Using Concept Map tell about Structure and Functions of Circulatory System.

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Grammar

Correct grammar mistakes.

1. The femur is the large bone in the body and the only bone of the thigh (femoral) region. 2. There are a few more different kinds of bones that have the most different characteristics and growth patterns, which allow them to serve their differenter functions in the human body.3. The more longest muscle in the body is the sartorius muscle, which runs diagonally down the thigh. 4. Skeletal muscles in turn can be divided into fast and the most slow twitch fibers. 5. The bigger muscle in the human body is the gluteus maximus, or the buttock muscles. 6.Cardiac muscle is also an "involuntary muscle" but is the more similar in structure to skeletal muscle. 7. Anaerobic respiration is much little efficient than aerobic respiration. 8. To keep muscles working for a longest period of time, muscle fibers contain more several important energy molecules. 9. The smaller muscle, called the stapedius, in the body is located inside the ear. 10. This three layered structure is characteristic of both veins and arteries, but veins have the most thinner walls, because the media is less developed.

Listening

51. Watch the video ‘Human Circulatory System’ and answer the questions:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qmNCJxpsr0

 

Ø How many times does your heart beat every day?

Ø What does blood transport?

Ø What types of vessels does vascular network include?

Ø How many chambers does a human heart have? What are they?

Ø What valves are located in a human heart?

Ø How does blood become oxygenated?

Ø How does blood reach organs and tissues of the body?

Ø What are the vessels that carry deoxygenated blood to the heart?

 

Vocabulary

52. Follow the instructions:

References

1. Beers, M. (editor-in-chief) “Aging and the Cardiovascular System”[online], The Merck Manual of Geriatrics. Merck & Co. Inc. 2006. Available at URL: http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmg/search.jsp (last accessed: 30/6/06)

2. Guyton, A and Hall, J. (editors) Textbook of medical physiology. Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders, 2000.

3. Johnson, L. (editor) Essential medical physiology. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven, 1998.

4. Saladin, K. Anatomy & physiology: the unity of form and function. Boston, McGraw-Hill, 2001.

5. Talley, N and O’Connor, S. Clinical examination: a guide to physical diagnosis. Sydney, MacLennan & Petty, 2001.

Sources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system

http://www.innerbody.com/image/cardov.html

https://www.texasheart.org/heart-health/heart-information-center/topics/anatomy-of-the-heart-and-cardiovascular-system/

https://www.livescience.com/22486-circulatory-system.html

https://www.britannica.com/science/human-cardiovascular-system video (7 videos about circulatory system and heart)

https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/heart.html

http://humananatomybody.info/neck-arteries-model-labeled/

https://www.bcm.edu/healthcare/care-centers/cardiothoracic/procedures/coronary-artery-disease-coronary-bypass

Illustration adapted from: http://www.divingfollonica.com/large-elastic-arteries&page=5

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/pe/appliedanatomy/0_anatomy_circulatorysys_rev4.shtml

https://www.myvmc.com/anatomy/cardiovascular-system-heart/

Additional Information:

History

The earliest known writings on the circulatory system are found in the Ebers Papyrus (16th century BCE), an ancient Egyptian medical papyrus containing over 700 prescriptions and remedies, both physical and spiritual. In the papyrus, it acknowledges the connection of the heart to the arteries. The Egyptians thought air came in through the mouth and into the lungs and heart. From the heart, the air travelled to every member through the arteries. Although this concept of the circulatory system is only partially correct, it represents one of the earliest accounts of scientific thought.

In the 6th century BCE, the knowledge of circulation of vital fluids through the body was known to the Ayurvedic physician Sushruta in ancient India.^[18] He also seems to have possessed knowledge of the arteries, described as 'channels' by Dwivedi & Dwivedi (2007).^[18] The valves of the heart were discovered by a physician of the Hippocratean school around the 4th century BCE. However their function was not properly understood then. Because blood pools in the veins after death, arteries look empty. Ancient anatomists assumed they were filled with air and that they were for transport of air.

The Greek physician, Herophilus, distinguished veins from arteries but thought that the pulse was a property of arteries themselves. Greek anatomist Erasistratus observed that arteries that were cut during life bleed. He ascribed the fact to the phenomenon that air escaping from an artery is replaced with blood that entered by very small vessels between veins and arteries. Thus he apparently postulated capillaries but with reversed flow of blood.^[19]

In 2nd century AD Rome, the Greek physician Galen knew that blood vessels carried blood and identified venous (dark red) and arterial (brighter and thinner) blood, each with distinct and separate functions. Growth and energy were derived from venous blood created in the liver from chyle, while arterial blood gave vitality by containing pneuma (air) and originated in the heart. Blood flowed from both creating organs to all parts of the body where it was consumed and there was no return of blood to the heart or liver. The heart did not pump blood around, the heart's motion sucked blood in during diastole and the blood moved by the pulsation of the arteries themselves.

Galen believed that the arterial blood was created by venous blood passing from the left ventricle to the right by passing through 'pores' in the interventricular septum, air passed from the lungs via the pulmonary artery to the left side of the heart. As the arterial blood was created 'sooty' vapors were created and passed to the lungs also via the pulmonary artery to be exhaled.

