To receive / enjoy protection (against / from sth)

sewage treatment facility | sewage / treatment / disposal works / farm (British English) | sewage / waste (treatment / disposal) plant (American English) a place where sewage is treated so that it can be safely got rid of or changed into fertilizer установка для очистки / обработки сточных вод, станция очистки сточных вод: The first priority is to provide sewage treatment facilities. | At present, sewage works must ensure that effluent meets the required standards of cleanliness for 95 percent of any 12 month period. | Ocker Hill Power Station with two prominent chimneys, a sewage works and a canal surface with oil and floating debris. | The water companies will have to improve the performance of their sewage works or risk other claims.

15. conservationist [ countable ] someone who works to protect the environment from damage or destruction специалист по охране окружающей среды; специалист по охране и рациональному использованию природных ресурсов: But conservationists said words must be backed by actions. | That was abolished after an outcry from conservationists. | Conservationists in Chile are concerned over the effect of commercial exploitation of forests. | Conservationists are mostly wedded to preserving diversity in nature.

16. wildlife area / site [ countable ] район дикой природы; заповедник; долгосрочный заказник дикой природы: The money could be better spent protecting existing wildlife areas. | The 20 state and federal wildlife areas and refuges are open for duck hunting generally on Wednesdays and weekends. | Projected figures suggest that over 1,500 wildlife sites would be damaged or destroyed in the national roads programme.

17. (nature / wildlife) reserve (British English) | (nature / wildlife) preserve / reservation (American English) | conservation area [ countable ] an area of land in which animals and plants, especially rare ones, are officially protected заповедник; природная охраняемая территория; национальный парк: Care would be taken not to harm the environment in the nature reserve there, which was designated a world heritage area. | It is a nature reserve, with not a single permanent human inhabitant. | The impressive wildlife reserve of the Algonquin Provincial Park is a stunning array of native animals in the wild. | The flower now exists only in a small conservation area in Essex. | He's the chief warden of a big-game reservation.

18. sanctuary [ countable ] a special area where animals live in a natural environment protected from people заказник, заповедник: But the mountains are more than sanctuaries. | A number of bird sanctuaries were seriously affected by the spill.

wildlife / nature sanctuary заповедник живой природы: The park is the largest wildlife sanctuary in the US. | A wildlife sanctuary is releasing eight of the animals into a special protected set. | No less than 35 per cent of the country is protected in the form of parks and nature sanctuaries.

19. wildlife refuge [ countable ] заповедник: The island of Angistri went up in flames within minutes of being declared a wildlife refuge.

20. wildlife park [ countable ] парк-заповедник живой природы: a wildlife park with tigers and various other felines

21. national park [ countable ] land which is protected by a government because of its natural beauty or historical or scientific interest, and which people can visit национальный парк; заповедник: The Hwange national park alone is said to have 45,000 elephants: three times as many as the vegetation can support. | I live in Exmoor, which is designated as a national park. | Exmoor National Park stretches over 265 square miles of moor.

22. wilderness area [ countable ] (American English) an area where the government has decided that no roads or buildings can be built so that it can be enjoyed for its natural beauty and animals can live there in peace нетронутая человеком местность; природный заповедник: It's a wilderness area, under the protection of the Parks Department. | Each sovereign state has enacted legislation establishing national parks, scientific or scenic reserves and wilderness areas. | The proliferation of this literature has so simplified going into our wilderness areas that readers are literally taken by the hand. | I have consistently maintained that the canoe is the traditional craft for exploring wilderness areas without disturbing wildlife.

