Stargazing is the right thing for you to do

Do you believe in horoscopes? Are you sometimes guided by the advice they give? Can a horoscope match two people for life? Should future parents rely on the given advice entirely? Do they help to draw conclusions about people and foresee their reactions? Read the text below and think to what extent the descriptions are true of you. Try to guess what star signs your group-mates are. Later find out what signs they really are.

 

           

 

CAPRICORN 22 December – 20 January Capricorns are ambitious, hard working, demanding, faithful, good organisers, patient, persevering, pessimistic, resourceful, serious, severe, shy and suspicious of new ideas and inventions. The can put up with their frustrations, don’t expect success to come quickly, enjoy solitude, like a fixed routine, like to have money, may worry unnecessarily, need to organise, systematise and structure things.

 

AQUARIUS 21 January – 19 February – Aquarians are broadminded, dogmatic, energetic, fanatical, friendly, full of unusual ideas, impractical, inventive, likeable, rude, tactless, touchy, thinkers and unpredictable. They find it hard to get close to people, need freedom and independence, resent criticism, think they are wonderful, need to reform, create and understand.

 

PISCES 20 February – 20 March – Pisceans are absent-minded, adoring artistic, careless, compassionate, emotional, escapists, imaginative, loveable, not competitive, sensitive, sympathetic, temperamental, unselfish. They can’t bear to see suffering, cry easily, don’t like hurting people, get confused easily, lack ambition, put other people first.

 

ARIES 21 March – 20 April – Aries are fearless, impatient, impulsive, inconsiderate, not rational, not philosophical, not very thorough, perfect leaders, punctual, quick witted, ready to accept a challenge and thoughtless. They can be bullies, don’t brood over their mistakes and failures, don’t foresee problems, don’t like being told what to do, overlook details, think quickly, walk fast, want quick results, need to assert themselves and initiate events.

 

TAURUS 21 April – 21 May – Taureans are good at gardening, methodical, musical, patient, practical, reliable, self-centered, slow to anger, stable, stubborn. They hate changes, have great warmth, have strong feelings, love good food, need security and possessions, only work hard when they enjoy what they’re doing, resent being contradicted, need to make things clear, love being comfortable and constructing things.

 

GEMINI 22 May – 21 June – Geminis are adaptable, always on the go, apparently two-faced, communicative, good at languages, inconsistent, light-hearted, versatile and witty. They can’t stand waiting, hate monotony, don’t take things too seriously, have sudden mood swings, like to find things out, love variety and change, need to communicate, make connections and satisfy their curiosity.

 

CANCER 22 June – 23 July - Cancerians are artistic, good cooks, home-loving, imaginative, not keen travelers, sensitive, sentimental, untidy. They bring out the best in people, get upset easily, hate to throw things away, hold grudges, like to stay in one place, may seem aggressive, take things to heart, need to feel safe and secure.

 

LEO 24 July – 23 August – Leos are creative, faithful, generous, good organisers, gregarious, loyal, playful, poor judges of character, self confident, sometimes conceited, stylish. They like the sound of their own voices, like to be the centre of attraction, like to enjoy themselves, love power, make other people happy, need to shine as individuals and leaders.

 

VIRGO 24 August – 23 September - Virgos are calm, conscientious, critical, discriminating, fussy, good at remembering details, good learners, modest, perfectionists, practical. They can be hypocritical, find it hard to relax, hate untidiness, need to be of service, tend to suppress emotions.

 

LIBRA 24 September – 23 October – Librans are ambitious, charming, considerate, diplomatic, good at persuading people, great entertainers, idealists, indecisive, over-sensitive, romantic, sociable, unselfish. They find friends easily and everywhere, like to be liked, love nice smells, smile a lot, need to find harmony, balance and justice.

 

SCORPIO 24 October – 22 November – Scorpios are attractive, courageous, good parents, jealous, loyal, secretive, strong, silent types, stubborn. They are difficult to live with, can be vindictive and cruel, don’t trust people, enjoy solving problems, have a magnetic quality, have good self-control, need to change, investigate and reform.

 

SAGITTARIUS 23 November – 21 December – Sagittarians are boastful, clumsy, deep thinkers, extravagant, good-humoured, kind to others, open-minded, optimistic, outdoor types, outspoken, restless, great travellers. The have a sense of adventure, have lots of interests, like exploring, look on the bright side of things, love sport, need challenge.

 

1. According to the horoscopes below, what star is someone who...

1....doesn’t like people making adverse comments about them

2....doesn’t lose their temper easily

3....is good at telling jokes or keeping people amused

4....is not pessemistic

5....is not very careful when organising things

6....is soft-hearted

7....likes other people to listen to them

8....likes things to be different

9....likes to keep old things

10.... likes working things out

11....prefers traditional methods

12....wants everything to be in its place

 

2. Why have people been always attracted by the future? What do you know about the attitude of ancient people to horoscopes? Why are modern people still attracted by horoscopes? Find information about some famous foretellers and their predictions?

3. Prepare the description of your personality. Does it correspond to your star sign?

 

4. Think of a friend and find his / her star sign. Give examples of why you think each characteristic is appropriate or not.

 

Listening Comprehension

Расшифровка текста

I've come along this evening to give you an update on the research that we've been doing in my university into the levels of superstition you find in the United Kingdom today. We called our research the National Superstition Survey, and it was timed to coincide with the event known as National Science Week.

