg-

nant.

Dairy products are excellent sources of both calcium and phosphorus, as well as of vitamin D which is necessary for calcium absorption.

Zinc is another mineral needed for fetal growth and development. Good food sources of zinc include meat, liver, eggs, seafood.

Iron builds maternal blood volume and fetal blood and muscle. Ndany women enter pregnancy with low iron stores, resulting in anemia. Foods rich in iron include red meat, especially liver, raisins and fortified breads and cereals.

Vitamins. Folic acid is a vitamin important in protein metabolism, particularly in periods of rapid growth. Pregnant women should start the day with a good breakfast. Fortified ready-to eat cercal with milk and a glass of orange juice will provide at least half needs. Green leafy vegetables, liver and lentils are other good sources of folic acid.

Ynpa)KHeHHe l. Tlepegeðume Ha aHenuùczuù H3btK.•

KaxnaH KJ1eTKa Teaqa, nocTpoe.HYIH, pa3BHTHe M03ra, 60J1ee 10 r 6ej1Ka exeAHe.BH0, 50 %, no 6epeMeHHOCTH, MOJlO^LIHb1e np0AYKTb1, Ka.J1bUHÜ, (þoccþop, BHTaMHH A, UHHK — npyroü MMHepaJ1, BK-n10ya10T MACO, neqeHb, fiñua, MopenPOAYKTb1, HH3KOe conepxaHHe xene3a, aHeMktq, 11H1ua, 60raTaq xene30M, 3J1aKM, HaqHHaTb neHb, CTaKaH aneJ1bCHHOBOTO coK?1, JIHCTOBbte OBOI.UH,  KHCJIOTa.

104      AHI'ÅMÜCKHÜ fi3b1K MeAH14HHCKUX KOMeA)Keñ H

Food Group	Se Wings	Food	Serving Size     Nutrients
Fats. Oils, S',veets		I-J.CÈ Spalin Iv
Meat. Poultry Fish, Diy Beans,	3	Meat. Poultry Fish, Eggs. Nuts, Sunflower Seeds. Peas	-l	Protein, Iron B Vitamins
Milk, Yogurt, CFI tÙese		Yogufl, Cheese		Calcium Protein Vitamin D
	3 or more	Canned Fnlit, Fizsh	1/2 cap	Vitamin A Vitamin C
Vegetable	4 ar more	Cooked Vegetables. Raw Vegetables	1/2 cup	Vitamin A Vitamin C Folid Acid, Calcium
Bread. Cereal, Rice, Pasta	6—11	Bread, Biscuits, Rice Barlev, Hot Cereal		B Vitamins Iron. Elber

2. Bcma8bžne ßJtecmo nponycžcoe coomgemcmeyou.gue cnoea unu cnogocoqemaH11H.• approximately, to consume, body cell, excellent, twins, pregnancy, folic acid.

A pregnant woman needs 300 more calories per day then before she become pregnant. 2. Women carrying... will need even more 3. The best way... extra calories is healthy snacks eaten between meals. 4. Protein is a component of every... and important for building the maternal blood supply. 5. Dairy products are.. sources of both calcium and phosphorus. 6. Many women enter... with low iron stores.

7. Green, leafy vegetables, liver are good sources of.. Ilpogumaùme u nepeeeðume maõnu¿u,'.

Daily Eating Guide for a Pregnant Woman

A healthy diet should be based on grain foods, fruits and vegetables.

                                                      Pa3gen 2. OCHOBH0i KYPC          105

Additional servings may be added in appropriate to amounts to achieve recommended weight gain. Women expecting twins will need additional servings.

(From "Lamaze" 1995)

Parent's rnagazine

VITAMINS

Bbty^ztume c.qoea u npoqumaüme nteyccm.

1) substance ['snbstans] n BeweCTBO, cy6CTaH1-U•1ñ

2) yolk [jouk] n XeJlTOK

3) carbohydrate [ka:bou'haidrelt] n yrneBOÅ

4) amount [a'maunt] n Konuqe,CTB0

5) scurw [ska•.vl] n uHHra

6) to strengthan [strenean] v  YKpe1L^T151Tb 7) nervous [na:vas] a HePBHaH

Vitamins are special substances that the body needs, along with proteins, fats, carbohydrates and minerals. Vitamin A is needed for healthy eyes and is found in fish-liver oil, egg yolk, butter, green vegetabies and fruit.

Vitamin D is needed for healthy bones and for protection against rickets. It is found in very small amounts in egg, butter and fish. get most of our Vitamin D from the sun.

Vitamin C protects against SCUTVV and is found in oranges, lemons, tomatoes and green vegetables.

Vitamin B is present in milk, eggs, liver. It is needed to strengthen our nervous svstem.

