Ex. 14. Speak on the different stages in ship construction.

Ex. 15. Read the text:

TEXT 5C

MODERN PRINCIPLES OF SHIPBUILDING

 

Ships are extremely complicated engineering structures, subjected to high alternating loads and supported by a liquid medium. This circumstance, and the diversity of component parts in the equipment of a ship, explain why ship design is so complex and why high requirements are made of the materials and technological processes employed in ship construction.

In modern shipbuilding, the principal technological problems in constructing a ship (or a series of ships) are solved in the design stage. The materials and structure of the hull envisaged in the designs must satisfy the technological requirements. The following must be decided upon in advance:

(1) the optimum subdivision of the hull into sections (or blocks);

(2) the method of assembling the ship on the building berth;

(3) the sequence in which the hull is to be assembled and welded in every stage of construction;

(4) the extent to which sections (or blocks) should be completed before placing them in position on the building berth, so that the optimum amount of work is performed beforehand;

(5) the combined sequence of hull and fitting operations;

(6) the degree of completion of the ship before launching;

(7) the amount and sequence of work left to be done after launching (afloat);

(8) the economic advisability of using a particular technology for constructing a ship depending on the number of ships in the series.

When the working drawings of the hull structures are being produced, serious attention must be paid to reducing wastage of materials as far as possible; there must be the maximum standardization of units and components, and provision must be made for mechanization and for using the most advanced technological processes at every stage in constructing the ship (for instance, the maximum use of automatic welding). All the measures employed must lead to reducing the amount of work on marking-off and fabrication of components, assembling and welding the hull structures, etc., and on improving the conditions for this work, reducing its cost and raising its quality.,

The basic work of shipbuilding is performed in the 'following sequence:

(1) the lines of the ship are laid-off (full size) in the mould loft, or (to scale) in the lofting office; the templates, patterns, etc., are made;

(2) the hull components are marked off on the metal, or set out on template drawings and optical templates if scale lofting is used;

(3) the hull components are fabricated (machined);

(4) the flat elements (members) and subassemblies are assembled and welded;

(5) the flat and volumetric sections are assembled and welded, and the necessary installation work on them is done;

(6) the sections are fitted up together on the building berth, the welds made, and the installation work in the region of the butt joints is done;

(7) the structure is tested for leaks;

(8) the ship is launched or floated out;

(9) fitting out is performed afloat (the amount of this work should be reduced to a minimum);

(10) delivery trials are performed.

Shipyards now have much experience of cold-forming the shell plating in powerful presses (250-2,000 tons). The cold-forming of plates has meant that the cumbersome and expensive furnaces are no longer required in the hull prefabrication shop, and fuel saving can be made. The arduous working conditions associated with hot-forming have been largely eliminated. The labour required for cold-forming is 60-72% less than for hot-forming.

In a buffer store the metal is sorted and transported to the prefabrication shop (areas for assembling and welding structural members). From the flat elements (structural) and separate plates, subassemblies are made; from the subassemblies and panels complete sections are produced. The flat and three-dimensional sections are assembled and welded to form block-sections. At the same time the sections (block-sections) are being fabricated, they are also fitted out in the prefabrication shop. Sets and assemblies of fittings are obtained from fittings and equipment shops. When the fitting out operations have been performed on the block-sections, i.e., the large three-dimensional sections of the hull (with the circumferential butt joints parallel to the midship plane) and of the superstructure, these block-sections are called blocks.

At modern shipyards, lofting operations and the prefabrication of hull parts are done with the aid of computers and electronically controlled machines, which means improvement in the quality of the work done at every stage in the building of a ship, also reduction in work times, labour and costs.

 

Ex. 16. Match the words with the same meaning:

construction

stage

extent

do

assembling

shipyard

fabrication

arduous

installing

 

degree

producing

difficult, hard

installation

level, position

perform

fitting up

building dock

adjustment

 

Ex. 17. Match the definition with a term:

 

Building berth; the design stage; ship; fabrication; hot- forming; cold- forming; blocks; welding; shipyard/ building berth/ building dock

1. The process of preparing andmaking of the hull components.

2. The way of creating the shell plating, where the cumbersome and expensive furnaces are not required in the prefabrication shop.

