Exercise 8. Rewrite the sentences and put the adverbs in places.

1.He was able to carry his suit – case (hardly). 2. I agree with you (quite). 3. Have you money to buy this radio – set (enough)? 4. She is not clever to understand it (enough). 5. It is dark (quiet). 6. Your child sleeps in the afternoon (too little). 7. She always reads in summer (very much). 8. I am angry with you (not at all). 9. He is strong to do this work (enough). 11. I forgot to tell him about it (nearly). 12. It is cold to go a walk (too).

Exercise 9. Rewrite the sentences and put the adverbs in places.

1. He answered my question (coldly). 2. He works (very well). 3. He played yesterday (badly). 4. The sun is shining to- day (brightly). 5. He translated this text at the examination (very quickly). 6. The teacher speaks at the lesson (slowly). 7. He ran down the road (very fast). 8. He read the story to the end (slowly). 9. He spoke at the lesson (very loudly). 10. He wrote the dictation at the examination (badly). 11. They lived for a long time (happily).

Exercise 10. Rewrite the sentences and put the adverbs in places.

1. The weather will change (evidently). 2. He will finish his work in time (probably). 3. He will agree to your offer (certainly). 4. They are at home now (possibly). 5. He went to Riga last night (perhaps). 6. All the parties came to an agreement (finally). 7. They will spend their vacation on the Volga (probably). 8. This book is the best in my library (certainly). 9. I found him at his office (fortunately). 10.There was nobody at home (unfortunately). 11. This question is of great importance (politically). 12. He was disappointed (naturally). 13. It will rain perhaps). 14. They will take the first place in the tournament (probably).

Exercise 11. Form the adverbs in the Comparative and Superlative forms.

1. She works (hard) than you. 2. Peter ran (fast) than Henry. 3. He answered at the examination (good) than you. 4. I got up (early) than my brother. 5. Which of all the boys ran (fast) at the contest? 6. Which of all the students in your group speaks English (good)? 7. Can you see the ship (clearly) than before? 8. Why didn’t you tell me (early) about it? 9. He knows English, French and German, but he speaks German (good). 10. Pleasant work (hard) in summer and in autumn. 11. He lives (far) than I. 12. You did your (carefully) than he.

Dialogue 3.

Victor Klimenko, the new Commercial Director of TST Systems, is going to England on business. He is telephoning John Cartwright. Victor is asking John to reserve a room at a hotel. After that Victor is buying an air ticket to London.

Week 12.

Text 12. “Marketing”

Grammar: Prepositions of place and directions.

Text 12.

Marketing

One of the areas of management is marketing. Mar­keting is the process of planning and executing the con­ception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives. Marketing makes pro­ducts available where customers want them by transfer­ring the ownership of products to buyers. The entire business organization is involved in a dual process of satisfying customer needs and achieving organizational goals.

Implementation of marketing concept begins and ends with marketing information about customers - - first to determine what customers need, and later to evaluate how well the firm is meeting those needs.

A market consists of people with their needs, the abili­ty to buy, and the desire and ability to sell. Markets are classified as consumer and industrial markets.

A MARKETING MIX

A business firm controls four important elements of marketing which are called a marketing mix.

A firm's marketing mix is the combination of the pro­duct, the price of the product, the means for its distribu­tion, and the promotion of the product to reach a firm's target market.

A firm can vary its marketing mix by changing any one or more of these ingredients. Thus a firm may use one marketing mix to reach one target market and a second, somewhat different marketing mix, to reach another tar­get market. For example, most automakers produce seve­ral different types of vehicles and aim them at different market segments based on age and income:

a) the product ingredient of the marketing mix in­cludes decisions about the product's design, brand name, packaging, warranties, and the like;

b) the pricing ingredient includes both base prices and discounts of various kinds. Pricing decisions are in­tended to achieve particular goals, such as to maximize profit or even to make room for new models. The rebates offered by automobile manufacturers are a pricing strategy developed to boost low auto sales;

с) the distribution ingredient involves not only trans­portation and storage but also the selection of intermedi­aries;

d) the promotion ingredient focuses on providing in­formation to target markets. The major forms of promo­tion include advertising and publicity; the «ingredients» of the marketing mix are controllable elements. A firm can vary each of them to suit its organizational goals, marke­ting goals, and target markets.