 

Although most of our findings relate to information we gathered via a questionnaire and through a series of interviews which we conducted in that week, we have continued to collect data via our website, and we'll be carrying on with that in the future.

 

So, what form did the research take? Our aim was to ask around 2,000 people across the country about their beliefs and attitudes toward superstitions. In the end, a total of 2,068 people actually took part. We asked these respondents - that's what we call the people we asked аto rate just holV superstitious they thought they were. And we found that 77% said they were at least a little superstitious, while 42% admitted to being very superstitious.

 

We also asked these people whether they ever did anything superstitious, urn, like saying words and phrases to bring them luck, or doing things to avoid bad luck. Twenty-eight per cent of people said that they carried lucky charms of one sort or another, and 26% felt that the number 13 was either lucky or unlucky. By far the most common superstitious saying across the country was 'Touch wood', an expression used by 74% of respondents to ward off bad luck, whilst around 65% used the expression 'Fingers crossed' when they were hoping for good fortune in the future. Interestingly, both sayings were far more commonly used by women than by men - or at least that's what they told us!

 

When we asked about objects associated with superstitions, we expected to hear about things like black cats and mirrors that people often associate with good or bad luck, but in fact, although 39% of the respondents did mention mirrors, the objects most often mentioned in the context of bad luck were ladders. We did [md that this varied in different parts of the country, though.

 

Some of the results of the survey came as a bit of a surprise to us. For example, we asked all our respondents whether or not they had a background in science. We thought that people like that would be much less superstitious than people involved in the arts or commerce. But this wasn't, in fact, the case.

 

We also expected to find superstitions being kept alive by parents and grandparents; that young people would be more rational. In fact, our findings showed that people actually get less superstitious with age, and rather than the over-50s, it was teenagers who were very much keeping the traditions alive.

 

So, what Iwere our conclusions? The range of superstitious behaviour we observed led us to conclude that superstitions are constantly developing and evolving, and so there's no reason to think they'll be declining or dying out in the near future.

 

If you'd like to know more about common superstitious phrases...

 

Have Your Say

1. Do you follow any special rituals when

- you are about to take an exam?

- you are travelling by train or car?

- you are playing or watching a sport?

- someone wishes you good luck or mentions something unlucky?

2. What makes people superstitious? Why are so many people still superstitious today?

3. According to the text some people

- throw salt over thier shoulder if it gets spilt;

- touch wood if they talk about bad things which may happen;

- cross their fingures if they want good wishes to come true;

- use a set phrase if you wish them good luck;

- British people say “Bless you” if someone sneezes;

- blame themselves if good luck charms don’t work

Which of the superstitions mentioned above are you familiar with? What other examples could you add?

 

 

PROJECT 2

Some words from the unit (see both the topical vocabulary and project 1) have positive associations, others have negative ones. The table below shows some words which have either positive or negative associations.

Positive	negative	positive	negative
generous, unstinting	extravagant, immoderate	shrewd, astute	cunning, sly
resolute, dogged	stubborn, mulish	sober, serious	morose, sullen
thrifty, frugal	stingy, parsimonious	witty, pithy	sharp-tongued, terse
diligent, industrious	work-obsessed, workaholic	tolerant, broad-minded	unprincipled, unscrupulous

 

 

Task 1. Study the example below in which a person describes human qualities of some of his colleagues. Which people does he have a positive opinion of and which a negative one?

Let me tell you about my new colleagues. Pat, my boss, seems very astute and witty. I find her deputy, Vince, a bit parsimonious and work-obsessed. I share an office with Julie who’s a bit sullen and mulish. I also do a lot of work with Sam who’s very tolerant and generous.

Task 2. Now imagine that someone is talking about the same peolple, but sees them in a diffferent light. How might he or she describe them?

Task 3. Make up similar (both positive and negative) characteristics for real or imaginary people and let your groupmates guess your attitude towards them.

 

 

WORD FORMATION

Adding Suffixes

a) Study the chart below:

 

Change	Suffixes	Examples
1. verb into adjective	-ing, -ible, -able, -ent, - -ant, -ful, -ial, -ed, -ive	amusing, collapsible
2. noun into ajective	-ate, -ive, -ous, -etic, -c(al), -full, -less	affectionate, aggressive
3. verb into noun	-ment, -ation, -ion, -ce, -y, -ness, - ant, -ence, -ure, -iour	amusement, confrontation
4. adjective into noun	-cy, -ty, -ence, - ity, -y, -ness, - ance	accuracy, cruelty
5. adjective into verb	-en, -ise	deepen, generalise
6. noun into verb	-ify, -en	classify, lengthen

 

b) Form words with a different word class by adding suffixes. Pay attention to spelling. Use your dictionary if necessary.

