Give Russian equivalents to the following words and word-groups.

1) living organisms

2) multidisciplinary science

3) life-supporting layer

4) concept of the biosphere

5) interdisciplinary science

6) highest concentration

7) environmental change

8) human

9) interaction

Match the words in column A with their translation in column B.

1) to influence	a) возникать
2) mankind	b) междисциплинарная наука
3) high concentration	c) человечество
4) to appear	d) состав
5) composition	e) появляться
6) interdisciplinary science	f) влиять
7) to emerge	g) высокая концентрация
8) to affect	h) круговорот
9) cycling	i) содержать
10) to contain	j) воздействовать

Say whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). If false, correct them according to the text.

Statements	True	False
1) The idea of biosphere appeared more than a century ago.
2) The part of the biosphere contains the lowest concentration of living matter.
3) The biosphere is a simple system of energy use and material cycling.
4) We can divide the biosphere into two parts.
5) Facts about ecological systems are drawn from biology, geology, chemistry, physics, and other sciences.

Complete the sentences.

1) The idea of biosphere appeared more than _________________.

2) The biotic part of the biosphere consisting of fauna and flora is called _______.

3) Ecology is a branch of science which deals with ___________.

4) Geoecology is not a synonym for _________.

5) Humankind is entering a new era in its evolution characterised by _________.

Find the synonyms to the following words.

to influence	mankind
to include	to release
large	field of science
to emerge	to be concerned with

Translate the following sentences using the words in the brackets.

1) Современная концепция биосферы была разработана русским ученым В.И. Вернадским более 50 лет назад (present-day, develop).

2) Биосфера – это слой вокруг Земли, который преобразован живыми организмами (transform).

3) Биосфера – это сложная система преобразования энергии и круговорота веществ (cycling).

4) Геоэкология – междисциплинарная наука, основанная на экологии, геологии, биологии и многих других науках (interdisciplinary).

5) Сегодня окружающая среда коренным образом преобразована в результате деятельности человека (radically, as a result of).

Make your own sentences using the given words and expressions.

1) into two parts

2) consist of

3) a complex system

4) living organisms

5) parts of

Complete the sentences and give a short summary of the text.

1. The text tells us about ________________.

2. The author points out _______________.

3. He believes ____________________.

4. In the second part of the text he continues _______________.

5. The author also gives the information about __________.

6. In conclusion, ________________.

Lesson X

PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION

Pipeline transport is a transportation of goods through a pipe. Most commonly, liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes that transport solid capsules using compressed air have also been used.

As for gases and liquids, any chemically stable substance can be sent through a pipeline. Therefore, sewage, slurry, water, or even beer pipelines exist; but the most important are those transporting oil and natural gas.

Lead-in

Fill in the spidergram with the words associated with “Pipeline Engineering”.

Explain your associations.

Vocabulary

1) gathering system	- система нефтесбора
2) pump station	- насосная станция
3) crude trunkline	- магистральный трубопровод
4) crude tank farm	- резервуарный парк \ нефтебаза
5) tanker	- танкер
6) marine (port) terminal	- портовая нефтебаза
7) refinery	- НПЗ (нефтеперегонный завод)
8) petrochemical plant	- нефтехимический завод
9) product line	- продуктопровод
10) processing	- переработка
11) distribution center	- распределительная база
12) oil tankage	- нефтехранилище
13) destination	- пункт назначения
14) gathering	- сбор
15) individual lease	- арендованный нефтяной участок
16) moving	- перемещение
17) transporting	- доставка
18) supply	- запас
19) point	- пункт
20) distribution	- распределение

Pronounce the following words. Pay special attention to the letters in bold.

lease

individual

terminal

supply

variety

tankage

crude