Ynpa)KHeHHe 1. Ilepegeðume Ha anenuùczuù fi3b!K.• oc06b1e Bel.1RCTBa, 6eJIKH, XMPb1 yr.neBOAbl,

X"JITOK, 3a1JA1.fTa 0T paxHTa, B oqeHb Mœ1CHbKHX KOi1HqeCTBaX, npoTHB 11HHrn, YKpe11JfflTb HePBHYK) CUCTeMV.

Ynpa)KHeHHe 2. Otngembžne Ha eonpocbl.

I. What are vitamins? 2. What is Vitamin A needed for? 3, What is Vitamin D needed for? 4. What Vitamin can strengthen our nervous system?

Tlpoqumaùme 11 nepegeðume ðuanoe. Pa3btepaüme eeo e nutgax.

A VISIT TO A GYNECOLOGIST

Doctor: What is the matter with you? Do you have anv complaints?

Patient: yes, there is something wrong with me and I think that I am pregnant.

D: Are you married? P: Yes, 1 am.

D: Is this your first pregnancy and have you ever performed abortion?

P: I have never performed abortion and have a child. My son is 7 years old.

How did your previous pregnancy proceed? Did you feel well throughout the whole pregnancy?

 P: My previous pregnancy was uneventful,

D: How did you feel in the first half of pregnancy? Did you have any toxemia or nausea?

P: Yes, I had. And I have the same symptoms now. Usually they are the true signs of pregnancy.

D: Do you and your husband want to have any more children?

P: Yes, we dream about a daughter. But I am afraid that it can be complicated pregnancy.

D: Was your previous delivery premature or at term?

P: At term, but I was younger then.

D: And how old are you now?

P: I am twenty-nine.

D: I think, that you are healthy enough to have the sec ond child and that you will not have a threatened miscarriage. I hope that everything will be all right.

Notes

l) complaint — xaJi06a 2) to be pregnant — 6b1Tb 6epeMeHH0ñ

3 ^h to perform abortion — caenaTb a60PT

4ì uneventful — 6e3 OC]10XHeHMif

5) toxemia — TOKCHHeMHH

6) nausea — TOI-uHOTa

7) premature delivery npexaeBpeMeHHb1e POAb1

8) delivery at term — cBoeBpeMe11Hb1e POAb1

9) threatened miscarriage —  BblKUÅb1U1.

SMOKING

BblY'tume cnoga, npo^ttumaùme meKcm urban ['o:bon] a — roponcwvi underweight ['Ando'weltl a — HenOH0111eHHb»i amazing ['melzll)l a — YA11BHTeJ1bHbli8, nopa3HTeJ1bHbiìá despite Idis'palt] prep — HecM01i)fl Ha regarding [ri'ga:dt131 prep — OTHOCHTeJ1bHO, o, 06 hazard l'hæzodl n — phCK, onaCHOCTb unwise ['An'wcuzl a — He6naropoyMHb1ü sneeze isnr.z] v ¹-1MXaTb

108         A.HrÄHñCKhü         MeAHUHHCKHX Konnem-eñ H

Many young urban girls today smoke. While smoking is bad for your health at any time, it is particularly so during pregnancv and mav result in an underweight, small-size baby, and so smoking is best avoided during pregnancy. It is amazing how people persist in smoking despite so much warning regarding its hazards.

It is unwise to hold a lighted cigarette while holding the baby. Smoke may also irritate baby and make him cough and sneeze.

Ynpa)KHeHHe l. Ocatycume no-aHaquüŒcu.•

Bawero 3AOPOBbfl, OC06eHHO, MCK-H}CHHTb, BO BpeMH 6ePeMeHHOCTH, YAMBHTeJ1bHO, HeCMOTP1 Ha, rnyno, ropmuasl cwapeTa, pa3ApaxaTb, KamJ1flTb. Ynpa)KHeh1He 2. Omgemwne Ha eonpocbl K meKcmy.

l. Smoke is harmful to your health, isn't it?

2. Is smoking bad for a pregnant woman?

3. Is it dangerous to hold a lighted cigarette while holding the baby?

rparv1Ma^rrnqecKHe

MecT0HMeHne The Pronoun

Ynpa>KHeHHe 1. 3a-ueHume 6blðe.qeHHbte c;žoea JIU¼Hb1MU J}teCffiOUMenUHMU.

l. Mary is a good nurse. 2. John and Tom are twins. 3. Mr. Smith works in a hospital. 4. Ann is a doctor. 5. Peter and Mike are my sons. 6. My friend and I are students of the medical college.

Vnpa)KMeHHe 2. 3ano.QHume nponyctcu npumfiwcameAbi1b1Mil Mecmouaueuumtu.

l. This is a ward doctor, and these are... patients. 2 Jane. very much. 3. Olga is... best ward nurse. 4.»,^l hat is... name? 5. I have a dog name is Ren. 6. This child is ill, temperature is high, 7. We have got a new flat,.. flat is rather big.