1. Make these verbs into adjectives: amuse, collapse, depend, differ, hesitate, influence, please, produce

2. Make these nouns into ajectives: affection, aggression, danger, energy, envy, fun, history, hope, success

3. Make these verbs into nouns: amuse, confront, decide, defend, discover, participate, persist, please, save

4. Make these adjectives into nouns: accurate, cruel, confident, diverse, happy, jealous, lonely, popular, tolerant

5. Make these nouns and adjectives into verbs: beauty, deep, general, legal, popular, strength, wide

c) Make these words into nouns by making a root change: broad, choose, die, fly, high, long, prove, strong, succeed

Adding Prefixes

a) Study the chart below:

 

Prefix	General Meaning	Examples
un-, im-, in-, dis-, irr-, non-	not, the opposite of	unbelievable, non-fiction
mis-	wrong(ly)	misunderstand
co-	together, with	co-production
en-, em-	cause to be, make into	enlarge
re-	again, in a different way	replace
under-	not sufficient	underpaid
over-	too much	overpaid
pre-	before	prefix

b) Add prefixes to the following words:

appear, arrange, conformist, cook, danger, date, develope, drawn, education, exist, populated, power, print, reversible, rich, school, secure, worker.

Written exercises

Exercise 1

Translate the following sentences using your active vocabulary.

1. Если бы мальчик не делал то, что ему не разрешено, его бы не наказали за непослушание. 2. Если бы ваш коллега не был таким безответственным, он бы понимал, что все зависит от него, и давно бы все выяснил. 3. Кода мы узнали, что больной увлекается искусством, ему разрешили читать книги о живописи. Оказалось, что это положительно повлияло на процесс лечения и выздоровления. 4. Она предложила нам подумать о том, чтобы поехать с ними в путешествие. 5. Мы привыкли во всем полагаться на друзей. Если бы что-то было не в порядке, они давно сказали бы нам об этом. 6. К сожалению, у ребенка не было никаких способностей к математике. Однако всех поражало то, как он воспринимал литературу. 7. Никто не знал, что ученый вовсе не собирался отказываться от своего плана. 8. Последнее открытие, сделанное группой ученых, несомненно, является одним из величайших достижений в этой области. 9. Мой брат отлично водит машину. Он привык к оживленному движению в городе и, кажется, оно не доставляет ему никаких неудобств. 10. Молодые родители часто обеспокоены тем, смогут ли они как следует заботиться о детях. Они неопытны и еще не привыкли к такой ответственности. 11. Не вмешивайся в дела других, если тебе не нравится, когда кто-то дает тебе бесполезные советы и без твоего разрешения пытается решить твои проблемы. 12. Интересно, что помешало ей обращаться с ним как с равным?

 

 

Exercise 2

Translate the following sentences using your active vocabulary

1. В заключение письма он сообщил, что не нуждается ни в чьих советах и будет работать независимо от остальных. 2. К какому веку относится эта постройка? 3. Нельзя потворствовать абсолютно всем желаниям и капризам детей. Они должны знать, что можно и что нельзя делать. Если все время обращаться с ними как с детьми, они могут вырасти эгоистичными и не смогут приспосабливаться к различным жизненным ситуациям. 4. Он стремится получить эту работу, однако я вас предупреждаю, что у него недостаточно опыта. 5. С одной стороны, можно обратиться к ней за помощью, с другой, у нее есть привычка вмешиваться в дела других людей и считать себя незаменимой. 6. Его поступки крайне непредсказуемы. Вчера он покрасил волосы в странный цвет, а сегодня объявил о своем намерении бросить работу. Это ненадежный человек, от него нужно держаться подальше. 7. Что не так с вашими часами? Они все время или отстают, или спешат. 8. Не заставляйте его отказываться от этого приглашения. Иногда нужно потворствовать собственным желаниям. 9. Она не выносит властных людей и считает их неадекватными. 10. Если бы вы были более внимательны по отношению к другим людям, у вас было бы больше друзей и меньше проблем. 11. Ему не хватает самодисциплины. Вряд ли он сможет чего-нибудь достичь. Однако он очень покладистый и веселый, люди ценят его за это. 12. Прежде всего, нужно достигнуть соглашения по этому вопросу. 13. Я убежден, что результаты исследования будут соответствовать вашим ожиданиям.

 

Exercise 3

Choose a statement for a composition

1. Like father, like son. (Prover)

2. When children are doing nothing, they are doing mischief. (Proverb)

3. The best way to make children good is to make them happy. (Wilde)

4. Let the child’s first lesson to be obedience, and the second will be what thou wilt. (Franklin)

5. A man who gives his children habits of industry provides for them better than by giving them a fortune. (Whately)

6. If you can’t do anything else to a boy, you can make him wash his face. (Howe)

 

 

UNIT  3

Are You a Loyal Friend?

bonding – связь

be bound to do smth – 1)обязательно сделать что-то, чувствовать моральную обязанность или потребность сделать что-то He is bound to come. – Он обязательно придет. He is bound to find a way out. – Он обязательно найдет выход из положения. 2) It is bound to happen, It is bound to be – Это неминуемо произойдет. We are bound to be successful. – Нет сомнения, что у нас все получится.

e mploy (v) – нанимать на работу syn. to take smb on (Phr. Verb)

e mployer (n) – работодатель. a nt – employee – служащий

background (n) – 1) фон, задний план red spots on a white background – красные пятна на белом фоне; the house stood out against the background of the dark forest – дом выделялся на фоне темного леса. 2) предпосылка, подоплека – the background of the war – причина войны; the background of the deal - подоплека сделки 3) подготовка, образование, квалификация – He doesn’t have the right background for the job. 4) библиографические или анкетные данные; происхождение; моральный облик to look up smb’s background – наводить справки о чьем-л происхождении, моральном облике. What is his background? – Что он собой представляет?

