Ex. 10. Speak on the different types of the ships using the pictures and text material.

 

Ex. 11. Define the main topic and idea of the text, split it into the logical parts, make up the plan of the text.

Ex. 12. Abstract the text.

Ex. 13. Read and try to understand the text:

TEXT 5B

FISHING VESSEL OF RUSSIAN COAST-DWELLERS

With introduction of sailing arms new daring storm navigating came. It was a storm course on a down wave, which can be used by modern sports yachts. The ancient analogues of such sailing vessels were fishing vessels of Russian north coast-dwellers.

Such navigation modes were proved by strengthening of northern wind in the Barents Sea, for example, it was necessary for fishermen to move to a coast and to be covered in coastal skerries. It was necessary also therefore their vessels were adapted for fishing and sailing Pic. 9. A Coast-dwellers’ Ship in ice, but could not sustain real northern storm, and had not sufficient autonomy for long navigation in ice fields in northern part of the Barents Sea.

The sample of the hull had to provide active maneuvering in the storm sea that was necessary for a leaving in a shelter from real storm danger. Thus the contours of the hull took into account features of storm navigation on a wave, under the control of storm sails and stern rudder.

The vessel had complete aft contours, with deeply put of a rudder blade. Thus the surface part of stern did not hang above water, that was necessary for exception of capture of the hull by a quickly driven crest of a passing wave. The deep rudder blade was at a level of a sole of a wave, as the flow of water in a crest passed much faster than self-vessel going.

The storm sail had to provide moving of the center of sails in a bow that in combination with complete stern and streamline by bow contours made possible reduction of a rate on a wave and on a wind. But bow extremity and keel bottom moved the center of dynamic board resistance to a bow and by that broke stability on a storm course.

Such hull demanded continuous and active management of a movement with the help of a stern rudder. In case the hull nevertheless was grasped and put along of sea waves it was possible to remove a vessel on an initial course only with the help of management of a sail, at once as the vessel lost it.

It’s obvious that sweeping at such mode of navigation was not excluded, but the destructive force of a passing wave was weakened by a course of a vessel forward and consequently water on a deck did not represent serious difficulties on management of a rudder and sail.

 

Ex. 14. Answer the questions:

1. What storm navigating came with introduction of sailing arms?

2. What such navigation modes were proved by?

3. What peculiarities did the hull design of fishing vessels of Russian north coast-dwellers have?

4. How was possible to remove a vessel on an initial course?

5. What modern vessels can fishing vessels of Russian north coast-dwellers be compared with?

 

Ex. 15. Read and translate the text:

TEXT 5C

MEDIEVAL SHIPS

 

From the point of view of marine history we by right can call the Middle Ages the Era of Sailing ships. At that period a lot of important geographical discoveries were made, the development of naval shipbuilding were moving ahead and overseas trade flourished greatly, especially when the colonization of new lands started. The sources of world glory of the sea nations (e. g. Great Britain) took Pic. 10. The Gokstad Ship

their beginning in that epoch.

The first worth-mentioning seafaring people of that time were the Vikings. Their ships were the best vessels built in northern Europe between the AD 700s and the late 100’s. They built broad, roomy cargo ships called knorrs, but they are best known for their long dragon-like ships. The bold Vikings sailed their dragonships across the North Atlantic Ocean to Greenland and even to North America. They raided, traded and colonized. As pirates they were the terror of the seas.

We managed to know much about superb Viking ships because many Viking lords arranged to be buried in their boats. A well-preserved example of such a warship was uncovered in 1880 near Gokstad, in southern Norway. The ship was built about AD 900. It measures 78 ft (24 Pic. 11. Norman Knorr m) long and 16 ft 9 in (5.1 m) wide. Like all Viking ships, the hull is clinker-built – that is, the planks overlap like siding on a house. The ship carried 16 oarsmen on each side. It had a square sail mounted on a mast probably 40 ft (12 m) high and a steering oar near the stern. The Viking ships might be bigger, having 20 or even 30 oars on each side.

The power of the Vikings gradually declined. By the late 100’s, they had lost control of the northern seas. Trade then began to increase among the countries of northern Europe. Merchants needed roomier vessels to Pic. 12: The Late-Medieval Cog carry larger shipments. By about 1200, shipbuilders in the north had developed a sturdy ship called the cog. It became the standard merchant vessel and warship of northern Europe for about 200 years.

