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Natural disasters tend to nullify the best efforts of mankind. It is as though there are forces at
work that are contemptuous* of our proud achievements. Who has not read of or seen the
waters that deluge our towns and cities, jeopardizing* lives and culminating* in the
destruction of the results of endless work in the space of a few moments? We are all
vulnerable* to feelings of futility as we view the carnage caused to cattle from the sudden
inundation.* Despite the laudable* advances made in technology, * it can be seen that we cannot
yet say we have mastered our environment. Disasters of this type, leaving only pathetic*
vestiges* of homes and shops, are accepted as inevitable,* and all we can do is to attempt to
ameliorate* the conditions that result.
Sample Sentences Use the new words in these sentences.
1. In spite of his efforts to cajole* the girl, she remained aloof,* and the
________________ of his efforts made him lugubrious.*
2. To our consternation,* modern ________________ has made feasible* a spate* of
lethal* devices that could lead to the inadvertent* destruction of the world.
3. In order to ________________ the height advantage of his adversary,* he abjured*
smoking and did an inordinate amount of exercise until he was the acme* of litheness*
and dexterity.*
4. We found it impossible to mollify* the irate* owner of three prize cats as he viewed the
________________ caused by our large dog.
5. The office was ________________ with requests for his autograph as the girls became
cognizant* of his identity.
Definitions Match the new words with their definitions.
6. nullify a. slaughter
7. deluge (v.) b. to flood
8. futility c. abolish, cancel
9. carnage d. applied science
10. technology e. uselessness
T ODAY ’ S I DIOM
to build upon sand —to have a poor base, or not sufficient preparation
Because they were amateurs and without money, the political campaign was built upon
sand and the candidate was a flash in the pan.*
N EW W ORDS
Libel
lī´ bəl
Defamatory
di fam´ ə tôr ē
Plaintiff
plān´ tif
Canard
kə närd´
Deprecate
dep´ rə kāt
W EEK 44 D AY 2
GOOD NEWS—AND BAD
One of the latent* dangers indigenous* to our constitutional guarantee of freedom of the
press has to do with the protection of the individual against the detriment* that might come
from news reports involving him. There are libel laws that protect against false charges. If an
individual believes his character or livelihood have been damaged by a defamatory article, he
can sue. As the plaintiff he must refute* the story and show how the defendant caused him
harm by printing a canard. The defendant attempts to substantiate* the truth of the article. The
printing of news may besmirch* an individual’s character, but there is no way to alleviate*
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this problem without changes in the Constitution. This would be tantamount* to destroying the
efficacy* of our coveted* right to learn the truth from the press. We all deprecate a situation
in which someone suffers because of exposure in the newspapers. Only when the harm is
caused by someone with a desire to malign* under the guise* of printing the news can the
individual expect to win compensation* through the courts.
Sample Sentences Use the new words in these sentences.
1. The mayor vehemently* denied there was any antipathy* between the governor and
himself and blamed this ________________ on their political opponents.
2. I resent your ________________ remark that depicts* me as a culprit.*
3. The egregious* calumny* of the defendant worked to the advantage of the
________________.
4. Publishers of newspapers and magazines augment* their staff with lawyers to represent
them when they are sued for ________________.
5. The cynic* will ________________ the motives of anyone who tries to ameliorate* the
iniquities* in our society.
Definitions Study these carefully for the fine differences in meaning.
6. libel (n.) a. express disapproval
7. defamatory b. the complaining party, in law
8. plaintiff c. degradation by writing or publishing
9. canard d. damaging character by false reports
10. deprecate e. a made-up sensational story
T ODAY ’ S I DIOM
a pretty kettle of fish —a messy situation, a problem
He knew that when he attacked the sacred cow* he would be in a pretty kettle of fish.
(Do you remember this idiom? It was used earlier in the book and should be familiar.)
