Chapter 3. Naval architecture (кораблестроение)

 

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text, using the words below.

Naval architecture, also known as naval engineering, is an engineering discipline dealing with the design, construction, maintenance and operation of sea going vessels. Naval architecture plays the primary role in all stages of the life of a marine vessel right from initial designing to advanced type of design, actual construction, testing, operations, maintenance as well as launching and dry-docking of marine vessels. The role and scope of naval architecture doesn’t end here, as it is also involved in the modification, modernization and repair of old vessels. The discipline also involves in areas dealing with formation of safety standards, damage control rules and certification of vessel designs.

The naval technology has made tremendous progress over the past century, especially the last fifty years. Marine vessels have seen huge advancement in terms of their designing and increase in efficiency. It has been possible because of the establishment of dedicated field of study in the naval engineering especially the naval architecture. Earlier on, the design and shape of a vessel was approved in an imprecise way ignoring important criteria such as its speed and strength. But now naval architects are using modern computers and tools to improve the overall performance of the marine vessels. The technology has been used to improve performance of any type of vessel including giant ships, tankers, war ships, cruise ships, ice breakers, submarines and even yachts and fishing boats. Additionally, naval architecture is also being used in the design and construction of different types of offshore structure for civil as well as military purposes.

Naval architecture has helped to significantly improve the performance of sea going vessels and ports. The new technology has successfully being used to improve the hydrodynamics, speed, strength and durability of marine vessels with the great advanced computer software.

A naval architect deals with designing and development of vessels at all stages. They formulate accurate architectural and design plans right from deciding vessel’s size to the density of its hull and usage of materials for optimal efficiency of the sea machines. They also have expertise in different types of maritime activities like dredging, shipment and transportation, offshore drilling etc. In fact, the discipline of naval architecture serves to all stages of the life of vessels and offshore structures right from the research and development, designing, construction, operations and repair, as well as safety of the marine vessels and offshore structures. They produce safe, durable and efficient marine vessels and offshore structures at the minimum possible cost. The products of naval architecture include marine vessels of all sizes, offshore oil platforms, navy aircraft carriers and other vessels required by the navy.

The job of naval architects requires leadership and time management skills, as they need to interact with technically skilled individuals with specialization in other fields associated with naval architecture. Naval architects are employed by commercial as well as military agencies that includes shipyards, design firms and consultancies, naval equipment manufacturers, private ship owners, and navies to name a few.

 

Words to be remembered.

naval architecture - кораблестроение

to deal with - иметь дело

initial - начальный, первоначальный

scope - сфера, охватывающий

tremendous - огромный, потрясающий

in terms of - с точки зрения

establishment - основание, хозяйство, учреждение

dedicate - предназначать

imprecise – открывать (торжественно)

durability - прочность, длительность

accurately - точно

density - плотность, идеальный вес

expertise – квалификация, экспертиза

dredge - углублять, драгировать

navy aircraft - морская авиация

Exercise 2. Find some mistakes in the questions, correct and answer them

1. What plays the primary role in all stages of the life of a marine vessel?

2. Has the naval technology made tremendous progress over the past century?

3. Marine vessels increase in efficiency, don't they?

4. What are naval architects using now?

5. Where is naval architecture also being used?

6. Has naval architecture helped to significantly improve the performance of sea going vessels and ports?

7. What does a naval architect deal with?

8. Do the products of naval architecture include marine vessels of all sizes?

9. What does the job of naval architect require?

10. Naval architects are employed by commercial as well as military agencies, aren't they?

Exercise 3. Choose the right meaning of the word.

launching

1. спуск 2. подъем 3. ремонт 4. обслуживание

scope

1. условие 2. цель 3. сфера 4. задача

involve

1. притягивать 2. вовлекать 3. изучать 4. превращать

damage

1. ущерб 2. повреждение 3. простой 4. поломка

tremendous

1. трендовый 2. модный 3. отличный 4. огромный

dedicated field

1. установленная область 2. предназначенная область

3. обнаруженное поле 4. определенное поле

strength

1. устойчивость 2. прочность 3. сопротивляемость 4. непреступность

significantly

1. несомненно 2. точно 3. значительно 4. однозначно

durability

1. прочность 2. устойчивость 3. крепость 4. железный

offshore structure

1. морское сооружение 2. внебереговая структура

3. морская структура 4. береговое сооружение

 

Exercise 4. Find synonyms to the following words and word combinations.

naval architecture, vessel, naval architects, maintenance, scope, involve, durability, expertise.

