Составьте аннотацию к тексту «Personal computer and its trends», используя определенные клише.

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол в действительном или страдательном залоге.

1. Computers (applied, are applied, are applying) for automatic piloting and automatic navigation.

2. The programs (write, have written, are written) to help people in the use of the computer system.

3. As digital computers (count, counted, are counted) quickly, they widely (use, used, are used) in business data processing.

4. Once data (entered, have entered, have been entered) correctly into the data processing system, the possibility of error (reduced, is reduced, are reduced).

5. It is known that an analyst (use, uses, is used) a computer to solve specific problems.

 

Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на употребление глагола-сказуемого в пассивном залоге.

1. The work of power stations is controlled by electronic devices.

2. New phenomena of nature are discovered by electronic devices.

3. The transistor was invented by American scientists in 1948.

4. The concept of integrating device was developed by Jack Kilby.

5. The size of devices was greatly reduced by integrated circuits.

6. New ways for the improvement of integrated circuits technology are being looked by scientists.

7. Man’s intellectual power has been extended by electronics.

 

Образуйте и переведите имена существительные от приведенных ниже глаголов с помощью суффиксов.

A. –er, or

To control, to compute, to design, to use, to manufacture, to work, to stimulate, to operate, to protect, to process, to deal, to program, to transmit, to print, to record.

B. –tion, -sion

To organize, to collect, to combine, to represent, to transact, to compute, to produce, to add, to invent, to correct, to inform, to substitute, to operate.

C. –ment

To require, to measure, to equip, to invest, to improve, to develop, to achieve, to move, to displace.

 

LESSON № 3

1. Прочтите и переведите следующий текст:

DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONICS

Electronics is a field of engineering and applied physics dealing with the design and application of electronic circuits. The operation of circuits depends on the flow of electrons for generation, transmission, reception and storage of information.

Today it is difficult to imagine our life without electronics. It surrounds us everywhere. Electronic devices are widely used in scientific research and industrial designing, they control the work of plants and power stations, calculate he trajectories of spaceships and help the people discover new phenomena of nature. Automatization of production processes and studies on living organisms became possible due to electronics.

The invention of vacuum tubes at the beginning of the 20^th century was the starting point of the rapid growth of modern electronics. Vacuum tubes assisted in manipulation of signals. The development of a large variety of tubes designed for specialized functions made possible the progress in radio communication technology before the World War II and in the creation of early computers during and shortly after the war.

The transistor invented by American scientists W. Shockly, J. Bardeen and W. Brattan in 1948 completely replaced the vacuum tube. The transistor, a small piece of a semiconductor with three electrodes, had great advantages over the best vacuum tubes. It provided the same functions as the vacuum tube but at reduces weight, cost, power consumption, and with high reliability. With the invention of the transistor all essential circuit functions could be carried out inside solid bodies. The aim of creating electronic circuits with entirely solid-state components had finally been realized. Early transistors could respond at a rate of a few million times a second. This was fast enough to serve in radio circuits, but far below the speed needed for high-speed computers or for microwave communication systems.

The progress in semiconductor technology led to the development of the integrated circuit (IC), which was discovered due to the efforts of John Kilby in 1958. There appeared a new field of science – integrated electronics. The essence of it is batch processing. Instead of making, testing and assembling descrete components on a chip one at a time, large groupings of these components together with their interconnections were made all at a time. IC greatly reduced the size of devices, lowered manufacturing costs and at the same time they provided high speed and increased reliability.

2. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.

1. What is electronics?

2. Where are electronic devices used?

3. What was the beginning of electronics development?

4. What is the transistor?

5. When was the transistor invented?

6. When were integrated circuits discovered?

7. What advantages did the transistors have over the vacuum tubes?