A MARKETING STRATEGY

A marketing strategy is a plan for the best use of an organization's resources to reach its objectives. Develo­ping a marketing strategy involves selecting and analyzing a target market and creating and maintaining a marketing mix that will satisfy that market.

A target market is chosen through the market segmen­tation approach. A market segment is a group of individu­als or organizations within a market that have similar characteristics and needs. The market segmentation ap­proach directs a marketing mix at a segment of a market.

Market measurement and sales forecasting are used to estimate sales potential and predict product sales in spe­cific market segments. Strategies are then monitored and evaluated through marketing research and marketing in­formation system, which stores and processes internal and external data in a form suitable for marketing decision making.

 

Marketing – торговля, маркетинг

Generalities – общие положения

Execute – выполнять

Pricing – назначение цены, ценообразование

Promotion - продвижение

Distribution – распределение

Goods – товар, товары

Create – создавать

Exchange – обмен

Satisfy – удовлетворять

Available – наличный имеющийся в наличии

Transfer – передавать

Ownership of product – собственность на продукцию

Entire – весь

Involve – вовлекать

Dual – двойной

Implementation – осуществление

Customer – потребитель, покупатель.

Determine – определять

Later – позднее

Evaluate – оценивать

Meet needs – удовлетворять потребности

Buy - покупать

Sell - продавать

Consumer market – потребительский рынок

Industrial market – промышленный рынок

 

Предлог (The Preposition)

Предлогами называются служебные слова, которые показывают отношение существительного (или местоимения) к другим словам в предложении. Они не выполняют самостоятельной функции в предложении и поэтому не являются членами предложения.

 

Каждый предлог употребляется с определённым лексическим значением. Многие предлоги имеют не одно, а несколько значений. Так, например, предлог in употребляется: для обозначения места со значением в (He lives in Kiev.Он живёт в Киеве), для обозначения времени со значением в, через, в течение (They will come in June. Они приедут в июне. I’ll return in an hour. Я вернусь через час. This work was done in a week. Эта работа была сделана в течение недели).

 

В некоторых случаях предлоги of, to, by, with не имеют лексического значения и на русский язык отдельным словом не переводятся.

The roof of the house is painted Крыша дома выкрашена в

green. зелёный цвет.

I showed the letter to the director. Я показал письмо директору.

The letter was signed by the Письмо было подписано

Director. директором.

He cut the paper with a knife. Онразрезал бумагу ножом.

Во многих случаях употребление того или другого предлога зависит исключительно от предшествующего слова – глагола, прилагательного или существительного. Так, например, глагол to laugh смеяться требует после себя предлога at: He laughed at her. О н смеялся над ней. Прилагательное sure уверенный требует после себя предлога of: He was sure of it. Он был уверен в этом. Существительное objection возражение требует после себя предлога to: I have no objections to that. У меня нет возражений (Я не возражаю) против этого.

Некоторые глаголы могут употребляться с различными предлогами, меняя своё значение в зависимости от предлога:

He is looking at the child. Он смотрит на ребёнка.

He is looking for the child. Он ищет ребёнка.

He is looking after the child. Он заботится о ребёнке.

 

Предлоги также входят в состав большого числа устойчивых сочетаний: in vain напрасно, at last наконец, for ever навсегда, on the one (the other) hand с одной (другой) стороны и др.

 

Между английскими и русскими предлогами нет постоянного соответствия. Один и тот же английский предлог может переводиться различными русскими предлогами:

I am standing at the window. Я стою у окна.

I get up at eight o’clock.Я встаю в восемь часов.

He works at a factory. Он работает на фабрике.

I laughed at him. Я смеялся над ним.

 

Внедрение новых методов в учебный процесс.С другой стороны, в английском языке ряд глаголов, которые не требуют после себя предлога, тогда как соответствующие им русские глаголы требуют предлога:

He entered the hall. Он вошёл в зал.

He followed us. Он последовал за нами.

Answer my question. Ответьте на мой вопрос.

Ряд наречий, совпадающих по форме с предлогами (in, on, up и др.), употребляется в сочетании со многими глаголами, образуя с ними составные глаголы: to put on надевать, to get up вставать, to go on продолжать и т.п.

Наречия, совпадающие по форме с предлогами, рассматриваются для удобства учащихся в соответствующих предлогах.