economic (adj) – connected with trade, industry, and the management of money; of economics – экономический, имеющий отношение к экономике The country is in a bad economic state. The government’s economic policies.

economic al (adj) – using money, time, goods, etc. carefully and without waste – экономный, бережливый, экономичный It’s not a very economical method of heating. Economical little cars do not use much fuel. If you’ve got a large family, it’s more economical to travel by car or by train.

economics (n) – the scientific study of the way in which wealth is produced and used.

concern (n) – 1) беспокойство, забота, тревога. to express deep concern about smth – выражать глубокую озабоченность; to feel concern about one’s future – беспокоиться о будущем; to cause concern – вызывать тревогу, обеспокоенность; Your private life isn’t my concern. This article concerns a man who was wrongly imprisoned. 2) участие, забота to show concern for smb – заботиться о ком-л 3) as far as I’m concerned – что касается меня… 4) To whom it may concern – the beginning of a letter that anyone may read

justice (n) – справедливость; injustice – несправедливость; to do smb an injustice – быть несправедливым по отношению к кому-л; unjust (adj) – несправедливый

confide (v) – доверять кому-либо We confide in our friends – Мы доверяем своим друзьям. Alan felt he could confide in his brother. – Алан чувствовал, что может доверять брату. He confided his troubles to his sister. – Он доверил свое горе сестре.

provide (v) – обеспечивать; 1) to provide smb with smth - снабжать, обеспечивать They provided us with money. She intends to provide the boy with good education. The car is provided with a radio. to provide for – обеспечивать средствами к существованию He provides for a large family. They are well / properly provided.

reciprocal (adj) – взаимный reciprocal affection – взаимная привязанность, reciprocal concessions – взаимные уступки, reciprocal reproaches – взаимные упреки

overwhelming (adj) – подавляющий overwhelming majority; overwhelming wealth – несметное богатство; an overwhelming force – непреодолимая сила

attitude (n) – отношение What is your attitude to this problem? – Как ты относишься к этой проблеме?

gain (v) – 1) получать, приобретать to gain experience, to gain recognition, to gain strength after an illness; 2) извлекать пользу, выгоду He gained a lot of money be the transaction. What will you gain by that?

value (n) – ценность; the value of education (of good books, etc), spiritual/emotional/cultural values; to be of some / great / little value to smb – представлять некоторую / большую / незначительную ценность для кого-либо; to be of no value to anybody – не представлять никакой ценности для кого-либо, нестоящий, не имеющий ценности.

valuable (adj) – ценный. a valuable picture (book, furniture), valuable information. This dictionary cost much, it’s very valuable to me.

value (v) – ценить что-либо; to value smth – ценить что-либо; to put much value in smth – придавать значение чему-либо (syn. to attach importance to smth); to be invaluable – быть бесценным. To value smb’s friendship, attitude, opinion, one’s life, health, an efficient employee, smb’s present.

Note:

to value – to consider to be of great worth (syn. esteem) – ценить, считать ценностью. I’ve always valued your friendship/your advice. He’s a valued friend.

to appreciate – 1. to recognize and enjoy the good qualities or worth of smth. – оценивать, высокоценить, ценить по заслугам. She doesn’t appreciate good wine. His abilities were not appreciated in his job. to appreciate smb’s kindness, smb’s sense of humour, good music, etc.

2. to be thankful or grateful for: I appreciate your help. I’d appreciate it if you would turn the radio down. – быть признательным, благодарным.

3. to know the difference between smth – воспринимать, улавливать разницу, разбираться в чем-либо. to appreciate colours – различать цвета

 

Compare the following examples:

I value your sincerity

I greatly value your friendship.

We don’t often value advice from others.

I appreciate your attention to me.

She doesn’t appreciate what’s being done for her.

One needn’t be an artist to appreciate the beauty of the picture.

insights into – взгляд на что-то, представление о чем-то He is a man of insight. – Он очень проницательный человек. a thourough insight into smth – проникновение в самую суть чего-либо; to follow smth/smb with insight – пристально следить за кем-то или чем-то; to get an insight into smth – получить представление о чем-то; an insight into human character/nature – способность постигнуть человеческий характер

drive smb apart (phr) – привести к разладу, разрыву, прекращению отношений What do you believe can drive friends apart? Verybody thought that they had no particular reason for breaking up, long family life must have driven them apart.

bring about (phr) – вызывать, являться причиной чего-л Science has brought about many changes in our lives. The increase in business activity was brought about by the fall in prices. (syn. to cause smth, to trigger smth)

essential (adj) – важный, непременный, обязательный, необходимый Water is essential to life. Having experience is essential for getting this job; essential (n) – суть, самое важное Skip the details and grasp the essential

betray (v) – предавать, изменять, совершать предательство; to betray oneself – выдать себя, невольно обнаружить

(syn. to give oneself away)

reveal (v) – 1. to show or allow (something previously hidden) to be seen – показывать, обнаруживать; 2. to make known something that used to be hidden or a secret – открывать, разоблачать;

to reveal a secret to smb, to reveal one’s soul to smb, His conduct reveals great intelligence

precious (adj) – 1)дорогой, любимый precious reccolections – дорогие воспоминания; my precious darling – мой дорогой, любимый; his devotion is very precious to me – я очень ценю его преданность; 2) драгоценный precious stones – драгоценные камни

vulnerable (adj) – уязвимый, ранимый

acceptance (n) – принятие, признание, одобрение

acceptable (adj) – 1. good enough, satisfactory – подходящий,приемлемый: This standard of work is not acceptable; do it again. 2. that can be allowed – допустимый: an acceptable level of inflation, an acceptable risk, behaviour that is not socially acceptable. – ant. – unacceptable.