Cogs, later replaced by galleons, could stand up against the rough seas and high winds of the North Atlantic Ocean. Their deep, wide clinker-built hulls held bulky cargoes. These ships had one large square sail. They

also had a high structure called a castle at the prow and the stern. The forecastle served as a platform from which marines could fire arrows and stones at enemy ships. The stern-castle provided a shelter for important passengers. Cogs also had a new kind of steering apparatus. Instead of steering oars along the sides near the stern, cogs had a large rudder in the middle of the stern, much stronger than oars.

While northern shipbuilders were developing the cog, Mediterranean shipbuilders were also making important changes in ship construction and design, and began a new way of shipbuilding that became standard. They built a skeleton of keel and ribs first and then fastened the planks of the hull to the framework. They also greatly increased the use of triangular Pic. 13. Two-mast galley sails called lateens. Square sails worked well with winds blowing from behind, but unlike lateen sails, they did not work well when sailing into the wind.

Galleys had always been used in the Mediterranean region, but about 1300, the use of cargo and merchant galleys increased greatly. They generally used their oars only when there was no wind and when entering or leaving a harbor. The rest of the time the vessels were driven by lateen sails. Most galleys had two or three masts, with the forward mast also carrying sail. The merchant galleys were longer and wider than the war ships. The standard galley could carry about 130 t.

This type of a ship was so successful that continued to be used in the Mediterranean till 1750.

 

 

Ex.16. Answer the questions:

1. What historical period is considered the Era of Sailing ships and why? 2. What were the first seafaring people of that time? 3. What ships did the Vikings build and what for were they used? 4. How can we judge about the Viking’s ships? 5. When and why did trade begin to increase between the countries of northern Europe? 6. What were the characteristics and advantages of the cog? 7. What important changes were made in ship building in the Mediterranean? 8. What type of ships was a traditional one for this region? 9. What were the constructive features of medieval galleys? 10. What was the reason, to your mind, for such long-term use of this type of vessel?

 

Ex. 17. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Give grounds to your answer:

1. The Vikings used their long dragonships both for war and trade. 2. Their ships were suitable for journeys overseas as well as for coastal raiding. 3. We know much about Viking ships because they are still in use in the North. 4. Cogs were the modified versions of knorrs and dragonships. 5. A castle is not only a land fortress but also a part of a ship. 6. A rudder was invented 2000 years ago. 7. Northern and southern Europe used similar types of vessels. 8. There were great differences between ancient and medieval galleys.

 

Ex. 18. Translate into English:

1. Средние века были эрой расцвета парусного кораблестроения. 2. Первые достойные упоминания парусные корабли того периода были построены викингами. 3. Викинги хоронили своих вождей вместе с их кораблями. 4. К концу I тысячелетия их мощь постепенно ослабла. 5. Хорошо сохранившийся образец такого корабля был обнаружен на раскопках в Норвегии. 6. Эти корабли позволяли перевозить тяжелые громоздкие грузы. 7. Доски корпуса прибивались к каркасу из киля и шпангоутов. 8. Латинский парус имеет треугольную форму. 9. Этот тип паруса не очень подходит для плавания против ветра.

 

Ex. 19. Abstract the text.

 

Ex. 20. Summarize the unit information and speak on the topic “Early History of Shipbuilding”

 

UNIT VI

FULL-RIGGERS

Ex. 1. Read and remember the words:

 

Full-rigger (or full-rigged ship); square-rigger; mainmast; foremast; mizzenmast; caravel; crew; weather vane; hammock; tilt; living quarters; accommodation; possession; treasure; target; cannon; ivory; barque (or bark); frigate; schooner; sloop; brigantine; brig; barquentine (or barkentine); schedule; depot; packet (ship or boat); nitrate; fertilizer; wire; clipper (ship); tip; junk; dhow; fortune seeker; lakatoi; tier; steamship; cadet; hurricane; anchor; tow; displacement; studding-sail; reeves; yard;

Soar; rove; furrow; compete; move (in); launch; clip (off); rot; rust; hasten; lash;

Elaborate; sharp; mighty; slender; floating;

Furiously

 

Ex. 2. Insert the right word:

Treasure, competes, crew, soaring, furrowed, square-rigger, roved, cannons, living quarters, target, sharp, mighty, schedule, steamships, towed, slender, rotted, furiously, packets, clipping off, tip, depots, rusted, fertilizers, clippers, launched.

