Unit 5 spreading information

Vocabulary

to spread information	распространять информацию
to broadcast	сообщать в эфир; транслировать; вещать
speech	речь; выступление; доклад
interview	интервью; собеседование; опрос
to print	печатать; издавать; публиковать
press conference	пресс-конференция
online	происходящий в реальном времени; с использовани- ем интернет-ресурса; в открытом сетевом доступе
topic	тема; проблематика; предмет обсуждения; тема дис- куссии
to participate	участвовать; принимать участие
word of mouth	устный; передаваемый в устной форме; непосред- ственное общение
article	статья; параграф; заметка
to announce	объявлять; извещать; анонсировать; заявлять
media	пресса; средства массовой информации
to distribute	распространять; распределять
news release	сообщение новостей (через печать); информация для печати
to conduct	вести (переговоры); проводить (интервью)

TEST-PAPER

                                             E x erci se 1

Fill in the blanks with the words from the box

interview	media	to announce	word of mouth
broadcast	article	speech	to participate

1. We are pleased                       that all five candidates were successful.

2. Many of our clients come through                         recommendations.

3. She had an                    last week for a job at an Internet company.

4. This expression is used mainly in                    , not in writing.

5. She didn't                      in the discussion.

6. In this                     , as the title suggests, I shall deal in detail with a rather specif- ic topic.

7. Most of the programmes are                        in English.

8. The group owns newspapers, TV stations and other                       companies.

E x erci se 2

Translate the following sentences from English into Russian

1. Police chiefs called a press conference to appeal for help from the public.

 

2. The majority of small businesses now do their banking online.

 

3. The article covered a wide range of topics.

 

4. Interviews and questionnaires are the most important tools in sociological re- search.

 

5. Copies of the report were distributed shortly after the meeting.

 

6. More than two hours later another news release was faxed to the media.

 

7. Our employees are encouraged to participate in the decision making process.

 

8. He made the announcement in a speech on television.

 

 

E x erci se 3

Find the answers to the crossword

VERTICALLY:

2. A programme on the radio or on television.

4. To spread something.

7. A piece of writing about a particular subject in a newspaper or magazine.

8. Connected to other computers through the Internet, or available through the Internet.

 

HORIZONTALLY:

1. A talk, especially a formal one about a particular subject, given to a group of people.

3. An official meeting with someone who asks you questions.

5. The main ways that large numbers of people receive information and entertain- ment.

6. A subject that people talk or write about.

 

 

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Unit 7

THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE

Regular verbs

Positive	Negative	Interrogative
I worked. We worked. You worked. He worked. She worked. It worked. They worked.	I did not work. We did not work. You did not work. He did not work. She did not work. It did not work. They did not work.	Did I work? Did we work? Did you work? Did he work? Did she work? Did it work? Did they work?
	I didn‘t work They didn‘t work

Irregular verbs

Positive	Negative	Interrogative
I brought. We brought. You brought. He brought. She brought. It brought. They brought.	I did not bring. We did not bring. You did not bring. He did not bring. She did not bring. It did not bring. They did not bring	Did I bring? Did we bring? Did you bring? Did he bring? Did she bring? Did it bring? Did they bring?
	I didn‘t bring. They didn‘t bring.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE

The Past Simple Tense is used:

1. To express a finished action in the past.

· We returned to New York last Sunday.

· I worked as a sociologist 2 years ago.

We were in London in 2001.

The Past Simple Tense is often used with past time expressions: last year, last month, five years ago, yesterday morning, the day before yesterday, in 1945.

2. To express actions which follow each other in a story.

· James came into the room. He switched on the light and sat down on the chair. Suddenly he noticed a man sitting in the arm-chair in the corner of the room.

E x erci se 1

Write the Past Simple of these verbs

To get	to go	to find
to see	to think	to forget
to arrest	to know	to forgive
to pay	to kill	to shoot
to steal	to win	to detain
to buy	to catch	to fall

E x erci se 2

Read and translate the following sentences. Then make them negative and interrogative

1. The scientific method employed by sociologists began to emerge in the seven- teenth century.

 

2. Sociology emerged as a discipline in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a period of sweeping social changes.

 

3. As the kings of Europe extended their rule over larger and larger territories, they began to create bureaucracies to administer their realms.

 

4. As a result, the common people began to feel more distanced from their rulers and popular support for monarchies began to weaken.

 

5. Early sociologists strove to understand these major changes and their implications.

 

6. Early sociologists helped explain this transition from a very localized farm economy to a much larger-scale factory economy.