accept (v) to recognize as being true or right: For a long time she couldn’t accept the fact of her husband’s death. I’m sorry, but I can’t accept that. It’s generally accepted that smoking causes bad health.

admit (v) – 1. признавать, допускать (гипотезу), признавать достоверность чего-либо I must admit, it’s more difficult than I thought it would be. 2. признавать (вину). To admit (to) smth / doing smth He admitted his guilt. He admitted to the murder. She admitted stealing the bicycle.

confess (v) – 1. to admit – признавать: I must / have to confess I didn’t believe him at first. 2. to admit (a fault, a crime, or something wrong that one has done) – признаваться, сознаваться: The prisoner has confessed (her crime/to the murder). He confessed (to) leaving the cigarette on the chair. Jean confessed that she had eaten all the cakes.

acknowledge (v) – 1. to recognize the fact or existence of smth – признать факт или существование чего-либо. When the results of the vote were announced the Prime Minister acknowledged defeat. She is acknowledged as an expert to the subject. 2. to show that one is grateful for smth – выразить признательность, благодарность. The producer wanted to acknowledge the assistance of the Los Angeles Police Department in the making of the film. 3. to state that one has received something – проинформировать о получении чего-либо. We must acknowledge his letter / acknowledge receipt of his letter.

approval (n) – одобрение – ant. – disapproval. He shook his head in disapproval.

approve (v) – одобрять – ant. – to disapprove 1. to (dis)approve of smth – to have a(n) (un)favourable opinion of smb/smth, regard as good, right, sensible, etc. – одобрять, считать правильным. I don’t approve of smoking in bed. You made a good decision. I heartily approve of it. 2. to (dis)approve __ smth – to agree officially to, ratify – ратифицировать, одобрить законодательно, дать официальное одобрение. The city council approved the building plans. Parliament has not approved the bill so far. obligated (adj) – обязательный, to feel obligated – чувствовать себя обязанным, считать своим долгом He felt obligated to visit his parents. She felt obligated to tell the truth; obligation (n) - обязательство

pretend (v) – притворяться Pretend to do (followed by an infinitive) He pretended to be ill. Don’t pretend to be asleep. He pretended to be working. He pretended to have carried out the task.

 

Friendship Bonds

By Mary Brown Parlee. Abridged

Friendship appears to be а unique form of human bonding. Unlike marriage or the ties that bind parents and children, it is not defined or regulated by law. Unlike other social roles that we are expected to play - as citizens, employees, membersof professional societies and other organisations — it has its own subjective rationale, which is to enhance feelings of warmth, trust, love, and affection between two people.

For many people issues of trust and betrayal are central to friendship. Besides, most people do not look for friends only among those who are most like them, but find many who differ in race, religion, and ethnic background. There is also a tendency for people to enjoy the companionship of those of the same economic status and the level of education. Friends may also share an altruistic goal, such as a concern for justice or the cultivation of the arts.

Do people confide in their friends these days? Do they tend to turn to them in times of emotional crises? Do friends become more important as one gets older? Turned around, all of these questions provide clues as to whether people today find deficits in their friendships. When asked, for example, whether they felt that many of their friendships are not completely reciprocal, the overwhelming majority of people answer no.

The words friend and free come form the same root word, suggesting that one aspect friendship is the freedom to be ourselves in the company of another person. Most friendships begin with shared interests or activities which gradually develop into mutual trust, openness, affection and loyalty. We like people who share our attitudes and values. When someone agrees with us or makes the same choices we have made, we gain confidence in our views.

Among the qualities people consider to be important in а friend, above all, loyalty and the ability to keep confidences have turned out to be the most valuable. Warmth, affection, and supportiveness are also high on the list, while external characteristics such as age, income, and occupation, are not.

Some insights into what holds friendships together can be gained from looking at what can drive two friends apart. What can bring about а friendship's cooling off or ending? In а satisfying friendship, trust and feeling accepted are two of the most essential components. Feeling betrayed by а friend, and discovering that а friend had very different views on issues seems to be able to ruin any friendship.

Given the importance of trust, it is not surprising that the ability of having an intimate talk with a friend is of such a great value. There seems to be a link between trust and liking that suggests that trust encourages self-disclosure (revealing aspects of) yourself that are both precious and vulnerable. If self-disclosure meets with continued acceptance (not necessarily the same as approval of the feelings or actions), liking and affection deepen – as well as trust. In this theory, self-disclosure and trust must be reciprocated in order for the relationship to deepen.

Friendship is believed to follow certain rules that govern, or perhaps define, behaviour between friends.

According to one of them friends confide in each other sharing intimate aspects of their personal lives and feelings. Perhaps most significantly, bad as well as good news can be shared. Even though in our society, one's success is often equated with success at work, most people affirm they would tell а close friend about а failure at work. Furthermore, people claim that if they had а terminal illness, they would tell а friend.