Exercise 5. Say whether the statements are true or false. Correct them if necessary.

1. Naval architecture deals only with design of sea going vessels.

2. The role and scope of naval architecture also involved in the modification, modernization and repair of old vessels.

3. The discipline doesn't deal with carrying out damage control rules and certification of seamen.

4. Marine vessels have seen huge advancement in terms of their seaworthiness and decreasing in efficiency.

5. Earlier on, the design and shape of a vessel was approved ignoring important criteria such as its speed and strength.

6. Boatswain is using modern computers and tools to improve the overall performance of the boat.

7. Naval architecture is also being used in the design and construction of different types of offshore structure.

8. Port authorities have helped to significantly improve the maintenance of sea going vessels and ports.

9. Vessel models can now be accurately tested before being built using advanced computer software.

10. They have expertise in dredging shipment and transportation offshore drilling.

 

Exercise 6. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.

1. Продуктом кораблестроения являются суда всех размеров, морские нефтяные платформы, суда для морской авиации.

2. Кораблестроение - это техническая дисциплина, которая занимается дизайном, строительством, операциями и обслуживанием судов.

3. Модификация, модернизация и ремонт старых судов являются функцией кораблестроения.

4. Компьютерные технологии используются для изучения характеристики любого типа судна, включая гигантские суда, танкеры, военные суда, крупные суда, ледоколы, подводные лодки и даже яхты и рыболовные суда.

5. Новые технологии позволяют улучшить гидродинамику, скорость и долговечность морских судов.

6. Модели судов должны быть тщательно проверены до того как они будут построены, используя передовое компьютерное программное обеспечение.

7. Морское кораблестроение занимается проектированием и усовершенствованием судов на всех этапах.

8. Кораблестроители вырабатывают правильные конструкционные и чертежные схемы от решаемого размера судна до удельного веса корпуса и использования материалов для оптимальной эффективности морского транспорта

9. Кораблестроители работают как в коммерческих, так и военных структурах.

10. К продуктам морского кораблестроения относятся морские суда всех размеров, платформы, находящиеся в открытом море, перевозчики морской авиации и другие суда, требующиеся военно-морским флотом.

 

Exercise 7. Choose the correct verb.

1. Naval architecture... (deals with, is busy with, employs) in design, construction, operations and maintenance of sea going vessels.

2. Naval architecture... (creates, plays, acts) the primary role right from the initial designing to advanced type of design.

3. The scope of naval architecture is... also... (is consisted of, is dragged in, is involved in) the modification, modernization and repair of old vessels.

4. The task of naval architecture... (was, is, will be) formulation of safety standards, damage and certification of vessels design.

5. Marine vessels... (have seen, have showed, have caught) huge advancement in terms of their designing.

6. The design and shape of a vessel... (improved, increased, involved) speed and strength.

7. Naval architecture... also... (is being done, is being used, is being made) in the design and construction of different types of offshore structure.

8. A naval architect... (owns, gets, has) expertise in different types of maritime activities.

9. Naval architecture … (designs, serves, constructs) to all stages of the life of vessels and offshore structures.

10. A naval architect... (needs to interact, can work, must employ) with technically skilled individuals with specialization in other fields associated with naval architecture.

 

Exercise 8. Scan the text again and count how many times the words “naval” and “design” are used in different combinations. What verb is met in the text most often?

Exercise 9. Make up sentences of your own, using the following words and word combinations

Marine vessel, to involve, to improve, naval engineering, sea going vessels, hydrodynamics.

 

Exercise 10. Find the synonyms to the word combination “marine vessel”.

Exercise 11. Translate the text without the dictionary. Ask as many questions as possible.

Naval architecture involves basic and applied research, design, development, design evaluation and calculations during all stages of the life of a marine vehicle. Preliminary design of the vessel, its detailed design, construction, trials, operation and maintenance, launching and dry-docking are the main activities involved. Ship design calculations are also required for ships being modified (by means of conversion, rebuilding, modernization, or repair). Naval architecture also involves formulation of safety regulations and damage control rules and the approval and certification of ship designs to meet statutory and non-statutory requirements.

