Task 7. Read and translate the article from Russian into English.

Окружа́ющая среда́ — обобщённое понятие, характеризующее природные условия некоторой местности и её экологическое состояние. Окружающая среда обычно рассматривается как часть среды, которая взаимодействует с данным живым организмом (человеком, животным и т. д.), включая объекты живой и неживой природы.

Словосочетание окружающая среда, как правило, применяется к описанию природных условий на поверхности Земли, состоянию её локальных и глобальных экосистем и их взаимодействию с человеком. В таком значении термин используется в международных соглашениях.

В современную эпоху человеческая деятельность охватила практически всю географическую оболочку, и её масштабы теперь сравнимы с действием глобальных природных процессов, что негативно сказывается на состоянии окружающей среды. Окружающая среда — это среда обитания и деятельности человечества, весь окружающий человека мир, включая и природную, и антропогенную среду.

В рамках ООН создана специальная организация — Программа ООН по окружающей среде (англ. UNEP). В целях привлечения внимания к проблемам охраны окружающей среды ООН установила Всемирный день окружающей среды.

В Российской Федерации законодательное определение понятия «благоприятная окружающая среда» дано в статье 1 Федерального закона № 7-ФЗ «Об охране окружающей среды» от 10 января2002 года:

Благоприятная окружающая среда — окружающая среда, качество которой обеспечивает устойчивое функционирование естественных экологических систем, природных и природно-антропогенных объектов.

Нормативы в области охраны окружающей среды (далее также — природоохранные нормативы) — установленные нормативы качества окружающей среды и нормативы допустимого воздействия на неё, при соблюдении которых обеспечивается устойчивое функционирование естественных экологических систем и сохраняется биологическое разнообразие.

Таким образом, право на благоприятную окружающую среду обеспечивается системой природоохранных нормативов, а критерием соблюдения этого права является соответствие качества окружающей среды и воздействий на неё соответствующим природоохранным нормативам.

(Retrieved from: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Окружающая_среда)

Task 8. Choose one of the topics to make a report and present it in front of the class.

· What is environment?

· The main problems of the environment.

· Means to preserve the environment.

Biodiversity

PRE-READING

  Before reading the passage,answer all the following questions and discuss it with your partner. Then read the passage and find the facts supporting your ideas.

What is biodiversity?

How many species of animals exist on the Earth?

Why is biodiversity so important for some industries?

TEXT

Task 1. Read, translate the text and be ready to do the exercises.

Biodiversity

Species by the Numbers

Scientists have identified about 1.75 million different species. That includes 950,000 species of insects, 270,000 species of plants, 19,000 species of fish, 9,000 species of birds, and 4,000 species of mammals. This is only a small portion of the total number of species on Earth. There are millions more species yet to be discovered and named.

Biodiversity refers to all the different kinds of living organisms within a given area. Biodiversity includes plants, animals, fungi, and other living things. Biodiversity can include everything from towering redwood trees to tiny, single-cell algae that are impossible to see without a microscope.
Kinds of Biodiversity

A common way to measure biodiversity is to count the total number of species living within a particular area. Tropical regions, areas that are warm year-round, have the most biodiversity. Temperate regions, which have warm summers and cold winters, have less biodiversity. Regions with cold or dry conditions, such as mountaintops and deserts, have even less.
Generally, the closer a region is to the Equator, the greater the biodiversity. At least 40,000 different plant species live in the Amazon rain forest of South America, one of the most biologically diverse regions on the planet. Only about 2,800 live in Canada’s Quebec province.
The warm waters of the western Pacific and Indian Oceans tend to be the most diverse marine environments. The Bird’s Head Seascape in Indonesia is home to more than 1,200 species of fish and 600 species of coral. Many of the corals build coral reefs, which are home to hundreds more species, from tiny seaweeds to large sharks.
Some places in the world have a large number of endemic species—species that exist only in that place. The Cape Floristic Region in South Africa is home to about 6,200 plant species found nowhere else in the world. Areas with high numbers of endemic species are called biodiversity hotspots. Scientists and communities are making a special effort to preserve biodiversity in these regions.
Biodiversity can also refer to the variety of ecosystems—communities of living things and their environments. Ecosystems include deserts, grasslands, and rain forests. The continent of Africa is home to tropical rain forests, alpine mountains, and dry deserts. It enjoys a high level of biodiversity. Antarctica, covered almost entirely by an ice sheet, has low biodiversity.
Another way to measure biodiversity is genetic diversity. Genes are the basic units of biological information passed on when living things reproduce. Some species have as many as 400,000 genes. (Human beings have about 25,000 genes, while rice has more than 56,000.) Some of these genes are the same for all individuals within a species—they’re what make a daisy a daisy and a dog a dog. But some genes within a species are different. This genetic variation is why some dogs are poodles and some are pit bulls. It’s why some people have brown eyes and some people have blue eyes.
Greater genetic diversity in species can make plants and animals more resistant to diseases. Genetic diversity also allows species to better adapt to a changing environment.
Importance of Biodiversity

All species are interconnected. They depend on one another. Forests provide homes for animals. Animals eat plants. The plants need healthy soil to grow. Fungi help decompose organisms to fertilize the soil. Bees and other insects carry pollen from one plant to another, which enables the plants to reproduce. With less biodiversity, these connections weaken and sometimes break, harming all the species in the ecosystem.

Ecosystems with a lot of biodiversity are generally stronger and more resistant to disaster than those with fewer species. For instance, some diseases kill only one kind of tree. In the early 1900s, American chestnut blight killed most of the chestnut trees in the eastern forests of North America. The forest ecosystem survived because other kinds of trees also grew there.
Biodiversity is important to people in many ways. Plants, for instance, help humans by giving off oxygen. They also provide food, shade, construction material, medicines, and fiber for clothing and paper. The root system of plants helps prevent flooding. Plants, fungi, and animals such as worms keep soil fertile and water clean. As biodiversity decreases, these systems break down.
Hundreds of industries rely on plant biodiversity. Agriculture, construction, medical and pharmaceutical, fashion, tourism, and hospitality all depend on plants for their success. When the biodiversity of an ecosystem is interrupted or destroyed, the economic impact on the local community could be enormous.
Biodiversity is especially important to the medical and pharmaceutical industries. Scientists have discovered many chemicals in rain forest plants that are now used in helpful drugs. One of the most popular and safe pain relievers, aspirin, was originally made from the bark of willow trees. Medicines that treat some forms of cancer have been made from the rosy periwinkle, a flower that grows on the African island of Madagascar. Scientists have studied only a small percentage of rain forest species in their search for cures. But every year, thousands of species go extinct, or die out entirely, before scientists can determine whether they might be useful in medicines.

(Retrieved from: http://education.nationalgeographic.com/encyclopedia/biodiversity/)

Glossary

· Fungi – гриб

· Grassland – пастбище, луг

· Pollen – пыльца

· Fiber – волокно

· Extinct – вымерший

· Drug – лекарство

· Pain reliever – болеутоляющее средство

 

Word study