3. The process of creating the shell plating, where the required labour is 60-72 % more.

4. Complex engineering structure, subjected to high alternating loads and supported by a liquid medium.

5. A place where all the operations (processing, fabrication, welding, assembling) are performed to their complicated construction.

6. Method of solving of the principal technological problems in constructing a ship.

7. Place for constructing and repairing a ship.

8. The large three-dimensional sections of the hull or of the superstructure.

 

 

Ex. 18. Insert the words according to the text:

 

1) After lofting operations and the templates and patterns are made, the hull components are … on the metal.

a) assembled; b) cut; c) mark off.

2) When the hull components are fabricated, the flat elements and subassemblies can be ….

a) assembled and welded; b) erected and installed; c) marked off and fabricated.

3) Then the whole sections are … together on the building berth.

a) fabricated; b) fitted up; c) performed.

4) After welding has been made, the … work in the field of the butt joints is done.

a) drawing; b) measures; c) installation.

5) The amount of work should be reduced to a minimum when the ship is launched or floated out and … must be performed afloat.

a) welding; b) assembly; c) fitting out.

 

Ex. 19.Answer the following questions:

1) What are ships? 2) What can complexity of ship design and high requirements to the materials and technological processes employed in ship construction explain? 3) How can the principal technological problems in shipbuilding be solved? 4) Must the materials and structure of the hull envisaged in the designs satisfy the technological requirements? 5) What must serious attention be paid to when working drawing of the hull structures are being produced? 6) Say, whether the maximum standardization of components and provision for mechanization and for using the most advanced technological processes at every stage in constructing the ships must be made? 7) What is the difference between cold- forming and hot- forming the shell-plating? 8) How can the nowadays lofting operations, fabrication of hull parts and other operations be performed and checked?

Ex. 20.Explain what is:

a) marking off the metal;

b) a buffer store;

c) prefabrication shop;

d) cold- forming method the shell- plating;

e) hot- forming method;

f) working drawing of the hull structures;

g) a ship.

 

Ex. 21. Report on:

a) preparation work (at the design stage);

b) methods of shell- plating;

c) the sequence of all operations in different shops of the shipyards.

 

Ex. 22. Speak on the topic “Shipbuilding and Its Principles”

UNIT VI

SHIPBUILDING TECHNOLOGIES

Ex. 1. Read and translate the words. Include them into your vocabulary:

Rigidity, casting, shell, designation, bulwark, keelson, stringer, girder, beam, bracket, strap, forepeak, afterpeak, carling, tweendeck, bilge, strake, margin, garboard (strake), coaming, sequence, drawing, jig, accuracy, layout, deviation, ambiguity, trolley, verification, bracing, fitting, hoisting, awning, tarpaulin, sleeve, circuit, outlet, handover, desalination, grinder, feeler, gauge, template, stud, absorber, berth, drum

Collapse, immerse, sustain, subdivide, secure, sheer, dispatch, al­ter, amend, retard, weld, comply, align, mill, mount

Partial, external, outward, transverse, conducive

Properly

Downwards, upwards, amidships

Ex. 2. Insert the right word:

Subdivided, accuracy, drawings, downwards, welded, sequence, immersed, upwards, beams, collapsed, rigidity

 

1. All the measures must be taken in a proper …. 2. Every part of this text can be … into smaller passages. 3. This device is of very high …. 4. Escalators are used to ease people’s moving … and …. 5. The deck is placed over strong deck …. 6. In a couple of hours the ship … almost completely. 7. Technical … are the basis of any construction project. 8. The metallic parts must be … together to ensure the … of the structure. 9. During the storm some pillars were damaged and the central part of the bridge … into the water.

 

Ex. 3. Change the words of italic type with their synonyms from your active vocabulary:

1. The government supported the idea of fleet modernization. 2. The cross section of this part has a triangular shape. 3. Various cargoes can be transported in a hold. 4. The weather conditions were rather favourable for the voyage. 5. The edge of the tank was deformed and the cover became leaky. 6. The skeleton of a rusted boat spoils the shore view. 7. His appointment as a captain was settled long ago.

