Ex.1 Find English equivalents. Найдите английские эквиваленты.

Злоупотребляют наркотиками, препараты психотропного вещества, должны применяться под наблюдением врача, были сделаны из растений, уйти от реальности.

Ex.2 Find Russian equivalents. Найдите русские эквиваленты.

understanding their potential abuse; take to change the way they feel think or behave, must be used under medical supervision, to treat illnesses; basically to change the way a person feels thinks or behaves;

Ex.3 Answer the questions. Ответьте на вопросы.          

1)What is fundamental to understand the essence of drugs?

2)What are drugs?

3) What is a psychoactive substance?

4) What kind of drugs do you know?

5) What naturally occurring drugs do you know?

6)What synthetic drugs do you know?

7) Why do people use drugs?

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WHAT MUST YOU KNOW ABOUT AIDS?

Aids is an abbreviation for acquired immune deficiency syndrome. This means that the body’s natural defense mechanism against infection is seriously impaired.

Aids is an illness that can kill Aids is caused by a virus called HIV. People with Aids can look and feel healthy. There are no particular symptoms of AIDS as they depend solely upon whichever chance infection affects the sufferer. This is the main risk of the disease. Like hepatitis B the AIDS virus has been found in most sufferer but is transmitted mainly by contact with blood containing the virus. HIV is present on the blood of all infected persons but it usually takes years before they suffer any effects.

You should know some important facts about Aids.

You can get infected with the Aids virus by:

· Having sex with a person who has the virus;

· Sharing needles to inject drugs with a person who has the virus.

To protect yourself from Aids:

· You should always use condom if you have sex. Use it properly. Read the directions on the package.

· Do not use anyone else’s needles. Don’t share your needles with anyone.

Don’t forget that a woman with the Aids virus can infect her unborn baby. A woman with the Aids virus can also pass it to her baby when breast-feeding. If you think you may be infected you can take your blood test and it can show if you have the Aids virus.

You cannot get the Aids virus by:

· sitting near someone;

· shaking hands;

· using bathrooms, telephones, drinking fountains;

· eating in a restaurant;

· sharing food, plates, cups, forks and spoons;

· swimming in a pool;

· being bitten by mosquitoes or other bugs;

· giving blood.

You cannot get the Aids virus through the air or by everyday contact.

Words:

1. a defense mechanism – защитный механизм

2. an illness – болезнь

3. to kill – убить

4. healthy – здоровый

5. an infection – инфекция

6. to suffer – страдать

7. body fluids – биологические жидкости

8. containing the virus – содержащей вирус

9. a needle – игла

10. to protect – защищать

11. a condom – презерватив

12. to infect – заразить

13. to take a blood test - сдать анализ крови

Ex.1 Find English equivalents. Найдите английские эквиваленты.

Синдром иммунодефицита, защитный механизм организма, выглядеть и чувствовать себя здоровым, основной риск заболевания, биологические жидкости, обмениваться иглами, инфицировать ребенка, анализ крови, рукопожатие.

Ex.2 Find Russian equivalents. Найдите русские эквиваленты.

The body’s natural defence mechanism, an illness that can kill, symptoms of AIDS, a sufferer, to get infected with the Aids virus, the blood of all infected persons, sharing needles, to infect her unborn baby, when breast-feeding, shaking hands.

Ex.3 Answer the questions. Ответьте на вопросы.          

1. What is the main risk of Aids?

2. What important facts should we know about Aids?

3. What should we do to protect ourselves from Aids?

4. Can we get the Aids virus by shaking hands, sharing food, swimming in a pool?

5. Can we get the Aids virus through the air?

 

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CLONING

The world was stunned by the news in late February 1997 that a British embryologist named Ian Wilmut and his research team had successfully cloned a lamb named Dolly from an adult sheep. Dolly was created by replacing the DNA of one sheep's egg with the DNA of another sheep's udder. The world media was immediately filled with heated discussions about the ethical implications of cloning. Scientists and ethicists have debated the implications of human and non-human cloning extensively when scientists at the Roslin Institute in Scotland produced Dolly.

No direct conclusions have been drawn, but compelling arguments state that cloning of both human and non-human species results in harmful physical and psychological effects on both groups.

Many people are convinced that the cloning of any species, whether they are human or non-human, is ethically and morally wrong. Cloning of human beings would result in severe psychological effects in the cloned child, and that the cloning of non-human species subjects them to unethical or unmoral treatment for human needs. The possible physical damage that could be done if human cloning became a reality is obvious when one looks at the sheer loss of life that occurred before the birth of Dolly. Less than ten percent of the initial transfers survive to be healthy creatures.

There were 277 trial implants of nuclei. Nineteen of those 277 were deemed healthy while the others were discarded. Five of those nineteen survived, but four of them died within ten days of birth of severe abnormalities. Dolly was the only one to survive. It has lived for seven years. In addition to physical harms, there are worries about the psychological harms on cloned human children. "One of those harms is the loss of identity, or sense of uniqueness and individuality.

The cloning of a non-human species subjects them to unethical treatment purely for human needs. What would happen if humans started to use animals as body for growing human organs? Where is the line drawn between human and non-human? If a primate was cloned so that it grew human lungs, liver, kidneys, and heart, what would it then be? Would non-human primates, such as a chimpanzee, who carried one or more human genes via transgenic technology» be defined as still a chimp, a human, a subhuman, or something else? It could create a world-wide catastrophe that no one would be able to stop. That is why the majority considers that the ethical and moral implications of cloning are such that it would be wrong for the human race to support it.

On the other hand, some people think that potential benefits outweigh the potential harms of cloning. Cloning would be probably used by infertile people who now use donated sperm, eggs, or embryos. It may provide a way for completely sterile individuals to reproduce, a valuable basic research of technologies related to reproduction and development.

The dilemma is very complex. The question shakes us all to our very souls. For humans to consider the cloning of one another forces them all to question the very concepts of right and wrong that make them all human. Many countries imposed a ban for human-cloning research.

Words:

1. to stun — оглушать, ошеломлять

2. research — (научное) исследование

3. lamb — ягненок, барашек; овечка

4. adult — взрослый, совершеннолетний

5. DNA — ДНК

6. е8£ — биол. яйцеклетка

7. heated discussion — горячая дискуссия

8. implication — следствие, вывод; последствия, результаты

9. to draw a conclusion — сделать, извлечь вывод

10. compelling — неодолимый, неотразимый, непреодолимый

11. harmful — вредный, пагубный

12. severe — жестокий, тяжелый (о болезни, утрате и т. п.); крупный, ощутимый (об убытке и т. п.)

13. treatment — обращение (of — с кем-л.)

14. obvious — очевидный, явный, ясный

15. sheer — абсолютный, полнейший, сущий, явный

16. loss — утрата, потеря

17. creature — создание, творение

18. trial — испытательный, пробный

19. nuclei — ядра

20. to survive — остаться в живых; выжить

21. abnormality — отклонение; аномалия

22. in addition — в добавление, к тому же, сверх, кроме того

23. identity — индивидуальность; личность

24. uniqueness — единственность, уникальность

25. lung — анат. Легкое

26. liver — анат. Печень

27. kidney — анат. Почка

28. heart — анат. Сердце

29. chimpanzee, chimp — шимпанзе

30. gene — ген

31. via — посредством чего-л., с помощью чего-л.

32. transgenic — трансгенный

33. majority — большинство

34. outweigh-— перевешивать; быть более влиятельным, важным

35. embryo — биол. зародыш, эмбрион

36. to impose a ban — налагать запрет; запрещать