N EW W ORDS
Reputed
ri pyü´ tid
Frail
frāl
Potent
pōt´ nt
Excoriate
ek skôr´ ē āt
Devout
di vout´
W EEK 44 D AY 3
A PHILOSOPHER FOR OUR TIME
Soren Kierkegaard was a Danish philosopher who is reputed to be the forerunner of the
current vogue* of existentialism. In appearance he was a frail and ungainly man. An
extremely erudite* thinker and writer, he was a potent force in propagating* the new
approach to life. His philosophy would excoriate those who believed that man could stand
aside from life. In his philosophy it is a heresy* to take a detached point of view; it is
incumbent* upon the individual to get involved. What is germane* is not that we exist, but that
our existence is determined by our acts. He was a religiously devout man who fervidly*
believed that the individual is always paramount.*
Sample Sentences Use the new words in these sentences.
1. Even though she was piqued* at his indolent* manner, it was pathetic* to listen to her
________________ him in public.
2. His awesome* mental dexterity* compensated* for his ________________ physical
condition.
3. When Ben’s muscles began to atrophy,* the doctor initiated* therapy* with a
________________ new drug.
4. The drug is ________________ to have a salubrious* effect on nascent* conditions of
this type.
5. Although he was a ________________ adherent* of the party, he remained aloof*
during the vitriolic* primary campaign.
Definitions Match the new words with their definitions.
6. reputed a. thought, supposed, believed
7. frail b. religious, sincere
8. potent c. delicate, weak
9. excoriate d. criticize severely
10. devout e. powerful, strong, intense
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T ODAY ’ S I DIOM
to toe the mark —to obey or stick to a rule or policy
He wanted to kick over the traces,* but his parents made him toe the mark.
N EW W ORDS
Diminutive
də min´ yə tiv
Profuse
prə fyüs´
Dulcet
dul´ sit
Impromptu
im promp´ tü
Malevolent
mə lev´ ə lənt
W EEK 44 D AY 4
THE ISLAND OF WILD DOGS
The saga* of the introduction of that diminutive song bird, the canary, into the homes of the
world as tame pets is an interesting one. In the sixteenth century a trading ship going to Italy
stopped at an island named “Canis,” from the Latin word for wild dog, which could be found
there in profuse numbers, off the coast of Africa. The dulcet song of the wild birds whetted*
the interest of the captain. In impromptu cages hundreds were taken aboard to be traded. The
sailors called these gray-green birds, spotted with yellow, “canaries.” As they approached the
island of Elba, near Italy, a malevolent storm put the boat in jeopardy* of sinking. A member
of the crew released the birds, and the intrepid* canaries instinctively flew towards land. The
peasants on Elba took the wild canaries in as pets. Eventually, the birds found their way into
homes throughout Europe where they were domesticated and bred for variety of song and
shades of colors. The canaries prevalent* today differ greatly from the ones discovered over
four hundred years ago.
Sample Sentences Use the new words in these sentences.
1. As the music reached a frenetic* tempo, the audience lost all decorum* and broke into
________________ dancing.
2. He had no qualms* about opposing the clique* who insidiously* exerted a
________________ influence on the president.
3. The connoisseur* was able to glean* a worthwhile painting from the
________________ variety of poor ones at the exhibit.
4. Europeans drive ________________ cars because their narrow roads and high prices
for gasoline are not conducive* to or compatible* with our large ones.
5. The blasé devotee of the opera was awakened from his ennui* by the
________________ tones of the new soprano.
Definitions Match the new words with their definitions.
6. diminutive a. ill-disposed, ill-intentioned
7. profuse b. tiny, small
8. dulcet c. spur of the moment, offhand
9. impromptu d. sweet or melodious to the ear
10. malevolent e. overflowing, abundant
T ODAY ’ S I DIOM
to be under a cloud —to be in temporary disgrace or trouble
Until they discovered the real thief, he was under a cloud.
W EEK 44 D AY 5
REVIEW
The history, or derivation, of words is called “etymology.” This is a fascinating study and it
gives insight to the background of words such as “canary,” and thousands of others. Knowing
the history of a word helps you remember it.