In 1025, The Canon of Medicine by the Persian physician, Avicenna, "erroneously accepted the Greek notion regarding the existence of a hole in the ventricular septum by which the blood traveled between the ventricles." Despite this, Avicenna "correctly wrote on the cardiac cycles and valvular function", and "had a vision of blood circulation" in his Treatise on Pulse. ^{[20][ verification needed ]} While also refining Galen's erroneous theory of the pulse, Avicenna provided the first correct explanation of pulsation: "Every beat of the pulse comprises two movements and two pauses. Thus, expansion: pause: contraction: pause. [...] The pulse is a movement in the heart and arteries... which takes the form of alternate expansion and contraction."^[21]

In 1242, the Arabian physician, Ibn al-Nafis, became the first person to accurately describe the process of pulmonary circulation, for which he is sometimes considered the father of circulatory physiology.^{[22][ not in citation given ]} Ibn al-Nafis stated in his Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon:

"...the blood from the right chamber of the heart must arrive at the left chamber but there is no direct pathway between them. The thick septum of the heart is not perforated and does not have visible pores as some people thought or invisible pores as Galen thought. The blood from the right chamber must flow through the vena arteriosa (pulmonary artery) to the lungs, spread through its substances, be mingled there with air, pass through the arteria venosa (pulmonary vein) to reach the left chamber of the heart and there form the vital spirit..."

In addition, Ibn al-Nafis had an insight into what would become a larger theory of the capillary circulation. He stated that "there must be small communications or pores (manafidh in Arabic) between the pulmonary artery and vein," a prediction that preceded the discovery of the capillary system by more than 400 years.^[23] Ibn al-Nafis' theory, however, was confined to blood transit in the lungs and did not extend to the entire body.

Michael Servetus was the first European to describe the function of pulmonary circulation, although his achievement was not widely recognized at the time, for a few reasons. He firstly described it in the "Manuscript of Paris"^[24][25] (near 1546), but this work was never published. And later he published this description, but in a theological treatise, Christianismi Restitutio, not in a book on medicine. Only three copies of the book survived but these remained hidden for decades, the rest were burned shortly after its publication in 1553 because of persecution of Servetus by religious authorities.

Better known discovery of pulmonary circulation was by Vesalius's successor at Padua, Realdo Colombo, in 1559.

Finally, William Harvey, a pupil of Hieronymus Fabricius (who had earlier described the valves of the veins without recognizing their function), performed a sequence of experiments, and published Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus in 1628, which "demonstrated that there had to be a direct connection between the venous and arterial systems throughout the body, and not just the lungs. Most importantly, he argued that the beat of the heart produced a continuous circulation of blood through minute connections at the extremities of the body. This is a conceptual leap that was quite different from Ibn al-Nafis' refinement of the anatomy and bloodflow in the heart and lungs."^[26] This work, with its essentially correct exposition, slowly convinced the medical world. However, Harvey was not able to identify the capillary system connecting arteries and veins; these were later discovered by Marcello Malpighi in 1661.

In 1956, André Frédéric Cournand, Werner Forssmann and Dickinson W. Richards were awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system."^[27] In his Nobel lecture, Forssmann credits Harvey as birthing cardiology with the publication of his book in 1628.^[28]

In the 1970s, Diana McSherry developed computer-based systems to create images of the circulatory system and heart without the need for surgery.^[29]

Milestones

Some milestones in the history and study of the circulatory system include:

· 16th century B.C.: The Ebers Papyrus, an ancient Egyptian medical document, provides some of the earliest writing on the circulatory. It describes the connection of the heart to the arteries.

· 6th century B.C.: Ayurvedic physician Sushruta in ancient India describes how vital fluids circulate through the body.

· 2nd century A.D.: the Greek physician Galen documents how blood vessels carry blood, identifies venous (dark red) and arterial (brighter and thinner) blood and notes that each has a separate functions.

· 1628: William Harvey, an English physician, first describes blood circulation.

· 1706: Raymond de Vieussens, a French anatomy professor, first describes the structure of the heart's chambers and vessels.

· 1733: Stephen Hales, an English clergyman and scientist, measures blood pressure for the first time.

· 1816: Rene T.H. Laennec, a French physician, invents the stethoscope.

· 1902: American physician James B. Herrick first documents heart disease resulting from hardening of the arteries.

· 1903: Dutch physiologist Willem Einthoven invents the electrocardiograph.

· 1952: The first successful open-heart surgery takes place by F. John Lewis, an American surgeon.

· 1967: South African surgeon Christiaan Barnard performs the first transplant of a whole heart from one person to another.

· 1982: American physician Robert Jarvik designs the first artificial heart, and American surgeon Willem DeVries implants it.

· 2016: Study finds that 45 percent of all heart attacks in the United States may not have any symptoms, according to the study, published in the journal Circulation.

· 2017: Researchers find that marijuana may reduce the likelihood of A-fib among heart failure patients. "I was very surprised that it was actually a reduced association I found," said study lead author Dr. Oluwole Adegbala, a medical resident at Englewood Hospital and Medical Center in New Jersey. Adegbala presented the findings this month at the American Heart Association's Scientific Sessions meeting in Anaheim, California.

· 2018: A type of virus called a bacteriophage, which was procured from a lake, saves an elderly man who had an antibiotic resistant infection in his heart. [A Man with a Life-Threatening Heart Infection Was Saved by a Virus Plucked from a Lake]

· 2018: Google scans 300,000 patients retinas to train AI to detect heart disease.