Ylžp',ùKHeHue 3. 3an0A1žume nponycK11 MecmOU,weHUHMU my, her, his, your, our, their.

Look at t'his nice girl! What is... name? 2. What is.

favourite subject? 3. sister is a nurse. 4. We like college very much. 5... wife is a teacher. 6. Mr. and Mrs, White are from Boston,... son lives in New York.

IlpeAÄ0T11 Prepositions

YnpaŽKHeHwe 1. Bcmcž8bme ouecmo moqe,£ HYD$CHb1e npeðnoeu.

l. Our college is the center of the city. 2. Their flat is the second floor. 3. The sun is very hot, it's nice to sit... t tree. 4. There are some plates.. the table. 5. our TV-s-et is the corner of the room. 6. meet you. the station.

Ynpa)KHeHfle 2. 3an0ÃHume nponycK11 npeð:zoeaMt1 epeueHtl at, in, on, by.

l. I always get up... 7 0'clock. 2. We don't go to the collegc Sunday. 3.... summer they often go to the seaside. 4. He

was born... 10th April. 5. They visited London 1998. 6. She goes to the hospital bus. 7. Our classes begin... 8 a. m.

Ynpa>KHeHMe 3. 3anoe1Hume nponyc;cu npeð-qoea-Jtu Ò611JceHUR u HanpaeaeH11H.

l. Can you tell us the way... the hospital? 2. I have never been... Greece. 3. The boys ran the road. 4. I didn't feel well and didn't go college. 5. After classes they went. the Zoo. 6. We sat... the hill and watched the BapwaHT I. Bcmaet,me npeðnoeu:

l. My friend finished school... 1999.

2. We shall have English test Mondav 3, I knew him well. that time.

BapHaHT Il. Bcmaome npeðnoeu:

l. I shall go for practice... May.

2. My friends will go to the demonstration.. the first of May.

3. It is cold... winter.

BapnaHT Ill. Bcmaobtne npeðnoeu:

1. My father usually comes back home... 9 0'clock in the evening.

2. They went to the river... the warm day.

3. I was born 1985.

                                                                                                         2, OCHOBHOü                                 1 1 i

Crenel-IH cpaBHeHHfl 11pnnaraTeÄbHb1x Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives

Ynpa)Ki1eHHe 1. Hanuu¿ume cmeneltll cpa8HeH!1fl npumeameabhlblx.

a) tall, clever, large, hot, old, easy;

b) difficult, interesting delicate, famous, expensive:

c) good, bad, much, little.

Ynpa>Kf1eHHe 2. Tlepegeðume Ha pyccyuù 13b1K nocÄ06UUb1 u nop.oeopcu:

l. Better late then never. 2. It is easier said that done. 3. TWO heads are better than one. 4. The grass is always greener

on the other side.

Ynpa>KHeHHe 3. Tlepeeeðume Ha anenuùŒKt1ä }Z3b1K.•

l. CBeTa Hama nyywaq CTyaeHTE<a. 2. 3T0 caMoe

COKoe 3aaHHe B Hah11CM ropoae. 3. A. C. FIYIMKHH — MOVI caJl¥06HMb1Ïí 1103T. 4. KaKaq catqag A.FIHHHaq peKa B EBpone? 5. CTHB cTap1L1e cBoero 6paTa. 6. 9TOT Mara3HH CaMb11i 60J1b1110V1 B HameM ropozc.

YnpŽ1>KHeHHe 4. Ilepeeeðume npeðnoyceHuA hta pyccjcuù 93b1K, enu»tanue Ha cmenelltl cpaûltenu.q npanaea-

!. Winter is the most usual season for diphtheria. 2. Surgica! treatment is probably best in all cases of toxic adenoma. 3. Bronchopneumonia is the most important complication of measles. 4. The most frequent complication is infection of the rash through scratching. 5. Carbimasole is less toxic thall thiouracil.

Il 0A0hWTeAbHa51 CTe1ÆeHb	CpaBE[HTeÄbTlasr creneHb	rlpeBOCXOAHtUl CTeneHb
l. Interesting	more interesting
2. New		the newest
3. Good	better
4. Bright		the brightest

BapnaHT 1. 3anonnume nponyc;cu e ma6nuge.

«CTerreH1f cpaBHeHH¶ npMJ1araTeJibHb1x»

numenbllble:

                                                                                                   5, 8, 19, Il, 3, 13, 30, 4, 16, 90.

 Y11pa>KHeHHe 2. Hanatuame  u nopgðK0 ewe gucnume.QbHb1e no oõpæuy.