REVIEW WORDS DEFINITIONS
1. canard a. flood
2. carnage b. express disapproval
3. defamatory c. intense, strong, powerful
4. deluge d. sincere, religious
5. deprecate e. sweet or melodious to the ear
6. devout f. abundant, overflowing
7. diminutive g. slaughter
8. dulcet h. uselessness
9. excoriate i. criticize severely
10. frail j. damaging character by false reports
11. futility k. a made-up sensational story
12. impromptu l. small, tiny
13. libel m. cancel, abolish
14. malevolent n. ill-disposed, ill-intentioned
15. nullify o. weak, delicate
16. plaintiff p. the complaining party, in law
17. potent q. applied science
18. profuse r. believed, thought, supposed
19. reputed s. offhand, spur of the moment
20. technology t. degradation by writing or publishing
IDIOMS
21. a pretty kettle of fish u. to be in temporary disgrace or trouble
22. to be under a cloud v. to obey or stick to a rule or policy
23. to toe the mark w. a messy situation, a problem
24. to build upon sand x. to have a poor base, or not sufficient preparation
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WORDS FOR
FURTHER STUDY MEANINGS
1. _________________________ _________________________
2. _________________________ _________________________
3. _________________________ _________________________
SENSIBLE SENTENCES?
(From Weeks 41–44)
Choose the word that makes sense in each of the sentences below.
1. The station’s switchboard was (deluged, deprecated) by phone calls when the popular
soap opera was cancelled.
2. The (diminutive, frail) ballplayer proved that size doesn’t matter in some sports.
3. Peter was surprised when his normally nervous boss seemed so (blas é, aloof) about the
bad financial news.
4. Our mouths began to water when the (dulcet, succulent) dish was set upon the table.
5. Coming from a small city in Costa Rica, Ligia was not used to the (potent, frenetic)
pace of life in Boston.
6. With (bogus, insidious) identification papers, the terrorists attempted to board the
waiting airplane.
7. When the time came for Lisa to select a subject to major in, she found herself in a
(quandary, potpourri).
8. The (malevolent, benevolent) dictator was generally beloved by his people even though
he limited their freedoms.
9. Only a (negligible, manifest) amount of gas escaped from the laboratory during the
experiment.
10. The president of the School Board intended to (excoriate, nullify) the parents at the
opening meeting.
WORDSEARCH 44
Using the clues listed below, record separately using one of the new words you learned this
week for each blank in the following story.
Clues
4th Day
1st Day
1st Day
3rd Day
1st Day
Reprieve for Wolves
One of the most difficult problems to resolve has to do with the conflicting interests of
environmentalists and profit-making businesses. Examples of this dilemma appear frequently.
While the dispute about cutting down a forest to preserve owls has been in the news, there
appeared another conflict in the state of Alaska. Hoping to increase the number of tourists
who seek to hunt deer and caribou, the State of Alaska ordered the killing of some of the
number of wolves that prey on those animals.
This resulted in a of letters and articles condemning the that would result
from the anti-wolf policy. So, once again, the environmentalists, who maintain that the natural
balance should not be interfered with, ran up against the Alaskan tourist industry, which wants
to attract hunters who will increase the state’s revenue. After much publicity about the wolf
hunt and articles that tended to this policy, Alaska decided to the proposed
action.
N EW W ORDS
Wistful
wist´ fəl
Raiment
rā´ mənt
Brigand
brig´ ənd
Corpulent
kôr´ pyə lənt
Rail
rāl
W EEK 45 D AY 1
IN DAYS OF YORE
Current novels are replete* with lurid* crimes, carnage* and death. Do you get wistful when
you recall the romantic tales that begin with an innocent maiden travelling through the rustic*
countryside? She is dressed in glittering raiment. The scene is idyllic.* Without warning, the
group is set upon by a virile* brigand, who, in the most perfunctory* and callous* fashion,
carries her off. Pandemonium* results! Her entourage* is in a state of bedlam.* Her corpulent
escort is irate,* but unable to do anything to thwart* this debacle.* All he can do is rail against
the catastrophe. What to do? What to do?
Sample Sentences Use the new words in these sentences.
1. The potpourri* of au courant* fashionable ________________ includes the fatuous*
and the discreet.*
2. While all disgruntled* men may ________________ against malevolent* or
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Machiavellian* leaders, democracy offers a way to ameliorate* iniquities* through the
ballot.