 

1. A sailing ship which has no lateen sails is called a …. 2. The arrow hit straight into the centre of the …. 3. The production of these two firms … in the market. 4. What point is the … of South Africa? 5. This ship was … in the last century but she is still in a perfect state. 6. The warship was rather big for that period: it had 40 … and more than 200 people of …. 7. “The … Island” is the famous pirate novel by R. L. Stevenson. 8. This man is a real sea dog: he … a lot and … seas and oceans. 9. The … … on the ship are called cabins. 10. Look! A white sail is … above water like a bird. 11. In the XXth century sailing vessels were almost completely replaced by …. 12. The transportation here is vitally dependent on the … of fuel. 13. … and … were the last sailing ships used for regular ocean crossing. 14. Though the hull looks …, it has … inside and its metal siding has …. 15. The ship was … into the harbor because its engine was out of order. 16. The ship was moving at a high speed; her … bow was … the waves …. 17. A yacht hull must have … contours. 18. The … will be brought to the fields according to the ….

Ex. 3. Change the words of italic type with their synonyms from your active vocabulary:

1. After Spain and Portugal other European countries also entered the battle for the colonies. 2. The sailors hired on the ship were suggested better conditions and improved cabins. 3. The ownership of the old map let the travelers find the values. 4. The squall was so heavy that the middle mast cracked and fell overboard. 5. He was a sailor and traveled a great deal in his youth. 6. The narrow hull of this boat allows it to show high racing results.7. The frigate was armed with heavy guns. 8. A heavy storm damaged the port greatly.9. Look at the hull incline! The ship is damaged! 10. He navigated a two-masted ship with full range of sails. 11. Regular marine post service between the USA and Great Britain was started in 1818. 12. After the ship had run a rock, she was pulled into the harbor. 13. The boat needs repairing – the hull planking has completely decayed. 14. The knife-like bow of the ship was cutting through the waves violently. 15. We are lacking coal. Let’s touch at a nearest store. 16. Clippers had six rows of sails to a mast. 17. The packets left strictly according to the time-table. 18. The wind was favourable and the vessel was rushing under full sail.

Ex. 4. Translate into Russian:

 

lateen-rigged vessels

ships rigged in this way

fastening the planking

three-masted ships

the forecastle and sterncastle

relatively small

to gain more power

high-ranking officers

better maneuverability

elaborate living quarters

the basic full-rigged ship

the storm modes of navigation

in the forward part

the extremely special form

in the back part

at strengthening of a wind

a big square sail

such great explorers as

aboard ships

in the best way adapted to

a particular class of vessels

the ratio of length to width

the most famous sea battle

possessions in the New World

a favourite target of pirates

the first in a long row

to carry the added weight

guns for defense against attacks

above-described

taking into account

a great demand

in comparison with

transatlantic passenger service

the force of hurricane

offering something new

opportunities of crew

a full load of cargo

management of sails

at a scheduled time

a radical emergency means

to meet the schedules

a floating anchor

ordinary sailing vessels

historical prototype

passenger accommodations

coaling depots

designed for speed

trade routes

more for strength than speed

straight-sided steel hulls

a minimum amount of sail

merchant marines

training ships for cadets

marine adventure movies

coastal and inland shipping

several dugouts lashed together

 

 

Ex. 5. Read and translate the text:

TEXT 6A

COLONIAL EXPANSION

 

About the mid-1400’s, Mediterranean shipbuilders combined the best features of the sturdy cog with those of their own lighter lateen-rigged vessels. The result was a sailing ship that became standard throughout Europe for about 300 years. The Mediterranean shipbuilders

Pic. 14. The Galleon “Golden Hint” continued to build the hull by fastening the planking to a skeleton of keel and ribs. But they replaced the steering oars with a rudder in the stern. They also adopted the forecastle and sterncastle of the cog. Most important they changed the rig to gain more power and better maneuverability – and so developed the full-rigged ship.

The basic full-rigged ship, or square-rigger, had a mainmast in the middle of the ship, a foremast in the forward part, and a mizzenmast in the back part. The mainmast and the foremast each carried a big square sail and, above it, smaller square sail. The mizzenmast held a lateen sail. A pole that stuck out from the bow carried a small square sail. During the late 1400’s and 1500’s, such great explorers as Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Sir Francis Drake and Ferdinand Magellan used ships rigged in this way. The new three-masted ships were relatively small and had few comforts. Only the captain, other high-ranking officers and guests had cabins. The rest of the crew slept on the deck or in hammocks below deck. The hammock was an American Indian invention that Columbus brought back to Europe.