7. They examined the wide diversity of human customs and values and saw that Eu- ropean way of life was shared by most people.

 

8. The major social changes of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries provided much of the push that led to the creation of sociology.

 

9. Rational-choice theory was an important framework for many of the early social sciences.

 

10. Adam Smith and Jeremy Bentham. Were prominent among the founders of ra- tional-choice theory.

 

E x erci se 3

Read the text putting the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple Tense. Translate the text into Russian

Philosophers and thinkers of ancient and medieval societies (to make)          count- less observations about human behavior and (to predict)                                 that a systematic study of human behavior (to be)                               necessary to improve society.

The first founder of sociology as a science (to be)                the French theorist Au- guste Comte (1798–1857). He (to give)                          sociology its name. The second founder of sociology (to be)                   Herbert Spencer (1820-1903). He greatly (to dominate)

                      scholarly thinking in his times by suggesting that societies are bound to change.

Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) (to develop)                       a fundamental thesis to help understand all forms of society through intensive study of group behavior.

Another important theorist who (to contribute)                          to the scientific study of society (to be)                                             the German philosopher Max Weber. He (to point out)

                          that much of our social behavior cannot be reanalyzed without studying the subjective meanings people attach to their actions — how they themselves view and explain their behavior. He (to suggest)                                                 that sociologists should thoroughly consider thoughts and feelings of the people under study.

· Ask 6 questions of your own about the text.

E x erci se 4

Read the text how Teresa, a sociologist, spends her weekdays

Teresa wakes up at 7 am and takes a shower. Then she cooks a light breakfast and drinks a cup of coffee. She leaves home at 8. She waits for her friend Eva on the corner,

and they walk to the office together. On the way, they discuss their jobs and plan their day. At 8:45 they arrive at the office and start their day. Teresa works hard all day, and after work she exercises at the gym. She gets home at 7 pm and prepares a simple meal. After dinner she relaxes and listens to music. Then she watches the evening news and goes to bed.

 

Yesterday was a typical working day for Teresa. Write what she did yesterday.

E x erci se 5

Translate into English using the Past Simple Tense

1. Этот научный метод начал развиваться в 17 или 18 веке?

2. Какой вклад внесли эти ученые в развитие социологии?

3. Эти изменения оказывали большое влияние на формирование научных взглядов, не так ли?

4. Дюркгейм был социологом, который акцентировал значимость общественных институтов.

5. С. Миллс подчеркивал связь между историей и биографией личности.

6. Почему поддержка монархии со стороны общества начала ослабевать?

 

GLOSSARY

to emerge	появляться, возникать
to extend	продолжать, расширять, удлинять
to sweep social changes	уничтожать общественные изменения
bureaucracy	бюрократия, чиновничий аппарат
popular support	народная, общественная поддержка
rational-choice theory	теория рационального выбора
framework	структура, система взглядов
medieval society	средневековое общество
to dominate	господствовать, контролировать
scholarly thinking	научное мышление

Unit 8

THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Positive	Negative	Interrogative
I was doing We were doing You were doing You were doing She was doing He was doing It was doing They were doing	I was not doing We were not doing You were not doing You were not doing She was not doing He was not doing It was not doing They were not doing	Was I doing? Were we doing? Were you doing? Were you doing? Was she doing? Was he doing? Was it doing? Were they doing?
	I wasn’t doing We weren‘t doing

GRAMMAR REFERENCE      

1. The Past Continuous Tense is used to denote that somebody was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. (at 6 p.m. yesterday, from 4 till 5 the day before yesterday)

· This time last year I was living in Moscow.

 

2. We use the Past Continuous Tense and the Past Simple Tense together to say that something happened in the middle of something else.

· While I was examining the results I found out some very interesting facts.

 

 

E x erci se 1

Read and translate the following sentences

1. While the respondent was answering the questions the interviewer was filling the questionnaire form correctly.

2. While some sociologists were employing and encouraging the use of only one or the other method, their colleagues saw benefits in combining the approaches.

3. Max Weber was advocating the objective approach and against the expression of non-professional or non-scientific opinions in the classroom.

4. At the beginning of the last century a Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov was con- tinuing his research on the reflex processes.

5. While observing the behavior of the dog on which he was working as a laboratory subject, he noticed some interesting facts.

6. What difficulties did you face while you were working with ESP sources in English?

7. What approach did you consider efficient when you were coping with these difficul-

ties?

8. The investigator was collecting information through direct participation in and ob-

servation of the group under study the whole month las year.