3. Is there any veracity in the platitude* that ________________ men are jocose?*
4. To be candid,* there is little to be ________________ about in the “good old days.”
5. They captured the ________________, and he was incarcerated* for a mandatory*
period.
Definitions Match the new words with their definitions.
6. wistful a. dress, clothing
7. raiment b. scold, use abusive language
8. brigand c. longing, pensive,* wishful
9. corpulent d. robber, bandit
10. rail (v.) e. fleshy, obese,* excessively fat
T ODAY ’ S I DIOM
to flog a dead horse —to continue to make an issue of something that is over
He thought he could keep the pot boiling* about his opponent’s winking at* crime, but he
was flogging a dead horse.
N EW W ORDS
Raconteur
rak´ on tėr´
Sullen
sul´ ən
Rift
rift
Emissary
em´ ə ser´ ē
Ruminate
rü´ mə nāt
W EEK 45 D AY 2
WOE IS ME!
The raconteur of our story about idyllic* times gone by goes on to elucidate* how the
comely* heroine is taken to the bandits’ hideout. There, a sullen crew of cutthroats is
gathered. They don’t wish to procrastinate;* she must be taken immediately to a foreign land
where much treasure will be paid for her. Their cupidity* knows no bounds. The leader wants
to hold her for ransom from her wealthy parents. The gang demurs;* they are reticent.* There
is a rift among the criminals. Their leader remains truculent, and they agree to wait for just
two days for the ransom money. An emissary from the grief-stricken parents is expected at
any moment. The wan* maiden, her spirits at their nadir,* has time to ruminate about her
lugubrious* fate.
Sample Sentences Use the new words in these sentences.
1. He alluded* to the ________________ caused in the school by the plethora* of hirsute*
boys who ignored the criterion* for appearance.
2. Well known as a(n) ________________, he was never chagrined* when asked to tell a
story from his large repertoire.*
3. Despite all attempts to mollify* her, she remained ________________ about the levity*
caused by her slovenly* raiment.*
4. The obscure* country, an aspirant* for membership in the United Nations, sent a(n)
________________.
5. An anomaly* of our modern technology* is that the more we need to know, the less
time we have to ________________.
Definitions Match the new words with their definitions.
6. raconteur a. ill-humored, grim
7. sullen b. ponder, reflect upon
8. rift c. a skilled storyteller
9. emissary d. a split, an opening
10. ruminate e. an agent
T ODAY ’ S I DIOM
the die is cast —an unchangeable decision has been made
The fat was in the fire* and the die was cast when he decided to tell the white lie about
how he had found the money.
N EW W ORDS
Taut
tôt
Livid
liv´ id
Martinet
märt´ n et´
Yen
yen
Bagatelle
bag´ ə tel´
W EEK 45 D AY 3
TO THE RESCUE
Back at the castle, the situation is taut with emotion. The fair maiden’s mother is livid with
fear and anxiety; she has attacks of vertigo.* She talks about her daughter ’s audacity* in
riding out into the ominous* forests despite many similar kidnappings. The girl’s father, a
martinet who rules his family with an iron hand, staunchly* refuses to pay the ransom.
Iniquity* shall not be rewarded! At this moment of crisis a heroic knight volunteers to rescue
our heroine; he has had a secret yen for the young beauty. Avoiding rhetoric,* he pledges his
all to castigate* those responsible for this ignominious* deed. He holds his life as a mere
bagatelle against the duty he owes his beloved mistress. At the propitious* moment, he rides
off to do or die for her.
Sample Sentences Use the new words in these sentences.
1. The rabid* baseball fan lost his equanimity* and became ________________ when the
star pitcher became pugnacious* and was removed from the game.
2. There was a ________________ international situation caused by the proximity* of
unidentified submarines to our coasts.
3. When one enlists in the army, one expects to be under the aegis* of a
_______________.
4. His ________________ for imbibing* and romping* with girls worked to his
detriment*.
5. The little boy tried to wheedle* a larger allowance from his father by the caustic*
observations that it was a mere ________________ when compared to the allowances of
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his friends.