 

Ex. 4. Define in one word:

a) a sort of a fence bordering the deck; board continuation;

b) wheeled table or basket;

c) space between the decks;

d) smth abnormal, not corresponding;

e) a plan, scheme or design;

f) to go underwater; to sink;

g) smth uncertain, indefinite or vague

 

Ex. 5. Translate into Russian:

 

the principle part

properties of the materials

an established sequence

welded structures

basic delivery requirements

a general description

manufacturing shops

dimensional accuracy

methods of performance

necessary auxiliary work

technical facilities

productive capacities

permissible deviations

the chief engineer

purchasing organization

separate branches of production

Ex. 6. Read and translate the text:

TEXT 6A

TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF SHIPBUILDING

 

This term covers the principle part of the production process concerned directly with changing (by means of tools, equipment and fittings) the dimensions, shapes, outward appearances and properties of the materials in such a way as to make them into the separate parts of the hull, machinery and equipment, also with assembling all these parts and the units and plant made from them, in an established sequence, to form the finished ship.

The technological process and the technological requirements made of structures (particularly welded structures) have now become much more complex, and the shops cannot do good quality work from drawings alone. At the same time, therefore, as the working drawings are issued, special documents must also be produced; these must indicate, for all the operations in the technological process, the methods by which the work is to be done and the sequence for its performance, the jigs and tools to be used, the special training required by the workers, the labour required for operations, the time which they should take, and where they should be performed, also the basic delivery requirements. These specifications, which are also called the "technological processes", are despatched to the shops, which must comply with them.

Special technological offices are organized at shipyards for working out these technological processes.

The documents produced by the technological office must include the following:

1) a general description of the structure to be produced and a list of the drawings (both general and working);

2) a list giving particulars of the parts making up the structure
(numbers, dimensions, weights, materials, etc.);

3) a list of the following for each component: the operations required to produce it; manufacturing shops; machines, tools and jigs;
sequences of operations; requirements as to the dimensional accuracy
of the components and joints between them;

4) recommendations regarding the layout of working positions
and their preparation;

5) a list of all the operations subdividing them as to complexity
and methods of performance;

6) subdivision of operations by separate branches of production,
for the purpose of which all the operations to be performed must be
defined and indicated;

7) enumeration of the necessary auxiliary work, under all
branches of production and operations, indicating labour requirements
and amounts of additional materials required;

8) technical specifications for regular verification of the quality
of all operations in the fabrication of components and structures,
and for the provision of supplies for working positions (indicating the
procedure for accepting finished products, permissible deviations, etc.).

In every case the technological process must be the most convenient possible working process, also the most simple; it must be worked out objectively, taking into account the technical facilities for pro­duction, the shop equipment, and the productive capacities of the shops at the shipbuilding establishment; the products must be of the required quality. There must be no ambiguity in the wording of any of the points in the technological processes.

The technological processes must be agreed in advance with the technical staffs of the shops, and also approved by the chief engineer of the establishment. Before approval they must be agreed with the "design office", representatives from the purchasing organization, and the Technical Inspection Department of the shipyard. Once it has been approved, the technological process cannot even be partly al­tered by the shops unless this is agreed with the technological office and approved by the chief engineer.

The technological processes must also include the methods by which they can be amended, and the methods of doing this and the places where it may be done must also be indicated.

 

Ex. 7. Answer the questions:

1. What does the term technological process mean? 2. What should be included into the required special documents? 3. What is organized at shipyards for working out technological processes? 4. What kinds of documents must be produced by the technological office? 5. What must be included into a list for each component? 6. What is meant under particulars of the parts making up the structure? 7. What is the main requirement to the technological process in every case? 8. What is to be taken into account during the technological process? 9. Who must the technological processes be agreed with and approved by? 10. Can the technological process be changed by the shops in working order?

 

Ex. 8. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Give grounds to your answer:

 

1. The technological processes concerns some separate particular parts of the production process. 2. The drawings alone can be enough for the production process. 3. Special documents cover all the aspects of the process. 4. The terms “specifications” and "technological processes" means practically the same. 5. Auxiliary work cannot be included into the technological process. 6. Accepting finished products is also the part of the technological process. 7. The chief engineer of the establishment gives the final approval of the process. 8. This approval leaves a certain freedom in maneuvering for the shop. 9. The methods and places of the future work must also be included into the documents.