Ex. 15. Define the main topic and idea of the text, split it into the logical parts, make up the plan of the text.

Ex. 16. Abstract the text.

Ex. 17. Study the picture 11, paying attention to the rig terms and describe the constructional features of this clipper-type vessel.

Pic. 15. A Full-rigged Tall Ship of a Clipper-type:

Ex. 18. Read and try to understand the text:

 

TEXT 6C

MODERN RIGGERS

 

In late XVIII century the sailing arms reached absolute perfection, already there was no necessity to solve a task of safe storm navigation only by designing the special form of the hull. For an opposition to a storm wind the sailing arms was actively used. The seafarers also needed maintenance of the given rate and maximal speed of a course even in conditions of a storm wind, when small displacement Pic. 16. Modern sloop caravels for a long time sent to a storming mode without a speed. The deck of the sailing ship also became continuous and even almost horizontal. For improvement of amaneuverability various slanting sailing arms was widely used, yards of direct sails were extended for installation Studdingsails. In storm weather special storm sails were exposed, or for reduction of the area of the basic sails reeves were used.

Inventors began experimenting with steam-powered boats in the late 1700’s and by the early 1900’s the steamship had nearly replaced the oceangoing sailing ship. But coal-burning steamships had to depend on coaling depots, and certain trade routes – such as those along the coasts of South America – had few coaling depots. On those routes, sailing ships still had use. For Pic. 17. Modern schooner many years, for example, sailing ships carried nitrate, a fertilizer, from Chile, around the tip of South America, to Europe.

The sailing ships launched during the late 1800’s and early 1900’s were huge vessels built more for strength than speed. They had strong, straight-sided steel hulls and wire rigging. To operate cheaply, they used small crews and, therefore, carried a

Pic. 18. The ‘Preussen’ in Comparison: 1. The caravel Santa Maria (1492) 2. The clipper Spindrift (1867) 3. The five-masted full-rigger Preussen (1902)

 

minimum amount of sail. The mightiest of these ships was The Preussen, a five-masted full-rigged German vessel built in 1902. It was the largest sailing ship ever built, measuring 433 ft (132 m) long and 54 ft (16 m) wide. It could carry about 7500 t of cargo.

Since the early 1900’s, the number of seagoing sailing ships has declined steadily. Many have rotted or rusted away at their docks. Today, most of the few remaining square-riggers serve as merchant marines or training ships for cadets in the navies of various countries, like the world-famous Tovarisch, a “film star” of practically all Russian marine adventure movies.

In many developing countries, people still use sailing vessels for coastal and inland shipping and fishing. Many centuries ago, the Chinese developed the junk, a sturdy wooden vessel that carried its sails parallel to the length of the ship. The Chinese still use junks to carry goods and passengers along coasts and on rivers. For hundreds of years, the Arabs have sailed the Red Sea in long, slim, lateen-rigged vessels called dhows. Various Indian versions of the dhow are common in the harbors of Bombay, Calcutta and other port cities of India. Thee people of New Guinea have long used a primitive sailing vessel called a lakatoi, which consists of several dugouts lashed together. Two-masted sailing ships called schooners carry cargo along the eastern and southern shores of the Mediterranean. Schooners and single-masted sloops sail between Panama and Ecuador and along South America’s coast.

Ex. 19. Answer the questions:

1. What changes in sailing shipbuilding took place in the XVIII – XIXth centuries? 2. How long did it take steamboats to replace sailing vessels? 3. What did steamships have to depend on? 4. Where did sailing ships continue to have use? 5. What was the difference between the sailing ships of early 1800’s and those of late 1800’s? 6. What is the largest sailing ship ever built? 7. What has happened to many seagoing sailing ships since the early 1900’s? 8. How are the remaining riggers used today? 9. Where do people still use sailing vessels for coastal and inland shipping and fishing? 10. Can you explain what is junk? Dhow? Lakatoi? 11. Is there any difference between former and present sloops and schooners?

 

Ex. 20. Explain why:

 

a) sailing boats still had use on some routes in the XIXth- XXth centuries;

b) new sailing ships had small crews and carried a minimum amount of sail;

c) the number of seagoing sailing ships has declined steadily since the early 1900’s;

d) people continue to use sailing vessels. Give as many reasons as you can.

 

 

Ex. 21. Develop the idea:

 

1. Since the early 1900’s, the number of seagoing sailing ships has declined steadily.

2. The sailing ships of the last period of their wide use were built more for strength than speed.

3. In many developing countries, people still use sailing vessels for coastal and inland shipping and fishing.

 

Ex. 22. Make up a short summary of the text.