Definitions Match the new words with their definitions.
6. taut a. strict disciplinarian
7. livid b. tense, keyed up, on edge
8. martinet c. pale
9. yen d. a trifle
10. bagatelle e. strong desire, strong longing
T ODAY ’ S I DIOM
a cat’s paw —a person used as a tool or dupe*
The spy used the innocent girl as a cat’s paw to get military information from the
grapevine.*
N EW W ORDS
Callow
kal´ ō
Appalled
ə pôld´
Penchant
pen´ chənt
Decapitate
di kap´ ə tāt
Termagant
tėr´ mə gənt
W EEK 45 D AY 4
WELL DONE, SIR KNIGHT!
Seeking his adversaries,* the knight rides to their hideout. Despite his callow appearance, he
is reputed* to disdain* danger and to be a prodigious* horseman. The kidnappers lose their
equanimity* at his approach. They are appalled at the prospect, and they are in a quandary* as
to which one will meet him on the field of combat. The leader, under duress,* rides out. “Do
you have a penchant to die?” derides* the knight. More vituperative* remarks follow. They
spur their horses toward each other. It takes but one blow for our hero to decapitate the
villain. The others flee to avoid their imminent* destruction. The knight takes the maiden on
his horse, and they ride back to the castle. Their wedding soon follows. Little does the knight
realize that the fair maiden is a garrulous* termagant who will make his life miserable with
caustic* remarks. Still, the cliché,* “And they lived happily ever after,” must conclude our
fabricated* tale.
Sample Sentences Use the new words in these sentences.
1. We do not ________________ criminals because of our aversion* to such repugnant*
punishments.
2. I do not wish to deprecate* your ________________ for cowboy music, but I find it
banal.*
3. Why do you remain docile* while that ________________ besmirches,* maligns,* and
belittles* you?
4. Each long holiday weekend we are ________________ at the carnage* on our
highways.
5. It was deplorable* the way the capricious* girl led the ________________ youth on a
merry chase.
Definitions Match the new words with their definitions.
6. callow a. youthful, inexperienced
7. appalled b. behead
8. penchant c. a strong leaning in favor
9. decapitate d. a scolding woman, a shrew
10. termagant e. dismayed, shocked
T ODAY ’ S I DIOM
coup de gr â ce —the finishing stroke
When my girlfriend left me, it was a bitter pill to swallow,* but the coup de gr â ce was
that she kept my engagement ring.
W EEK 45 D AY 5
REVIEW
Language grows and changes. In “days of yore” there were not nearly as many words in our
language as we have today. Within the next 50 years hundreds of new words will be added.
Educated and alert individuals make new words part of their vocabulary as quickly as they
come into accepted use.
REVIEW WORDS DEFINITIONS
1. appalled a. behead
2. bagatelle b. shocked, dismayed
3. brigand c. pale
4. callow d. a trifle
5. corpulent e. bandit, robber
6. decapitate f. an agent
7. emissary g. grim, ill-humored
8. livid h. clothing, dress
9. martinet i. on edge, keyed up, tense
10. penchant j. strict disciplinarian
11. raconteur k. wishful, pensive,* longing
12. rail l. a strong leaning in favor
13. raiment m. an opening, a split
14. rift n. a skilled storyteller
15. ruminate o. inexperienced, youthful
16. sullen p. excessively fat, fleshy, obese*
17. taut q. reflect upon, ponder
18. termagant r. a shrew, a scolding woman
19. wistful s. use abusive language, scold
20. yen t. strong desire, strong longing
IDIOMS
21. a cat’s paw u. the finishing stroke
22. the die is cast v. an unchangeable decision has been made
23. coup de grâce w. to continue to make an issue of something that is over
24. to flog a dead horse x. a person used as a tool or dupe
WORDS FOR
FURTHER STUDY MEANINGS
1. _________________________ _________________________
2. _________________________ _________________________
3. _________________________ _________________________
WORDSEARCH 45
Using the clues listed below, record separately using one of the new words you learned this
week for each blank in the following story.
Clues
4th Day
4th Day
1st Day
2nd Day
4th Day
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