23. green (adjective) (1) clean designed to protect the environment or limit damage to the environment экологически чистый: Fans of electric cars say they are clean, quiet and economical. | Nuclear power is cleaner than coal.

clean air / water / energy / fuel / product: Environmentalists have spread the alarm about clean air and water. | Local government has not been able to supply clean water from surface sources. | The Government has made moves to encourage owners of vehicles to adopt cleaner fuel, but action is slow. | Gas usage will increase particularly in the home-heating sectors and in industries requiring clean fuels.

clean / green policy / method / technology: trying to persuade governments to adopt greener policies | greener farming methods | wind farms and other green energy schemes | I simply say that it is fairly obvious that Britain could have taken the lead in clean coal technology.

clean / green environment: Preferences in politics can include anything from higher wages, a cleaner environment, world peace, or the realization of democracy. | Even the most affluent – who can afford private health care and private education – cannot buy a clean environment. | By investing in public transport, we start to transform commuters' lives and create a cleaner environment.

green revolution: Biotechnology is going to be speeding up the green revolution in agriculture. | We all know that there has been a green revolution. | But the potential of biotechnology, like that of the green revolution, is assessed in different ways by different people.

green activist: In Bolivia, Mexico and Brazil, green activists have recently entered government.

(2) Green relating to the protection of the environment принадлежащий движению защитников окружающей среды, поддерживающий движение защитников окружающей среды: He was an early champion of green politics. | Green campaigners are aiming to block development of the site. | He pledged to make Europe greener. | Our children are being educated to be green in everything they do. | The power of the Green movement in Germany has made that country a leader in the drive to recycle more waste materials. | The proposed launch of the green paper last week was postponed on the orders of Downing Street.

24. Green [ countable ] a member of the Green Party участник движения защитников окружающей среды: He used to be a Liberal, but now he's a Green. | The Greens have 254 candidates in the election.

25. the Green Party a political party whose main aim is to protect the environment Партия зеленых: They are now in a position to govern the state in alliance with either the Free Democrats or the Green Party. | The names of political parties are always capitalized, e.g. the Green Party.

to foul sth (up) (with / by sth): The oil spill has fouled at least four beaches. | Two oil-related accidents near Los Angeles have fouled the ocean and the skies there. | He lit a cigarette and started to foul up the air with stinging yellow smoke. | We're fouling the seas with chemicals and oil. | The seashore is fouled up with oil from the wrecked ship. | Entire coastal bays and lagoons along the coast have been fouled by oil spills and the runoff of toxic chemicals. | A village's entire beach and harbour can be fouled by a single rotting whale.

5. to defile [ transitive ] (formal) to make something dirty, foul, filthy or impure, especially by showing no respect; to pollute загрязнять; засорять; портить; пачкать; оскорблять, осквернять: It's a shame that such a beautiful area has been defiled by a rubbish dump.

6. to despoil [ transitive ] (literary) to make a place much less attractive by removing or damaging things

to despoil sth (by sth): The sandy beaches are being despoiled by an oil spill. | Regulated, socialized economies trample on human dignity, despoil the natural environment and depress economic performance. | People picking mushrooms are sometimes stopped by passers-by and ticked off for despoiling the countryside.

7. pollution [ uncountable ] (1) the process of making air, water, soil etc dangerously dirty and not suitable for people to use, or the state of being dangerously dirty загрязнение (окружающей среды): Most forms of pollution do not respect national boundaries. | Pollution is a major health hazard. | Pollution is threatening the marine life in the bay. | The report identified eight pollution hot spots.

environmental / air / atmospheric / water / river pollution | (the) pollution of the environment / air / atmosphere / water / river: The fine was for the company's pollution of the air near its plants.

pollution from sth: Pollution from cars is the main cause of global warming. | That means less gasoline consumption and less air pollution from trucks.

(2) substances that make air, water, soil etc dangerously dirty загрязнение, загрязненность: Equipment to monitor pollution and climate change will be installed in the park. | Pollution may destroy the 17^th century shrine. | Once you have cured the water pollution problem, you will have to take steps to avoid it happening again.

to cause / contribute to / generate / produce pollution: There have been accidents during transportation, which have caused serious pollution. | The report found that 95 percent of respondents were aware that cars contributed to environmental pollution. | Litter disfigures the countryside and contributes to pollution, but this is just the tip of the environmental iceberg. | As the number of people increases, more pollution is generated, more habitats are destroyed, and more natural resources are used up. | Not only do they consume more natural resources, they also produce more pollution.

