Укажите, в какой видо-временной форме нужно употребить подчёркнутый глагол при переводе предложения на английский язык.

1. Когда он вошёл в зал, фильм уже начался. 2. Он работал пять лет, прежде чем поступил в университет. 3. Сколько лет вы жили в центре до того, как переехали? 4. К концу семестра студенты написали две курсовые работы. 5. Когда мы вернулись с прогулки, хозяйка уже вымыла посуду. 6. Я надеюсь, что к концу недели погода изменится к лучшему. 7. Я случайно встретилась вчера с ней на улице. Мы не виделись с детства. 8. После того, как я дочитаю книгу, я расскажу тебе содержание. 9. Когда они пришли, мы уже обсудили все вопросы. 10. Они провели ряд переговоров, прежде чем подписали соглашение. 11. Когда начался дождь, мы уже добрались до дому. 12. Не беспокойтесь! Я просмотрю все эти письма к концу дня. 13. Он закончил писать свой доклад к шести часам. 14. Он перепробовал множество разных профессий, прежде чем стал известным писателем. 15. Она так прекрасно говорила по-французски, потому что жила в Париже много лет.

SCIENCE

1. Science is a cumulative body of knowledge about the natural world, obtained by the application of a peculiar method practiced by the scientists. It’s known that the word “science” is derived from Latin and means “to know, to have knowledge”.

2. There are different kinds of sciences: a pure science, fundamental and applied sciences, practical, natural and physical sciences, a psychological science, a medical science, a social science, etc. For example, fundamental and applied sciences are different, the former is concerned with fundamental laws of nature, and the latter is engaged in application of the knowledge obtained. The result of applied sciences is technology which is the concrete practical expression of research done in the laboratory and is applied to manufacturing commodities to meet human needs.

3. The word «scientist» was first introduced only in 1840 by a Cambridge professor of philosophy who wrote: «We need a name for describing a cultivator of science in general. I should be inclined to call him a scientist». «The cultivators of science» before that time were known as «natural philosophers» who were curious, often eccentric, “persons who poked inquiring fingers at nature”. They started to use a technique of inquiry which is now referred to as the «scientific method».

4. In this method the following steps can be distinguished. First comes the thought that initiates the inquiry. It’s known, for example, that in 1896 the physicist Henri Becquerel, in his letter to the French Academy of Science, reported that he had discovered rays of an unknown nature emitted spontaneously by uranium salts. His discovery exited Marie Curie, and together with her husband Pierre Curie she tried to obtain more knowledge about the radiation: what it was and where it came from.

5. Second comes the collecting of facts. It is always based on the experiment in which anything may be used - from a test-tube to an earth-satellite. This leads to step three: organizing the facts and studying the relationships that emerge. Step four consists in stating a hypothesis. In July 1898, the Curies announced the probable presence of a new element possessing powerful radioactivity. This was the beginning of the discovery of radium.

6. Then follows the statement of the theory. In December 1898, the Curies reported to the Academy of Sciences: «The various reasons lead us to believe that the new radioactive substance contains a new element to which we propose to give the name of Radium». And the final step is the practical test of the theory. This is essential, because from this flows the possibility of control by man of the forces of nature.

7. Note should be taken of how Marie Curie used deductive method in her research, this kind of «detective work» is basic to the methodology of science. Although the Curies were doing the basic research work at great expense to themselves in hard physical toil, they knew that they were part of an international group of people all concerned with their search for truth. Their reports were published and immediately examined by scientists all over the world.

Задания

1. Answer the questions: What is science?What kinds of science do you know? What does the word “science” mean? How are fundamental and applied sciences distinguished? When was the word «scientist» first introduced? What steps can be distinguished in the «scientific method»?

2. Translate: наука, знания, ученые, чистая наука, прикладная наука, психология, законы природы, применение знаний, производство товаров народного потребления, научный метод, шаг, мысль, открытие, решать проблему, спутник земли, сбор фактов, объяснять что-либо, доказывать факт, выдвинуть гипотезу, объявить об открытии, возможность контроля человеком сил природы, физическое напряжение, поиск истины.