Read and translate the text to learn more about British traditions.

Clubs. One of English traditions is clubs. A club is an association of people who like to meet together to relax and discuss things. These people are usually upper-class men or men connected with the government or other powerful organizations which control public life and support the established order of society. However, there are clubs of people not connected with the ruling circles, for example, cultural clubs, whose members are actors, painters, writers and critics and their friends. In a word, clubs are organizations which join people of the same interests. A club usually owns a building where members can eat, drink and sometimes sleep.

Gardening. Gardening is very popular with many people in Britain. Most British people love gardens, and this is one reason why so many people prefer to live in houses rather than flats. In suburban areas you can see many small houses, each one with its own little garden of flowers and shrubs. For many people gardening is the foundation of friendly relations with neighbours. Flower-shows and vegetable-shows with prizes for the best exhibits are very popular.

Traditional ceremonies. Many traditional ceremonies have been preserved since old times and are still regularly observed.

Changing of the guard. The royal palace is traditionally guarded by special troops who wear colourful uniforms: scarlet tunics, blue trousers and bearskin caps. The history of the Foot guards goes back to 1656, when King Charles II, during his exile in Holland, recruited a small body-guard. Later this small body-guard grew into a regiment of guards. Changing of the guard is one of the most popular ceremonies. It takes place at Buckingham Palace every day at 11.30 a.m. The ceremony always attracts a lot of spectators – Londoners as well as visitors – to the British capital.

Mounting the guards. Mounting the guards is another colourful ceremony. It takes place at the Horse guards, in Whitehall, at 11 a.m. every weekday and at 10 a.m. on Sundays. It always attracts sight-seers. The guard is a detachment of Cavalry troops and consists of the Royal Horse guards and the Life guards. The Royal Horse guards wear deep-blue tunics and white metal helmets with red horsehair plumes, and have black sheep-skin saddles. The ceremony begins with the trumpeters sounding the call. The new guard arrives and the old guard is relieved. The two officers, also on horse-back, salute each other and then stand side by side while the guard is changed. The ceremony lasts fifteen minutes and ends with the old guard returning to its barracks.

The Ceremony of the Keys. The Ceremony of the Keys dates back 700 years and has taken place every night since that time. It was never interrupted even during the air-raids by the Germans in the last war. Every night, at 9.53 p.m. the Chief Warder of the Yeomen Warders (Beefeaters) of the Tower of London lights a candle lantern and goes, accompanied by his Escort, towards the Bloody Tower. In his hand the Chief Warder carries the keys, with which he locks the West Gate and then the Middle Tower. Then the Chief Warder and his Escort return to the Bloody Tower, where they are stopped by the sentry. Then follows the dialogue:

Sentry: Halt! Who goes there?

Chief Warder: The keys.

Sentry: Whose keys?

Chief Warder: Queen Elizabeth’s keys.

Sentry: Advance, Queen Elizabeth’s keys; all’s well.

Having received permission to go on, the Chief Warder and his Escort walk through the Arch way of the Bloody Tower and face the Main Guard of the Tower, who gives the order to present arms, which means to hold a weapon upright in front of the body as a ceremonial greeting to an officer of high rank. The Chief Warder takes off his Tudor-style cap and cries, “God preserve Queen Elizabeth!” “Amen”, answer the Main Guard and the Escort.

The Lord Mayor’s Show. The local power of the City of London is headed by the Lord Mayor who is elected every year from among the most prominent citizens. The splendid ceremony of election known as the Lord Mayor’s Show dates back more than six hundred years. It is always watched by many thousands of people who crowd the streets of the City of London on the second Saturday of November to see and admire its interesting procession. The ceremony begins at the Guildhall, the seat of the municipal government in the City of London. Starting from the Guildhall at about 11.30 a.m., the newly-elected Lord Mayor travels in a gilded coach which dates from the mid-eighteenth century. His body-guard is a company of Pikemen and Musketeers. The long, colourful procession, made up of liveried footmen and coachmen, moves along the narrow streets of the City. At about noon the Lord Mayor arrives at the Royal Court of Justice, where he takes the oath before the Lord Chief Justice and Judges of the Queen’s Bench to perform his duties faithfully. The bells of the City ring out as the festive procession leaves the Court of Justice after the ceremony and heads for the Mansion House, the official residence of the Lord Mayor. During the evening the traditional Banquet takes place at the Guildhall. The Banquet is attended by many of the most prominent people of the country and is usually televised. The Prime Minister delivers a political speech, a toast is proposed by the Archbishop of Canterbury.