to be exposed to / suffer from pollution: Studies have shown that not all individuals are equally exposed to pollution. | The region as a whole suffers from significant air pollution from ageing heavy industrial plants.

to fight / tackle // prevent // control / monitor pollution: The use of electric cars could be a key factor in fighting pollution. | The local authority have agreed to implement a series of new measures to fight the pollution. | The notice requires the region to tackle pollution in North Queensferry. | The new agency is responsible for controlling air pollution. | This continues, but at least now efforts are also being made to prevent further pollution and even repair some of the damage.

measures to tackle road congestion and environmental pollution.

to reduce / cut / decrease / limit // increase (the level of) pollution / pollution levels: The city is looking into ways to reduce air pollution.. | The change reflects the continuing failure by state and local governments to reduce pollution enough to meet federal health standards. | The convention, signed by the six states bordering the Black Sea, aims to reduce current pollution levels. | A federal law spells out the penalties for missing the deadline to cut air pollution. | She says that transporting goods by rail instead of road would cut air pollution dramatically. | This will increase rather than decrease pollution.

reduction / cut in pollution: California in 1990 enacted a plan requiring drastic cuts in air pollution from automobiles.

(to set / adopt // enforce // meet) pollution standards: The water authorities thus not only set and enforce pollution standards, they are major polluters themselves. | Crawford is one of the founders of the International Dark-Sky Association, which lobbies governments to adopt pollution standards. | But most policy takes a different approach, the imposition of pollution standards that regulate the maximum amount of allowed pollution.

environmental / air / atmospheric / water / marine pollution: Recycling also helps control environmental pollution by reducing the need for waste dumps. | The project has enabled farmers to reduce environmental pollution whilst raising crop yields. | Heavy industry was developed along the north coast, without any consideration of chemical, atmospheric and environmental pollution. | Coal and air pollution go together. | Atmospheric pollution continues to rise. | Sewage was the major cause of water pollution. | We are all familiar with news items concerning marine pollution due to oil spills.

chemical / industrial / nuclear / radioactive / toxic / noise / sound pollution: Because of chemical pollution of rivers, the cost of producing safe, palatable drinking water has risen dramatically. | Industrial pollution has killed much of the river's wildlife. | The general public are also in danger from industrial pollution. | There has been growing concern among Polynesians about radioactive pollution of the area. | Our survey revealed a noise pollution impact on the community that is not imagined.

source of pollution источник загрязнения: The chemicals have been identified as a source of pollution. | This waste is a potential source of pollution when it degrades, releasing undesirable chemicals into the soil and air. | The greatest sources of pollution are cars, power stations, the chemical industry and agriculture. | The major sources of pollution were oil spills, discharges from refineries and natural seepage from oil-bearing strata.

pollution levels / the level of pollution (rise[s] // fall[s]) уровень / степень загрязнения (увеличивается / уменьшается): Pollution levels are often dangerously high in large cities. | Pollution levels in the area shot up as soon as the factory started operating. | High levels of pollution from the Ilo refinery have been blamed on outdated equipment. | The level of pollution in the river was falling.

pollution control борьба с загрязнением; меры по охране окружающей среды; контроль уровня загрязнения: Central to the green bill is the introduction of integrated pollution control. | What pollution controls will the state authorities put in place? | Before they were defined, there were no ecological targets for pollution control, only political ones. | The factories were ordered to install pollution control equipment but failed to respond.

8. contamination [ uncountable ] загрязнение, загрязненность, засоренность; порча; заражение, инфекция, инфицированность: Contamination arises from leaking underground storage tanks, poorly designed industrial waste ponds, and seepage from the deep-well injection of hazardous wastes into underground geologic formations. | The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986 scattered radioactive contamination over a large part of Europe. | The contamination of the sea around Capri may be just the beginning.