 

Exercise 12. Retell the text.

 

 

CHAPTER 4. SHIP (СУДНО)

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text, using the words below.

A ship is a large buoyant watercraft. Ships are generally distinguished from boats based on size, shape and cargo or passenger capacity. Ships are used on lakes, seas, and rivers for a variety of activities, such as transport of people or goods, fishing, entertainment, public safety and warfare. Historically, a “ship” was a sailing vessel with at least three square-rigged masts and a full bowsprit.

Ships and boats have developed alongside humanity. In armed conflict and in daily life they have become an integral part of modern commercial and military systems. Fishing boats are used by millions of fishermen throughout the world. Military forces operate vessels for combat and to transport and support forces ashore. Commercial vessels can carry cargo for long distances.

Ships were always a key in history’s great explorations and scientific and technological development. Navigators, such as Zheng He spread such inventions as the compass and gunpowder. Ships have been used for such purposes as colonization and the slave trade, and have served scientific, cultural, and humanitarian needs. After the 16^th century, new crops that had come from and to the Americans via the European seafarers significantly contributed to the world`s population growth. Maritime transport has shaped the world`s economy into today`s energy-intensive pattern.

Ships can usually be distinguished from boats based on size and the ship`s ability to operate independently for extended periods. A commonly used rule of thumb is that if one vessel can carry another, the larger of the two is a ship. Dinghies are carried on sailing yachts as small as 35 ft (10.67m), clearly not ships; this rule of thumb is not foolproof.

Some types of vessel were also defined by their sailplane, e. g. barque, brigantine, etc. A number of large vessels are usually referred to as boats. Submarines are a prime example. Other types of large vessel which are traditionally called boats are the Great Lakes freighter, the riverboat, and the ferryboat. Though large enough to carry their own boats and heavy cargoes, these vessels are designed for operation on inland or protected coastal waters.

In most maritime traditions ships have individual names, and modern ships may belong to a ship class often named after its first ship. In English, a ship is traditionally referred to as “she”, even if named after a man, but this is not universal usage; some journalistic style guides advise using “it” as referring to ships with female pronouns can be seen as offensive and out dated.

Ship naming ceremony is held at the shipyard when a new ship is ready to sail out after undergoing the required sea trials.

Once the construction of a ship is completed, the ship owner is notified of the completion and date is fixed for its naming ceremony. On the day of ceremony, the owner arrives at the shipyard with family members, friends, and business partners with a pre-decided name. Ship naming and launching procedures are arranged to provide a ship hull with her identity.

Traditionally, the ship naming and launching ceremony had a meaning where it had brought good fortune and safety to the new ship, its crew, and passengers. The tradition of ship naming ceremony dates back to thousands of years. There are evidences of Babylonian celebrating ship launching in the 3^rd millennium BC, and Romans, Greeks and on their gods to protect ships before starting voyages. Ships launching of the Vikings were marked by the spilling of blood during the Viking age between 8^th and 11^th centuries AD. During the medieval age, wine was offered as a substitute for the earlier blood sacrifice to mark the opening ceremony of the ships. The traditions continue to be similar even today with the only exception of woman christening ships nowadays. Earlier, the ceremony was mainly performed by religious men or officials.

On the day of ship naming and, the new ship is tastefully decorated with flags and long rolls of ribbons. Thereafter, a woman is asked to cut the ribbon, and smash a bottle of champagne against the ship`s bow. As the champagne collides with the bow of the ship, the drums are hit hard and a band of musicians start playing music.

The launching of the new ship involves sliding the ship into the water from an inclined slipway. The most popular and widely accepted ship launching method is the end – on launch. In this launch method, the new ship is allowed to slide into the water with its stern entering the water first. After the naming ceremony, the owner needs to register the name of the ship with the designated authorities, normally a classification society.

