Ex.1. Find English equivalents. Найдите английские эквиваленты .

Влиять на здоровье; сопротивляться болезни; содержать все необходимое, чтобы обеспечить потребности тела; умственная работа; углеводы; плохой аппетит

Ex.2 Find Russian equivalents. Найдите русские эквиваленты.

a form of fuel; form strong teeth and bones; must consist of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, water and vitamins

Ex.3 Answer the questions. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What will happen if we have no breakfast?

2. Why do we say that food is a form of fuel?

3. Why must a person be careful about meals and diet?

4. Do people of mental work need more food?

5. What diet does a person with high temperature and poor appetite need?

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VITAMINS

Vitamins play a very important role in human health. The story of vitamins began more than 100 years ago when a Polish chemist extracted from rice polishings a crystalline substance. This substance could cure beriberi. The chemist called it "vitamin". Vitamins are necessary for the growth and health, development and general health of the body. Overdosage of some vitamins may be harmful, so people must take normal doses of them. In planning a nutrition program for a person, we must know that certain foods are the best sources of each body requirement. We must eat carrots, fish, oil and eggs because they contain vitamin A which protects eyesight, increases resistance to infection. We may find vitamin В in liver, yeast and eggs. It strengthens nervous system. Fruit and vegetables contain vitamin С which helps to recover after illness. We find vitamins D and E in milk, eggs, fish liver oil, yeast and soya. They help the body in formation of bones and strong teeth, improve poor blood circulation.

Words:

1. rice polishing – рисовая шелуха;

2. resistance - сопротивляемость;

3. yeast - дрожжи;

4. to improve - улучшать;

5. nutrition - питание;

6. requirement - требование, запрос;

7. certain - определенный.

Ex.1 Find English equivalents. Найдите английские эквиваленты.

Играют очень важную роль; дозировки в пределах нормы; при планировании программы питания; защищает зрение; укрепляет нервную систему; рыбий жир.

Ex.2 Find Russian equivalents. Найдите русские эквиваленты.

a crystalline substance; are necessary for the growth and health; may be harmful; certain foods are the best sources of each body requirement; resistance to infection;

Ex.3 Answer the questions. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. Do vitamins play a very important role in human health?

2. When did the story of vitamins begin?

3. What are the vitamins necessary for?

4. What vitamin protects eyesight, increases resistance to infection?

5. Does vitamin D help the body in formation of bones and strong teeth?

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MINERALS

Minerals are an essential part of life on Earth as they work to promote the health of all living cells. They are necessary ingredients of life. There are over 20 minerals which are essential for mammalian life on Earth. Among these, there are some minerals that appear with the most prevalence in the human body.

Calcium plays an important role in forming bones and teeth; helps with blood clotting, and muscle and nerve function.

We can find calcium in salmon, sardines, milk, cheese, yogurt, calcium-set tofu, Chinese cabbage, kale, broccoli. Lack of calcium can lead to bone density issues, dental concerns, and muscular cramping. Overdosage of calcium can cause kidney stones; faulty kidney function; high blood levels of calcium; calcium deposits in soft tissue; decreased absorption of iron, zinc and magnesium

Iodine is a part of the thyroid hormones; it prevents goiter and a birth defect called infantile myxedema.

We can find this mineral in iodized salt, seafood, kelp.

Overdosage of iodine can lead to elevated level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

Iron is a part of hemoglobin; it helps blood carry oxygen to your body’s tissues and muscles; needed to make energy; supports immune system health; prevents one type of anemia We can find iron in meat, fish, poultry, lentils, beans, fortified breads and cereals.

Possible effects of taking too much are an upset stomach; constipation; diarrhea; dark stools; decreased absorption of zinc, calcium and copper.

Magnesium helps maintain normal muscle and nerve function; it sustains regular heartbeat; keeps bones strong; helps your body produce energy.

Magnesium is contained in meats, seafood, milk, cheese, yogurt, green leafy vegetables, bran cereal, nuts.

Possible effects of taking too much are diarrhea; nausea; appetite loss; muscle weakness; trouble breathing; low blood pressure; irregular heartbeat; mental changes; kidney failure.