9. During our work we were trying to retain a certain level of detachment from the group under study.

10. To get more correct data he was asking the same questions in five different ways.

 

E x erci se 2

Refer the following action to the past

Model: At the moment Pete is taking an exam in Sociology (to prepare for)

At this time yesterday Pete was preparing for his exam in Sociology.

 

1. Ann is working as an assistant now. (to train for secretarial work)

 

2. At the moment Brian is conducting a survey. (to consult his colleagues)

 

3. Now the investigators are conducting the research. (to schedule a research de-

sign)

 

4. At the moment the experimental group is participating in the experiment. (to pass the tests)

 

5. Now the scientists are summarizing and commenting the obtained results. (to pre- sent a general picture of research)

 

E x erci se 3

Put questions of all types to the sentences

1. At 5 sharp Helen was talking to the Dean.

 

 

2. The second year students were generating data for their term research.

 

 

3. They were observing the experimental group when the accident happened.

 

 

4. The scientific adviser was expressing his opinion on my thesis when I understood the mistake.

 

 

5. From 8.30. till 10.00 yesterday the students were discussing the latest cultural ad- vances in this country at the seminar.

 

E x erci se 4

Here is a list of some things that Mr. Ivanov, the chief of sociological bureau, planned to do yesterday. Say what and and the times at which he was doing)

9.30 – to look through the results of the conducted survey

10.00 – to meet the volunteers

11.00 – to study their CVs

12.00 – to have a coffee break

12.30 – to lecture at the University

2.00 – to have dinner

3.30 – to report at the conference

5.30 – to consult his post-graduates

 

 

E x erci se 5

Complete the conversation about a frightening experience. Use the words in parentheses and the Past Continuous tense

– Where _ were you going    (you/go)?

– I                              (go) to the conference to Los Angelos.

– Who                                (travel) with you?

– My colleague was.

– Where                                      (you/sit)?

– In the middle section of the plane.

– What                                    (you/do) when you noticed the smoke from the engine?

– I                         (look out) the window and _               (think) about my report).

– What about the other passengers? How                                    (they/act)?

– They                           (look around) and                             (get) very nervous.

– And the Flight attendants? What                                                      (they/do)?

– They                       (help) everyone with their life vests. In the end, we didn‘t need them. The pilot landed the plane safely.

E x erci se 6

Translate into English using the Past Continuous and the Past Indefinite Tenses

1. Руководитель просматривал результаты анкетирования почти весь день вчера.

 

2. Студенты готовились к семинару по истории философии в это время на про-

шлой неделе.

 

3. В прошлом семестре у этого студента был очень низкий уровень знаний.

 

4. Во время выступления докладчик ссылался на последние эксперименталь-

ные данные.

 

5. Журналисты активно обсуждали достоверность полученных данных во время

утреннего совещания.

 

6. Я окончила университет, когда мне был 21 год, и поступила в магистратуру.

 

7. Мы встречались в Лондоне в прошлом месяце, когда он принимал участие в

ежегодной конференции по глобальным проблемам развития общества.

 

8. Они смотрели телевизор, когда узнали о пожаре.

 

9. Когда он учился в школе, он активно участвовал в жизни класса.

 

10. Мы как раз подписывали важный контракт, когда раздался телефонный зво-

нок.

 

GLOSSARY

respondent	респондент, опрашиваемый
questionnaire	анкета
to encourage	поощрять, поддерживать в чем-либо
to advocate	отстаивать, выступать в поддержку
to face difficulties	сталкиваться с трудностями
to cope with problems	справляться, решать проблемы
to retain some detachment	держаться отстраненно
to schedule a research design	продумывать план исследования
qualifying test	оборочный тест
to generate data	собирать данные
CV (Curriculum Vitae)	биографические данные, резюме
thesis	диссертация

Unit 9

THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

Positive	Negative	Interrogative
I had done	I had not done	Had I done?
I‘d done	I hadn‘t done

The Past Perfect Tense denotes an action completed before a certain moment in the past.

· He had finished the interview when I called him.

· They had examined the results by 5 o‘clock yesterday.

The Past Perfect is not used to denote a succession of actions. In this case the Past Indefinite is used.

 

· The investigator got up, looked through the survey and gave it to his colleague.

The Past Indefinite is used with the conjunctions after, before, when if the succes- sion of actions should be expressed.

 

· The researcher had a short rest before he went on with his work.

· When the secretary prepared the documents, he posted them.

The Past Perfect is used with the conjunctions:

Hardly Scarcely

+ Past Perfect … when + Past Indefinite

Nearly Barely

· The commission had hardly announced the results when new data appeared.

