Exercise 6. Put the prepositions, where necessary.

1. My mother is afraid … rats. 2. “What do you complain …?” asked the doctor. 3. Don’t enter … the room. 4. What are you laughing …? 5. They did not want to listen … me. 6. Wait …me. I’ll be back … a few minutes. 7. Yesterday the teacher spoke … us about the architecture … St.Petersburg. 8. My grandmother often complains … headache. 9. I am sorry, I cannot speak … you now, and the professor is waiting … me. I must go … the institute and explain … him some details … our work. Come … the evening, I shall listen … you very attentively and answer … all your questions. 10. … nine o’clock the lecturer entered … the hall, walked up … the table, put his bag … it, looked … everybody and began his lecture. The lecture, as all the lectures … this professor, was very interesting, and the students … him with great attention. 11. Turn … the corner … the house and look … the flowers grown … my mother: aren’t they beautiful? 12. He was an excellent pupil, and the teachers never complained … him. 13. She complained … feeling bad and could not answer … the questions … the teacher. 14. We tried to speak … him, but he did not want to listen … us. He did not even look … us and did not answer … our questions. 15. Your brother complains … you. He says you always laugh … him, never speak … him and never answer … his questions. 16. When I entered … the room, everybody looked … me with surprise: they had not waited … me. 17. At the end … the street she turned … the corner, walked … the bus-stop and began waiting … the bus.

 

Week 13.

Text 13.Substitutes. Complementary goods

Grammar: Prepositions of time.

Glossary 4.

Presentation “Customs and Traditions”.

Text 13.

Substitutes

When two goods satisfy similar needs, they are described as substitutes. A change in the price of one item will result in a shift in the demand for a substitute.

Black and brown shoes are close substitutes. If the price of black shoes goes up, then people will tend to substitute brown shoes for black shoes, and the demand curve for brown shoes will shift out at eyery price. If the price of black shoes goes down, then people will tend to substitute black shoes for brown shoes, and the demand curve for brown shoes will shift in at every price.

 

Complementary goods

Goods that are often consumed together, like peanut butter and jelly, are complements.

If the price of peanut butter should increase, the quantity of peanut butter consumed will decrease. Since peanut butter and jelly are consumed together, the quantity of jelly demanded at each and every price will also decline, and the demand curve for jelly will shift in.

What are some other factors that might cause the demand to increase or decrease? How would these changes brief list of factors that might affect the curve:

● Change in the environment.

● Change in the item’s usefulness.

● Change in income.

● Change in the price of a substitute product.

● Change in the price or availability of complementary products.

● Change in styles, taste, habits, etc.

If any of these events occurred, the demand schedule would change in such a way that the quantity demanded at any particular price would be higher or lower.

 

IMPORT - EXPORT

International trade is the exchange of goods and services between different countries. Depending on what a country produces and needs, it can export (sell goods to another country) and import (buy goods from another country). Governments can control international trade. The most common measures are tariffs (or duties) and quotas. A tariff is a tax on imported goods, and a quota is the maximum quantity of a product allowed into a country during a certain period of time. These measures are protectionist as they raise the price of imported goods to «protect» domestically produced goods.

International organisations such as the WTO (World Trade Organisation) and EFTA (European Free Trade Association) regulate tariffs and reduce trade restrictions between member countries.

Companies can choose from various methods to establish their products in a foreign market. One option is to start by working with local experts. such as sole agents or multi-distributors, who have a specialist knowledge of the market and sell on behalf of the company. This often leads to the company opening a local branch or sales office. Another option is to sell, or give permission to use, patents and licences for their products. Companies may wish to start by manufacturing in the export market, in which case they can either se't up a local subsidiary or a joint venture with a local partner.

Vocabulary

tariffs – тарифы

duties – пошлины

quotas - квоты

protectionist – протекционистские

local subsidiary – филиал

sole agents – отдельные агенты

multi-distributors – дистрибуторы

joint venture – совместное предприятие, СП

For

In

Предлог in употребляется:

1. Со значением в (на вопрос где?):

The pencil is in the box. Карандаш в коробке.

We live in Moscow. Мы живём в Москве.

Примечание. Перед названиями небольших городов, сёл и т.п. обычно употребляется предлог at: He was born at Klin. Он родился в Клину.

2. Со значением в перед обозначением месяца или года:

They will arrive in May. Они приедут в мае.

He was born in 1930. Он родился в 1930 г.

3. Со значением через перед обозначением отрезков времени:

He will return in a week. Он вернётся через неделю.

The book will come out in a month. Книга выйдет через месяц.

4. Со значением в течение, за, в приуказании, в какой срок совершается действие:

The house was built Дом был построен в (за)

in three months. три месяца (в течение трёх месяцев).

The construction of Строительство этого моста

this bridge was completed было закончено в (за) шесть месяцев

in six months. (в течение шести месяцев).

 

In является также наречием и употребляется в сочетании с глаголами движения, обозначающими направленность действия внутрь чего-либо. В этом случае in часто соответствует в русском языке глагольной приставке в-: to come in в ходить, to run in в бегать, to drive in в ъезжать, to fly in в летать и др. (наречие in противоположно по значению наречию out):

He came in andstopped atthe door. Он вошёл и остановился у двери.

He ran in with a telegram in his hand. Он вбежал с телеграммойв руке.

Примечание. При указании предмета, внутрь которого направлено действие, употребляется предлог into:

He ran into the house. Он вбежал в дом.