06pa3eu: 2 — two — the second BapHaHT 2. 3anomtume nponyc}?u e maúu«e. 5 — five the fifth «CTeneHH  npH.rnraTeJ1bHbžx»  l, 3, 8, 4, 11, 16, 21.

YnpaxneHHe 3. ITepeeeðume na pyccwuù £3b1K:

fifty, eight, twelve, thirteen, eleven, one hundred ninety six, thirty-three.

OÕOPOT There + to be

110JIOXHTeJ!bHaq CTerreHb	CTerreHb	11peBocxonHaq CTeneHb
	c!eaner	the cleanest
2. Much		the most
3. Wonderful	more wonderful
4. Clean	cleaner

llOÄO}aneJTbHaq CTeHCHb	CPaBHHTeJ1bHa51 cTeneHb	llpersocxomyaa cueneHb
		the biggest
2. Hot	hotter
3.	less	the least
4. Charming		the most charming

BapnaHT 3. 3at70J1htume nponycžcu maõnuge.

YnpažKHeHHe 1. Bcma6bme enaeon to be 8 HYO*CHOÙ (þop,ue:  cpaBHež1H¶ npHJ1arareJ1bHb1x»

1. There... a specific test for glucose. 2. There some patients in the ward. 3. There drugs on the plate. 4. How many students there in the college tomorrow? 5. there any student in the room?

Ynpa>KHe1Ð1e 2. ffepegeðume Ha pyccKuu

R3b1K.•

l. There is a large number of different types of bacteria. 2, There are a lot of students in the laboratory. 3. There was no specific treatment for Rubella. 4. Are there any dangers

114

MeAH4HHCKHX KO.Me,VKeÜ H associated with alcohol? 5. There are a lot of articles on the problem of Aids in this magazin. 6. There is a whitish patch in the throat.

Ynpa>KHeHHe 3. If&ltenume y^maepðume,QbHb1e npeònoogce Ha eonpocume.QbHbte:

l. There will be two new students at the seminar, 2. There is a regular programme of immunisation in our country. 3. There are swelling and tenderness in the case of the affected joints. 4. There are a lot of patients at the infectious diseases hospital.

Present Simple

       YnpaR•ažeH11e l. Bcmaewne auecmo moqeyc HYJCHb1e eaaeonbl.                

l. My mother a bad headache (have, has). 2. We... shopping on Saturday morning (go, goes).

3, It interesting (sound, sounds).

4. This nurse... her work carefully (do, does).

5. Mary... English at the medical college (teach, teaches).

6. Her teeth... white and healthy (is, are).

7. He often my other classmates (meet, meets).

YnpažK11eHJte 2. Cocma8bme aonpoct)l K nped10Dfceuug.Ðf, Haqt1HCIH c.i0ߌMu e CK05KQX.

l. She takes the temperature twice a day (Does).

2. live not far from my college (Where).

3. He likes to sit and watch the sunset (What)

4. Kate works in the bookshop (Who).

                                                    PaggeA 2, OCHOBHOÜ Kypc       115

5. I know English well (Do).

6. Tom often walks his dog early in the morning (When). 7, Pneumonia begins suddenly (Does).

8. Vitamins play a very important role in human health (Do).

YnpažKHeHMe 3. Cðenaùme npeðnaycenue ompugame.QbHbt,uu.

1. She lives in our town. 2. We study English, 3. The nurse begins to take the patients' temperature at 7 0'clock. 4. The doctor feels my pulse. 5. You look well, 6. My best friend is ill. 7. Her granny takes medicine regularly.

Past Simple

l, Bcmaorne BJtecmo mogeK "Yc)ßHb1e anaeoJibi e Past Simple.

l. The weather very bad yesterday (to be).

a bad headache and cold in the evening (to feel). 3, My mother in a doctor (to call).

4. The dentist... my tooth painlessly (to extract).

5. A child... a high temperature, dry cough and a running nose (to have).

Ynpa>KHeHne 2. Cocmaome conpocbl K npeðaoyceHufiM, Ha ^ti11Han cnoea»tu B CKOÕKaX.

l, I visited my sister last summer (When).

2. My mother wörked at the hospital (Where).

3. She took her child's temperature (Did).

4. We decided to stay in this hotel (Who).

5. His wound was very bad (Was).

6. They went to the disco after classes (Where).

7. A nurse gave the first aid to an injured woman (What)

YnpažKHe11He 3. Cðeqaùme yrpeð.ⁱžayceHue omp111{ame-QbHbßtu.

He went to the office on foot. 2. I had a bad cough and a running nose. 3. A nurse put him in bed. 4. Bill took a tablet for a stomachache. 5. The students helped the doctors and nurses in the hospital. 6. She met me at the corner of the