E x erci se 1

Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the use of the Past Perfect Tense

1. They explained how they had planned the survey.

 

2. When he came to work for us, he said he had been a real estate agent before.

 

3. We were sure he had legated his house by that time.

 

4. Research in sociology began when sociologists wanted to know why a particular

phenomenon had occurred.

 

5. We learned that Durkheim had not been satisfied with psychological explanations

of suicide.

 

6. Using government statistics he concluded that the reasons of suicide had been

dependent on social circumstances.

 

7. Durkheim applied a sociological perspective to a phenomenon that scientists had

considered to be strongly psychological in origin.

 

8. The post graduate had hardly finished his speech, when the discussion began.

 

 

E x erci se 2

Respond to the following using the Past Perfect Tense

Model:

Why didn‘t you listen to the report? (to hear)

I didn‘t listen to the report, because I had heard it before.

1. Why didn‘t you see your scientific adviser in Moscow? (to leave for conference).

 

2. Why didn‘t Kate want to participate in poll? It could be good for her practice. (to

take part)

 

3. Why didn‘t the applicant tell the commission about this episode? (to forget)

 

4. What did Jeff hear about Jane‘s trial period? (to pass it successfully)

 

5. Why did John come so soon from the conference? (to make the report)

 

6. What did you learn about your former group mate? (to become a famous sociolo-

gist)

7. What did she read about the conference in the newspaper? (to be held successfully)

 

8. What did he learn about Helen from the letter he had received? (to publish her

new book)

 

E x erci se 3

Put questions of all types to the sentences

1. The sociologists had developed a theory to explain individual behavior within a so- cial context by the end of the 19^th century.

 

 

2. We had hardly entered the conference room when the speaker declared the meet- ing opened.

 

 

E x erci se 4

Unite the following pairs of sentences. Use the conjunctions after, as soon as, before, until, till, when

Model:

He went to England. He left school.

He left to England after he had left school.

 

1. We understood the problem. He explained us the details.

2. She wrote the letter. She went to the post office.

3. The lawyer prepared the contract. We went to a notary.

4. We drove to the airport. The plane took off.

5. A researcher studied the obtained data attentively. He was ready to analyze them.

6. All rose. The outstanding scientist entered the conference room.

7. The professor didn‘t say a word. The third-year student finished his report.

8. The investigator didn‘t leave. He received a definite answer.

9. He was a social worker. He began to study Sociology.

10. Andrew didn‘t leave for home. He completed the analyses.

 

E x erci se 5

Put the verb in brackets into the Past Simple, the Past Continuous, the Past Perfect

1. The press conference (to start)                        when we (to turn on)            the TV. The chairman (to announce)                                            the participants.

2. The dean hardly (to reach)                            the door of his office when he (to en- counter)          two young men. They (to discuss)                something.

3. The interviewer hardly (to ask)                            his questions when the man (to answer)          them.

4. The specialist (to close)                         the window and (to sit)               in his arm-chair and (to begin)                                             to look through papers.

5. He (to break)                                traffic rules twice till the authorities (to debar)

                him the right of driving.

6. Suddenly the investigator (to realize)                                   that he (to search)

                     in the wrong direction.

7. The analyst (to be)                      a woman of twenty eight who (to graduate)

                                             from the University 6 years ago.

8. When I (to hear)                     the knock I (to go)                    to the door and (to open)it, but I (not/to see)    anyone there.

9. He just (to finish)                              the report and (to prepare)                     to an- swer the questions when the secretary (to announce)a coffee break.

10. She (not/be)                          there five minutes when the accident (to happen)

                                             .

 

E x erci se 6

Translate the following sentences into English

1. Когда он вошел в комнату, он увидел документы там, где их оставил.

 

2. Он не прочел и половину статьи, как заявил, что проведенное исследование очень актуальное.

 

3. На конференции студент четвертого курса привел данные, которые получил в результате исследования.

 

4. Прошло некоторое время, прежде чем группа разработала тактику проведе- ния опроса.

 

5. Научный руководитель был доволен успехами своего аспиранта, учитывая как мало времени прошло с момента начала работы.

 

GLOSSARY

survey	опрос, анкетирование, обозрение
estate agent	агент по продаже недвижимости
to legate	завещать
suicide	самоубийство
circumstance	обстоятельство, условие
scientific adviser	научный руководитель
poll	число голосов, социологическое исследование
to encounter	сталкиваться
to break rules	нарушать правила
perspective	перспектива, ракурс

UNIT 10