Psychologists believe that friendship can be classified into three categories superficial, selfish, and real. Even though true friendship is to give and not to expect anything back, not all friendships are based on this principle.

А superficial friendship is one that often makes us fall into materialistic behaviour against our better judgement. An individual may prefer being part of a group to being lonely and suddenly turns into a different person as a rule due to peer pressure. This kind of friendship is not very deep or sentimental and never lasts for а long time.

Another category of friend is the selfish friend. An example of а selfish friendship is one with а friend who tries to take advantage of you. The selfish friend starts out seeming very interested in what you have to say and trying to make you feel like an important person in his life.

After a while this friend gets enough confidence and starts asking you for some help or unloads his problems on you and expects you to solve them for him. This relationship makes you feel obligated to your friend and not free to make friends with others. The main reason that these relationships occur is that we sometimes need someone to depend on and are deceived by the selfish friend’s initial interest in us. The problem is that selfish people are incapable of showing sincere feelings of friendship to others.

When there is а real friendship, you are always willing to share all kinds of sadness and joy with your friend. You can trust а real friend completely and feel free to be just the way you are without pretending. Real friendship gives а satisfaction that money cannot buy and makes you feel very important to someone you respect and love. In а real friendship, you find endless loyalty, confidence and security any time you need support or even protection. Moreover, real friendship places no limits on friends helping each other to reach all their goals and desires.

These days, the need for the security and understanding of а good friend is essential for everybody. Even though we may have many kinds of friends in our life, once we find а real one, it allows us to give the best of ourselves to make our friends feel good. Surely, this is the only kind of friendship that will be everlasting.

 

Vocabulary Practice

Exercise 1

Translate the following using  be bound to do

1. Он обязательно придет. Не волнуйся. 2. Тим пообещал, что обязательно решит эту проблему. 3. Его план обязательно удастся. 4. Все были уверены в том, что это событие несомненно должно произойти. 5. Ему казалось, что его невеста должна прийти именно сегодня. 6. Не сомневайся, их план обязательно удастся.

 

Exercise 2

Translate the following using  employ and its derivatives

1. На вашем месте, я бы не стал брать его на работу. 2. Сегодня зарплата во многих частных компаниях зависит от работодателя. 2. В последнее время во многих странах резко увеличилась безработица. 3. Если его не примут на работу, он будет разочарован. 4. Требования работодателей к работникам в этой области достаточно высоки. 5. Безработица среди молодежи в этой стране растет каждый год. 6. Министерство труда делает все возможное, чтобы обеспечить занятость. 7. Жаль, что работодатели не всегда находят общий язык со служащими.

 

Exercise 3

Re-phrase using It’s a far cry from

1. My opinion on this issue differs a lot from yours. 2. It differs much from what you told me about it. 3. His dreams do not coincide with reality. 4. What he says and what he does differ a lot. 5. His electoral pledges and his actions are not the same.

 

Exercise 4

Fill in the blanks with the proper word

a) accept – receive – admit:

1. She didn’t wish to _____ favours from a total stranger. 2. Nick wondered whether he should _____ the invitation. 3. The Mayor _____ him in his study. 4. He _____ piles of letters from people he hardly knew. 5. The elder boy was _____ to the Biology Department and given a scholarship. 6. He is unlikely to be _____ to such an exclusive club. 7. She won’t _____ the excuse.

b) admit – acknowledge – confess

1. I’ve got to _____ you are right. 2. He will never _____ his guilt, he is sure to deny everything. 3. He’s unlikely to _____ he may possibly be at fault, as he believes himself infallible. That’s why it will be no easy task to get him to _____ publicly that he has committed a blunder. 4. I’m somewhat surprised, I _____, to hear you say that.

 

c) economic – economical

1. The president expressed concern about the _____ development of the country. 2. My friend isn’t exactly mean, he’s just _____. 3. My husband is perfect at saving money. I value his _____ habits. 4. The _____ system of this country is worth studying. 5. I’d like to buy a car that will be quite small and _____. 6. What is he? – He is an _____ adviser.

 

Exercise 5

Translate the following using background

1. У этого ребенка очень слабая подготовка. 2. К сожалению, мне так и не удалось узнать причину их ссоры. 3. Его раздражает фоновая музыка. Она мешает ему работать. 4. Никто не знал, что представляет собой этот человек. 5. Истинная причина (подоплека) войны до последнего времени оставалась неизвестной. 6 Его не взяли на работу, так как у него не было для этого необходимой подготовки. 7. Расскажите мне, как возник этот вопрос. 8. Подоплека этой сделки легко объяснима. 9. Она всегда остается в тени своей сестры. 10. Мы навели о нем справки. 11. Никто ничего не знал о его происхождении. 12. Замок выделялся на фоне пейзажа.

 

Exercise 6

Insert prepositions where necessary

1. We confide ___ our friends. 2. These two authors are similar, in my view. There is very little difference ___ their style. 3. Does it differ much ____ what he said? 4. He confided ___ all his troubles ___ his friends. 5. He provided us ___ all the required information. 6. It was a secret _____ the two of them. 7. We provide our customers ____ the latest equipment. 8. The car is provided ___ a good stereo system. 9. He is the breadwinner. He provides ___ the family. 10. Nobody knew his real attitude ___ the employees.