About the mid-1500’s, a type of sailing ship called the galleon appeared on the seas. Galleons were big vessels with lower forecastles than other ships and a high sterncastles that housed elaborate living quarters. The foremast and mainmast each carried two or three sails, and the mizzenmast carried one or two. On the biggest galleons, a second mizzenmast was added near the stern.

The galleons were the ideal ships for ocean navigation. The storm modes of navigation were provided with the extremely special form of the hull. At strengthening of a storm wind, the crew took in all sails and the vessel similarly to a weather vane left by a bow on a wave.

Galleons served as both warships and cargo vessels. Guns had been used aboard ships since about the mid-1300’s. But the galleons carried more and heavier guns. In 1588, the English and Spanish fleets fought one of the most famous sea battles in history. Both sides used galleons. But the English galleons were faster, more maneuverable and better armed. They helped defeat the Spanish fleet, though the Spaniards had called their fleet the Invincible Armada.

Spain, Portugal and other countries also used galleons for trading. Spain used them to bring back gold and silver from its possessions in the New World. These treasure ships became a favourite target of pirates who roved the Caribbean Sea.

Galleons were the first in a long row of vessels of this type. Sloops, brigs, barques, frigates, schooners, brigantines and barquentines, varying in size, hull contours and rig, soon began to furrow the seas and oceans, making this period (XVI – XVIII cent.) the Golden Age of Sailing ships.

For centuries, ships had served as both cargo vessels and warships. But by about the 1600’s, cannons had become so heavy that ships needed specially built hulls to carry the added weight. The design of warships and unarmed cargo vessels thus became, in time, greatly different.

In the 1600’s, trading companies in several European countries began to build merchant ships especially for trade with India and the Far East. These ships brought ivory, silks, spices and other products from India, China and the East Indies. The Portuguese controlled the trade with the Far East until about 1600, when England and the Netherlands began to compete. Then Denmark and France also moved in. East India companies in each country built their own ships, called East Indiamen. Although the Indiamen were designed as cargo carriers, they carried guns for defense against attacks by pirates and fleets of enemy countries.

The size of the East Indiamen grew steadily larger. In 1700, for example, most English Indiamen carried 360 t of cargo. By 1800, they carried about 1000 t.

The time of independent adventurous explorers was coming to the end. The era of passenger traveling began. New vessels had to appear.

 

Ex. 6. Answer the questions:

 

1. What ship became standard throughout Europe for about 300 years after 1400? 2. What important changes in shipbuilding design were made? 3. How was the basic full-rigger rigged? 4. What comforts were there on board of the first full-rigged vessels? 5. Why the galleons were the ideal ships for ocean navigation? 6. What famous sea battle could be called the battle of galleons? 7. Why Spanish and Portuguese ships were a favourite target of pirates? 8. Why did the design of warships and unarmed cargo vessels become greatly different? 9. What ships were called East Indiamen? 10. Were they warships or cargo carriers?

 

Ex. 7. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Give grounds to your answer:

 

1. The full-rigged ship is a combination of the cog with the lateen-rigged vessel. 2. A full-rigger is a ship having no less than three masts. 3. The shipbuilders soon rejected the full-rigger’s design because of its unreliability. 4. The ships of Columbus and Magellan were very comfortable in comparison with earlier vessels. 5. The galleons and other full-riggers appeared the ideal ships for ocean navigation. 6. The galleons served mainly as cargo vessels. 7. The Invincible Armada was crushed only by chance because both sides had ships of the same kind. 8. Spanish and Portuguese colonies in America were much richer than those of other European countries. 9. The difference in warships and cargo ships design appeared because of the growing size of marine cannons. 10. East Indiaman is a native settler of the East Indies.

 

Ex. 8. Translate into English:

 

1. Корабли с латинским вооружением были более легкими по сравнению с коггами. 2. Галион был стандартным судном для океанских путешествий в XV – XVI веках. 3. Фок, грот и бизань мачты несли на себе основное парусное вооружение 3-мачтового судна. 4. Подвесные койки, где спали экипажи парусных судов, были индейским изобретением. 5. При усилении шторма матросы убирали паруса, но корабль, благодаря особой форме корпуса, оставался носом к волне. 6. Галионы использовались как грузовые суда, перевозящие золото из европейских владений в Новом свете в порты Европы. 7. Корабли с ценным грузом всегда были излюбленной целью карибских пиратов.