Words to be remembered.

buoyant – плавучий

distinguish – различать

passenger capacity – вместимость пассажиров, объём

entertainment – развлечение, представление

warfare – война, столкновение, борьба

square-rigged mast – мачта c прямым парусным снаряжением

bowsprit – бушприт

armed conflict – вооруженный конфликт

integral – интеграл

spread – распространяться, развёртывать

crop – урожай, культура

seafarers – моряк, мореплаватель

significantly – значительно

contribute – содействовать, способствовать

shape – форма, вид, образ, модель

pattern – образец, модель, пример

freighter – грузовое судно

offensive – наступление

outdated – устаревший

trial – опыт, испытание

launch – спускать судно на воду

violence – очевидность

spill – падение, поток

medieval – средневековый

substitute – заменять, подставлять

sacrifice – жертвовать

ribbon – лента

smash – разбивать вдребезги

slipway – слип, судоподъёмный эллинг

rule of thumb – практический метод

dinghy – корабельная шлюпка

 

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions.

1. What is a ship?

2. What has become an integral part of modern commercial and military systems?

3. Where can ships be used?

4. What purposes have ships been used for?

5. What has shaped the world’s economy into today’s energy – intensive pattern?

6. What are boats called?

7. Ships have individual names, haven’t they?

8. How is a ship traditionally referred to in English?

9. Is ship naming ceremony held at the shipyard?

10. Is the ship owner or the ship agent notified of the completion and a particular date for naming ceremony?

 

Exercise 3. Ask all types of questions to the given sentences.

1. The tradition of ship naming ceremony dates back to thousands of years.

2. Ship launching of the Vikings were marked by the spilling of blood during the Viking age between 8^th and 11^th centuries.

3. The traditions continue to be similar ever today with only exception of women christening ships how bays.

 

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences.

1. Ships are used…….

2. A “ship” was a sailing vessel with ……….

3. ………. have developed alongside humanity.

4. Ships have become ……… of modern commercial and military systems.

5. Ships were always a key in history’s great ……….. and ……… and ……….. development.

6. Ships ………….. Scientific, cultural and humanitarian ………...

7. Ships have ……….. Names.

8. A ship is traditionally to as “……….”

9. Ship naming ceremony is held at the …………..

10. The ship ………. and ……… ceremony had a meaning where it had brought good …………. and …………. to the new ship, it’s ……. and ……….

 

Exercise 5. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.

1. Суда отличаются от лодок размером, формой и вместимостью груза и пассажиров.

2. Судно – это транспортное средство предназначенное для перевозки людей и груза, для безопасности общества и военных целей.

3. В вооруженных конфликтах и в повседневной жизни они стали интегральной частью современной коммерческой и военной системы.

4. Использование судов в экспедициях стало неотъемлемой частью великих открытий в истории, а также в научном и технологическом развитие общества.

5. Суда внесли огромный вклад в рост населения мира по средствам передвижения европейских мореплавателей.

6. Грузовые суда, речные суда и паромы предназначены для работы во внутренних или защищенных прибрежных водах из-за неспособности перевозить тяжелые грузы.

7. В английском языке, судно обычно называют «она», если даже оно названо в честь мужчины.

8. Процедура присвоения имени и спускания суда на воду устраивается, чтобы обеспечить корпус судно с её идентичностью.

9. Традиционно, церемония присвоения имени и спускания судна на воду означает, что она принесет хорошую удачу, безопасность судну, его экипажу и пассажирам.

10. Раньше церемония в большинстве случаев проводилась религиозными представителями или администрацией.

 

Exercise 6. Find the synonyms from the text.

1. A vessel

2. Navigator

3. Spread

4.Purpose

5.Significantly

6. Shape

7. Refer to

8. Voyage

 

Exercise 7. Give Russian equivalents.

To substitute, integral, entertainment, square-rigged mast, pattern, barque, launching, armed conflict, rule of thumb, heavy cargoes, passenger capacity, seafarers, bowsprit, buoyant, distinguish, violence, trial, rule of thumb, public safety, to refer to, warfare, dinghy, freighter, spill, outdated, to sacrifice, to smash

Exercise 8. Give English equivalents.

Плавучий, форма, распространяться, интеграл, урожай, содействовать, практический метод, устаревший, поток, жертвовать, вооруженный конфликт, грузовое судно, бушприт, вместимость пассажиров, война, развлечение, моряк, мачта c прямым парусным снаряжением, значительно, испытание, корабельная шлюпка, спускать судно на воду, разбивать вдребезги, судоподъёмный эллинг

Exercise 9. Retell the text.