Phosphorus is essential for healthy bones; helps your body produce energy.

It is contained in milk, yogurt, cheese, peas, meat, fish, eggs, some cereals and breads

Overdosage of phosphorus can cause decreased absorption of calcium. It also can join with calcium in the blood and form calcium deposits in soft tissue and also lead to porous bones.

Zinc supports your immune system; needed for wound healing and tissue repair; maintains your sense of taste and smell; helps digestion; supports normal reproduction, growth and development

We can find zinc in red meats, liver, oysters, certain seafood, milk products, eggs, beans, nuts, whole grains, and fortified cereals.

Possible effects of taking too much are decreased absorption of iron and copper; reduced immune function; reduced levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL)—also called the “good cholesterol”

Life is a game of balance. The dietary minerals or elements as they're known today, that are in every human are in a constant balancing act to regulate cellular health, which leads to total body health. Deviations in the balance of any of these elements can have adverse effects that could be life threatening. By promoting a balanced range of nutrition, you will be providing your body with the essential dietary elements which are necessary to develop and grow.

Ex.1 Find English equivalents. Найдите английские эквиваленты необходимая часть; формирование костей и зубов; ткани и мышцы тела; камни в почках; злаки; потеря аппетита; нарушение в работе почек; заживление ран; сниженная всасываемость железа и меди; отложения кальция в мягких тканях.

Ex.2 Answer the questions. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. Why are minerals an essential part of life on Earth?

2. Does calcium play an important role in forming bones and teeth?

3. What mineral sustains regular heartbeat?

4. Overdosage of phosphorus can cause decreased absorption of calcium, can’t it?

5. Why is zinc needed?

6. What effects can the overdosage of iron have?

 

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PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY

The body is wonderfully made, like a complex, perfect machine. Each part is specially constructed to carry out its own function, and to work as a whole with the other parts.

The body has a strong frame work of bones called the skeleton. The skeleton is covered by muscles and other soft tissues, and by skin on the outside.

The human body consists of three parts. They are the head, the trunk and the limbs.

The main part of the head is called the skull. The forehead, the temples, the cheeks, the cheekbones, the two jaws and the mouth compose the face. The teeth and the tongue are loading in the mouth. One chews food with the teeth and tastes food with the tongue. The lips are the two margins of the mouth. We see with the eyes, breathe and smell with the nose.

The trunk consists of the spine, the chest and the pelvic bones. The trunk is divided into two large cavities by diaphragm. The upper cavity of the trunk is called thorax and lower one is called the belly. The lungs and the heart are located above the diaphragms in the upper cavity. In the lower cavity we find interior organs such as stomach, liver, urinary bladder, gallbladder kidneys, spleen and intestines.

 The upper limb is divided into the shoulder, the upper arm, the forearm and the hand. The join between upper arm and forearm we call the elbow. The wrist is the joint between forearm and hand. Each hand has five fingers: index, middle finger, ring finger, little finger and a thumb.

The lower limb consists of the thigh-bone, the shin-bone and the fibula. We call the calf the back of the lower leg. The join between the femur and the lower leg is called the knee-joint. This joint is protected by the knee-cap. The joints between lower legs and feet are the ankles. The foot consists of heel, sole and toes.

Words:

1. construct - строить

2. to carry out - нести

3. to cover - покрывать

4. muscle - мышца

5. tissue - ткань

6. trunk - туловище

7. limb - конечность

8. skull - череп

9. temple  - висок

10. chew - жевать

11. to divide into – делиться на

12. belly – живот

13. shin-bone – большеберцовая кость

14. thighbone– бедренная кость

15. joint - сустав

16. knee-joint –коленный сустав

17. knee-cap – коленная чашечка

18. ankle-лодыжка

19. sole – подошва

20. frame– скелет, каркас

21. margin - поле, кромка

22. thorax  – грудная клетка

23. cavity – полость

24. diaphragm  – диафрагма

25. wrist – запястье

26. thumb – большой палец

27. fibula – малоберцовая кость

28. calf – икра

29. femur – бедро