 

Exercise 7

Translate the following using confide

1. Мы доверяем своим друзьям. 2. Если бы он доверил свое горе другу, ему было бы легче переносить страдания. 3. Его коллега по работе несколько раз обманывала его и неоднократно подводила. Неудивительно, что он ей больше не доверяет и считает, что на нее нельзя положиться. 4. Интересно, можно ли им доверить нашу тайну. 5. К моему удивлению, он признался мне, что никогда не делал такую работу раньше. 6. Он чувствовал, что может полностью довериться ей.

 

Exercise 8

Translate the following using concern

1. Что касается меня, я ему полностью доверяю. 2. Это вас совершенно не касается. 3. Моя личная жизнь никого не касается. 4. Что касается этой статьи, мне кажется, там недостаточно научно подтвержденных фактов. 5. Его очень волнует то, что говорят о нем другие люди. 6. Его никогда не волновало то, что я о нем думаю. 7. Эти проблемы касаются не только меня, это касается всех нас. 8. У меня нет ни малейшего представления о том, почему он не заботится о своем будущем. 9. Такое поведение с его стороны вызывает тревогу. 10. В этой сказке говорится о доброй девочке и злой фее. 11. Когда речь идет о детях, она всегда готова сделать все, что от нее зависит, чтобы помочь им. 12. Все родственники выражали огромную озабоченность по поводу ее здоровья.

 

Exercise 9

Translate the following using pretend

1. Я понял, что она не плачет, а только притворяется. 2. Он притворился, что спит, чтобы никто его не беспокоил. 3. Интересно, зачем он притворяется расстроенным, если в действительности это его нисколько не волнует. 4. Какой смысл притворяться, что вы ничего об этом не знаете? 5. Когда бы я ни пришел, он все время притворяется, что работает. 6. Когда ему задают неудобные вопросы, он притворяется, что не слышит. 7. Чтобы избежать серьезного разговора с ней, он сделал вид, что очень занят. 8. Он делает вид, что заинтересован вашими проблемами, хотя в действительности они его не волнуют. 9. Чтобы мама разрешила ему пойти гулять, Билли притворился, что уже сделал домашнюю работу. 10. Не притворяйся, что ты все это время был не в курсе того, что происходит.

 

Exercise 10

Translate the following using the phrasal verb to bring about

1. Никто не знал, что было причиной их ссоры. 2. Неразумная политика правительства может привести к экономическому кризису. 3. Изменение температуры неизбежно приводит к изменению климата. 4. Такое отношение к нему со стороны работодателя вызывает негодование. 5. Что было причиной такого поведения? 6. Нарушение правил может привести к применению по отношению к вам определенных санкций.

 

Exercise 11

Translate the following using (dis)approve/(dis)approval

1. Чтобы успешно завершить эту работу, ему необходимо ваше одобрение. 2. В знак одобрения он кивнул. 3. Я полностью одобряю эту меру предосторожности. 4. Конгресс утвердил предложенный бюджет. 5. Я хорошо к нему отношусь. Он мне нравится. 6. Не все одобряют политику правительства. 7. Мне не нравится его новая прическа. 8. Моей маме не нравятся некоторые из моих друзей. 9. Необходимо утвердить план нашей работы на совещании. 10. Многие осуждали его поступок. 11. Он неодобрительно покачал головой. 12. Парламент отклонил законопроект.

 

Exercise 12

Translate the following betray and reveal

1. Он хотел сохранить это в тайне, но случайно проговорился. 2. Его ошибки свидетельствуют о недостатке образования. 3. Занавес поднялся, и стала видна полутемная сцена. 4. Ты обещаешь не выдавать мой секрет? 5. В результате расследования были обнаружены некоторые недостатки существующей системы. 6. Теперь я могу назвать (сделать известным) имя нашего нового директора. Новым управляющем нашей компании назначен мистер Джонсон. 7. Мы перестали быть друзьями, так как он меня предал. 8. Ему нельзя доверять, он один раз уже выдал наши планы конкурентам. 9. Ее руки дрожали, что выдавало ее волнение. 10. Только по глазам было видно, как она зла на него. 11. Он пытался притвориться серьезным, но улыбка выдавала его. 12. В такой одежде ее легко можно было принять за иностранку, но ее акцент выдавал ее.

 

 

Exercise 13

Fill in the blanks with value or appreciate

1. I suppose only a Frenchman can _____ to the full the grace of Racine and the music of his verse. 2. Mr Cook _____ his secretary for her accuracy. 3. Judging by his words he _____ your help. 4. We’re meeting you half-way, gentlemen, and I hope you will _____ our attitude. 5. My dear Charley, I _____ your friendship above everything. 6. Mrs Brown said that she _____ our kind offer, and that she _____ our affection greatly but her mind was made up. 7. I _____ your sincerity, my dear boy, and _____ the effort you made to achieve a better understanding. 8. But I wouldn’t like him to think that I do not _____ the honour he has done. 9. Jane Austin’s work is to be _____ primarily as satire. 10. The children _____ the mechanical toys they had never seen before. 11. She does not _____ the sincere affection of her stepmother. 12. I _____ your advice. 13. You won’t _____ the book unless you know the story behind it.14. Stop smoking your endless cigarettes if you _____ your health. 15. Jenkins did not _____ the fact that it was a voluntary contribution. 16. I _____ your frankness. 17. I did not _____ the loving interest aunt Edmunda took in my affairs. 18. We _____ his willingness to help us. 19. To my regret, he failed to _____ the beauty of the picture.

