Using the information from the text prepare a short message as a telegrams.

37. Using your previous concept map, information from the text, key words fill in the following diagram:

 

 

38. Express your opinion about the information from the text using the following word combinations:

o I found the article (rather) interesting (important, useful) as / because …

o I found the article too hard to understand / rather boring as / because …

.

Grammar (Revision)

Ing forms

39. Translate the sentences into Russian paying your attention to –ing forms:

1. Gastrointestinal is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the stomach and intestines. 2. The GI tract is a large, muscular tube consisting of mouth, esophagus, stomach and intestines. 3. The intestine is the segment of the gastrointestinal tract extending from the pyloric sphincter of the stomach to the anus. 4. This organ is a tube that is made of muscular tissue measuring approximately 25 cm in length in an adult person. 5. The small intestine measures around 6.7 meters in length in the adult body constituting the part of the lower gastrointestinal tract. 6. The large intestine absorbs water and contains many symbiotic bacteria that aid in the breaking down of wastes to extract some small amounts of nutrients. 7. These organs play other parts in the digestive system, usually by secreting certain substances into the stomach. 8. The pancreas is a major organ functioning as an accessory digestive gland in the digestive system. 9. The GI tract has several vital functions to perform both digesting of food and, containing the body’s first defensive mechanism against potentially harmful substances, playing an important role in the immune system.10. The celiac trunk is a short, wide artery that branches from the abdominal portion of the aorta, the main vessel conveying arterial blood from the heart to the systemic circulation. 11. As the vagus nerve passes through the opening in the diaphragm together with the esophagus, branches of the right vagus nerve spread over the posterior part of the stomach, while the left vagus nerve supplies the anterior part.

 

 

Review your progress

Test for self-control

Grammar

40. Fill in gaps with both…… and, either….or, neither …..no:

1.Pharynx is a part of …… respiratory system …… digestive system. 2. This complicated process, involving many changes in ……. air ……. blood pressures, takes place in the baby’s lungs. 3. The normal process of ageing is associated with a number of changes in ….. the structure …… function of the respiratory system. 4. The skeleton’s mass is made up of …… nonliving bone matrix ……. many tiny bone cells. 5. Bones are formed ……… by cell division ……..by tissue degeneration. 6. These bones ……. require the same range of motion like the short bones ……. undergo pronounced growth like the long bones. 7. Irregular bones often serve to ……. protect internal organs ……. give structure to the body. 8. Epiglottis allows …… air …… food to pass through the pharynx.

Listening

41. Watch the video ‘The Gastrointestinal Tract’ and answer the questions:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1FbZeUZdng0

Ø What is your GI tract?

Ø What occurs in the oral cavity?

Ø What does the esophagus treat the food?

Ø What nerves innervate the process of digestion in the stomach?

Ø Why may the pyloric sphincter be closed?

Ø What signals does the duodenum send to other digestive organs?

Ø Where are microvilli located?

Ø What parts does the large intestine have?

 

Vocabulary

42. Fill in the diagram. Name the organ:

Terms to know

Anus - The opening at the end of the digestive tract where bowel contents leave the body.

Colon (Bowel) - The longest part of the large intestine, which is a tube-like organ connected to the small intestine at one end and the anus at the other. The colon removes water and some nutrients and electrolytes from partially digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus.

Enzymes - Protein made by the body that brings about a chemical reaction - for example, the enzymes produced by the gut to aid digestion.

Esophagus - The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach.

Hormones - A messenger molecule that helps coordinate the actions of various tissues; made in one part of the body and transported, via the bloodstream, to tissues and organs elsewhere in the body.

Intestines - Also called the gut. See large intestine and small intestine.

Large Intestine - The part of the intestine that includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long.

Liver - The largest abdominal organ. The liver carries out many important functions, such as making important blood proteins and bile, changing food into energy, and cleaning alcohol and poisons from the blood.

Lower Gastrointestinal Tract (Lower GI Tract) - The lower part of the gastrointestinal tract that includes the jejunum and ileum of the small intestine and the large intestine.

Peristalsis - A wavelike movement of muscles in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Peristalsis moves food and liquid through the GI tract.

Rectum - The last several inches of the large intestine closest to the anus.

Small Intestine - The organ where most digestion occurs. It measures about 20 feet and includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

Stomach - An organ that is part of the digestive system. The stomach helps digest food by mixing it with digestive juices and churning it into a thin liquid.

Upper Gastrointestinal Tract (Upper GI Tract) - The upper part of the gastrointestinal tract that includes the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.

Additional information:

Histology

The gastrointestinal tract has a form of general histology with some differences that reflect the specialization in functional anatomy. The GI tract can be divided into four concentric layers in the following order:

· Mucosa

· Submucosa

· Muscular layer

· Adventitia or serosa

Mucosa

The mucosa is the innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract. The mucosa surrounds the lumen, or open space within the tube. This layer comes in direct contact with digested food (chyme). The mucosa is made up of:

· Epithelium – innermost layer. Responsible for most digestive, absorptive and secretory processes.

· Lamina propria – a layer of connective tissue. Unusually cellular compared to most connective tissue

· Muscularis mucosae – a thin layer of smooth muscle that aids the passing of material and enhances the interaction between the epithelial layer and the contents of the lumen by agitation and peristalsis.

The mucosae are highly specialized in each organ of the gastrointestinal tract to deal with the different conditions. The most variation is seen in the epithelium.

Submucosa

The submucosa consists of a dense irregular layer of connective tissue with large blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves branching into the mucosa and muscularis externa. It contains the submucosal plexus, an enteric nervous plexus, situated on the inner surface of the muscularis externa.

Muscular layer

The muscular layer consists of an inner circular layer and a longitudinal outer layer. The circular layer prevents food from traveling backward and the longitudinal layer shortens the tract. The layers are not truly longitudinal or circular, rather the layers of muscle are helical with different pitches. The inner circular is helical with a steep pitch and the outer longitudinal is helical with a much shallower pitch.^[19]. Whilst the muscularis externa is similar throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract, an exception is the stomach which has an additional inner oblique muscular layer to aid with grinding and mixing of food. The muscularis externa of the stomach is comprised of the inner oblique layer, middle circular layer and outer longitudinal layer.

Between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers is the myenteric plexus. This controls peristalsis. Activity is initiated by the pacemaker cells, (myenteric interstitial cells of Cajal). The gut has intrinsic peristaltic activity (basal electrical rhythm) due to its self-contained enteric nervous system. The rate can be modulated by the rest of the autonomic nervous system.^[19]

The coordinated contractions of these layers is called peristalsis and propels the food through the tract. Food in the GI tract is called a bolus (ball of food) from the mouth down to the stomach. After the stomach, the food is partially digested and semi-liquid, and is referred to as chyme. In the large intestine the remaining semi-solid substance is referred to as faeces.^[19]

Adventitia and serosa