9. spoliation | despoliation | despoilment [ uncountable ] (formal) the violent or deliberate destruction of something ограбление, грабеж; расхищение; нанесение вреда / повреждения / порчи: the spoliation of the environment

10. (radioactive) fallout [ uncountable ] the dangerous radioactive dust which is left in the air after a nuclear explosion and which slowly falls to earth радиоактивные осадки: There can be little lasting protection against the effects of radioactive fallout. | They were exposed to radioactive fallout during nuclear weapons tests. | The study linked the increase directly to the radioactive fallout from Chernobyl. | It is the fallout of atmospheric tests which ended in 1974.

11. acid rain [ uncountable ] rain that contains large amounts of harmful acid which can damage the environment and is caused by chemicals in the air, for example from cars or factories кислотный дождь: Acid rain forms when gases produced by burning coal and oil are dissolved in the atmosphere. | Acid rain is not straightforwardly attributable to the burning of coal. | Acid rain is a serious global problem because few species are capable of surviving in the face of such acidic conditions. | Acid rain has made numerous lakes so acidic that they no longer support fish populations. | Acid rain is also thought to be responsible for the decline of many forest ecosystems worldwide. | Ever tighter regulations are being introduced to protect the environment from emissions contributing to the greenhouse effect or acid rain. | The government committed billions of pounds for a programme to reduce acid rain.

12. pollutant [ countable; uncountable ] a substance that makes air, water, soil etc dangerously dirty and not suitable for people to use загрязняющее вещество, загрязнение, загрязнитель; примесь; загрязняющий агент: All the effects of pollutants need to be considered for both short- and long-term exposure. | Many people are allergic to airborne pollutants such as pollen.

air / atmospheric / water / marine / environmental pollutants: More recent targets are cancer and other illnesses that may be caused by air and water pollutants. | Just as fuel consumption grows disproportionately as speeds rise, so does the emission of air pollutants. | A smoker in the house will increase the variety and quantity of air pollutants considerably.

chemical / industrial / nuclear / radioactive / toxic / noise / sound pollutants: The true effect on wild dolphin populations of prolonged exposure to chemical pollutants is hard to measure. | Many scientists blame the warming on industrial pollutants that trap infrared heat in the atmosphere rather than letting it escape into space. | The city's canals are used as a dumping ground for a range of toxic pollutants.

to generate / produce // discharge / release pollutants: Most cities generate a complex brew of pollutants. | Although low-sulfur coal produces fewer pollutants, it's more expensive to mine. | Point sources discharge pollutants at specific locations – from, for example, factories, sewage treatment plants, or oil tankers. | Sulphur dioxide is one of several pollutants that are released into the atmosphere by coal-fired power stations.

to reduce pollutants: New regulations will reduce hazardous air pollutants. | Cleaning up road dust is one of the cheapest ways to reduce the pollutant.

13. contaminant [ countable ] (formal) a substance that makes something dirty, polluted, or poisonous загрязняющее вещество, загрязнение, загрязнитель; примесь: Pollution arising from non-point sources accounts for a majority of the contaminants in streams and lakes. | Because of their stability, they are hard to dispose of and are persistent environmental contaminants. | We are exposed to an overwhelming number of chemical contaminants every day in our air, water and food.

14. polluter [ countable ] a person or organization that causes pollution источник загрязнения (окружающей среды): The defence and energy departments, impervious to markets, are among the country's biggest polluters. | The polluter should pay for the cost of the clean-up. | All others should be brought up to modern standards using the principle that the polluter pays. | Ideally, polluters would pay the true costs of the degradation they cause. | This stipulates that a polluter should pay for the repair of environmental damage.

to discharge sth (into / from sth // at sea): Large amounts of dangerous waste are discharged daily by the factory. | There should be greater treatment of sewage before it is discharged. | Many cities discharge their sewage into the sea without treating it at all. | The mercury was discharged from a local chemical plant. | Most deaths are caused not by catastrophic accidents but by fouling from oil that is illegally but routinely discharged from ships. | The resulting salty water will be discharged at sea.

sth discharges into / from sth: The oil which discharged into the sea seriously harmed a lot of birds and animals. | Rainwater collects here and then discharges into the river Kennett.

3. to release [ transitive ] to allow something such as a chemical to spread into the area or atmosphere around it выбрасывать; выпускать; выделять