 

 

Exercise 14

Work in pairs:

1. Я не придаю большого значения его словам. 2. Я очень ценю вашу дружбу. 3. Это не представляет для меня никакой ценности. 4. Ваши советы очень ценны для меня. 5. Опасно оставлять маленьких детей одних дома. 6. Он признал достоверность рассказа. 7. Я допускаю, что это так. 8. Среди политиков общеизвестным является тот факт, что скоро будут проведены новые выборы. 9. Если бы они тогда признали свое поражение, им не пришлось бы сейчас раскаиваться и извиняться перед вами. 10. Мы выражаем вам признательность за любезность. 11. Он заявил, что не одобряет ее образ жизни. 12. Если вы хотите достигнуть соглашения, нужно учиться идти на взаимные уступки. 13. Почему бы вам не обратиться к ней за помощью? 14. Почему ты так уверен, что он придет?   15. В книге представлены захватывающие представления о том, какие изменения претерпела эта теория в течение времени.

1. I don’t put much value in what he says.   2. I greatly value your friendship 3. It’s of no value to me.   4. Your advice is invaluable to me. 5. It’s dangerous to leave young children at home alone. 6. He admitted the truth of the story. 7. I admit it to be true. 8. It’s common knowledge among politicians that an election will be called soon.   9. If they had acknowledged being defeated, they wouldn’t have to regret it and apologise to you now. 10. We acknowledge your kindness.   11. He declared that he didn’t approve of my way of life. 12. If you want to reach an agreement, you’d better learn to make reciprocal concessions.   13. Why don’t you turn to her for help?   14. What makes you so sure that he is bound to come? 15. The book provides some fascinating insights into how this theory developed over the years.

 

Exercise 15

Study the following Grammar Notes and do the exercises below:

 

Tenses of the Infinitive:

 

	Active	Passive
Present Present Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous	(to) give (to) be giving (to) have given (to) have been giving	(to) be given ---------------- (to) have been given -----------------

 

Active:

Present Infinitive: (to) do   the action refers to the present or future:

They want to go on holiday.

Timothy intends to take part in the competitions.

 

Present Continuous Infinitive: (to) be + -ing –form describes an action happening now, at the moment:

What is she doing at the moment? – She seems to be looking through a magazine.

The baby seems to be crying.

 

Perfect Infinitive: (to) have + Past Participle - refers to the past and shows that the action of the infinitive happened before the action of the verb:

She claims to have met a lot of famous actors but I don’t believe her.

He is believed to have won in a lottery.

 

Perfect Continuous Infinitive: (to) have been + -ing-form – it refers to the past and emphasises the duration of the action of the infinitive, which happened before the action of the verb.

Her eyes are red. She seems to have been reading all night.

He is tired. He claims to have been working hard recently.

 

The perfect infinitive is used with such verbs as

a) seem, claim, expect, happen and appear – that are used in the ACTIVE VOICE

b) know, believe, say and expect – that are used in the PASSIVE VOICE

Compare:

She expected to have been met at the airport. – Она ожидала, что ее встретят в аэропорту.

She was expected to arrive on time. – Ожидается, что она приедет вовремя.

 

c) after modal verbs

He must/may/ might know about it.

He must/may/ might be working in his office now.

He must/may/ might have already returned from abroad.

 

Passive:

Present Infinitive: (to) be + Past Participle:

He hopes to be awarded for hard work.

They seem to be given a new task every week.

 

Perfect Infinitive: (to) have been+ Past Participle:

He is said to have been injured in the accident.

 

Translate the following sentences using appropriate forms of the infinitive:

a) 1. Мы ожидали, что нас довезут до отеля. 2. Кажется, идет дождь. 3. Кажется, он сейчас рисует новую картину. 4. Ты случайно не знаешь, где она сейчас? 5. Говорят, что он очень талантливый художник. 6. Кажется, он не понимает всей серьезности ситуации. 7. Ожидают, что они приедут рано утром. 8. Кажется, она знает три иностранных языка. 9. Кажется, кто-то стучится в дверь. 10. Оказалось, что он прав. 11. Кажется, он очень добрый человек. 12. Оказалось, он очень большой специалист по этому вопросу. 13. Полагают, что его изобретение очень поможет в нашей работе. 14. Вряд ли его можно заставить делать то, что он не хочет. 15. Никак не ожидали, что зима наступит так рано. 16. Как сообщают, в этом году средняя температура воздуха была значительно ниже, чем в прошлом. 17. Этот вопрос вряд ли будет обсуждаться на собрании. 18. Она, по-видимому, не любит живопись. 19. Ожидается, что договор будет заключен в ближайшем будущем. 20. Он, казалось, не был удивлен этим сообщением.

 

b) 1. Кажется, она сожгла обед. 2. Он утверждает, что уже закончил работу над докладом. 3. Она утверждает, что уже давно сидит на диете. Но я ей не верю. 4. По-видимому, они пользовались хорошим словарем, когда переводили эту статью. 5. Кажется, не все студенты читали эту статью. 6. Кажется, она не поняла это правило. 7. Вероятно, никто не обратил тогда внимания на его слова. 8. Говорят, что этот ученый сделал замечательное открытие. 9. Сообщают,