Unit 5 Chemistry and its branches

Do you like chemistry? What was your mark on chemistry at school?

What do you know about the history of chemis- try?

Do you know the branches of chemistry? What branches of chemistry do you prefer?

1. Read the text and translate.

Ancient science

Chemistry is the science of matter and the changes it undergoes. Chemistry is concerned with the composition, behavior (or reaction), structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it under- goes during chemical reactions.

Ancient Egyptians pioneered the art of synthetic wet chemistry 4,000 years ago. Wet chemistry is a term used to refer to chemistry generally done in the liquid phase. By 1000 BC civilizations were using more complex forms of chemistry such as using plants

for medicine, extracting metal from ores, fermenting wine and making cosmetics.

The genesis of chemistry can be traced to the widely observed phenomenon of burning that led to metallurgy—the art and science of processing ores to get metals. The greed for gold led to the discovery of the process for its purification.

The earliest pioneers of chemistry, and inventors of the modern scientific method, were medieval Arab and Persian scholars. They introduced precise obser- vation and controlled experimentation into the field and discovered numerous chemical substances. The emergence of chemistry in Europe was primarily due to the recurrent incidence of the plague and blights there during the so called Dark Ages. This gave rise to a need for medicines.

Chemistry indeed came of age when Antoine Lavoisier, developed the theory of Conservation of mass in 1783; and the development of the Atomic Theory by John Dalton around 1800.The discovery of the chemical elements has a long history from the days of alchemy and culminating in the discovery of the pe- riodic table of the chemical elements by Dmitri Men- deleev and later discoveries of some synthetic ele- ments.

Modern disciplines within chemistry are tradi- tionally grouped by the type of matter being studied or the kind of study. These include inorganic chemistry - the study of inorganic matter, organic chemistry - the study of carbon based matter, biochemistry - the study of substances found in biological organisms, physical

chemistry - the study of chemical processes using physical concepts and analytical chemistry - the analy- sis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure.

Many more specialized disciplines have emerged in recent years, e.g. neurochemistry the chemical study of the nervous system.

 

Vocabulary

3) Многие химические вещества при транс- формации могут принимать достаточно сложные формы.

4) Эти образцы можно рассмотреть под мик- роскопом.

5) Появилась серия статей, посвященных ре- зультатам 3х лет точных наблюдений космическо- го микроволнового фона на спутнике WMAP.

6) Химия как наука возникла достаточно давно.

analytical chemistry behavior (reaction) biochemistry biological organisms burning

changes

chemical processes complex forms composition emerge (v)

extract (v) gain (v) give rise to

group (v)

inorganic chemistry matter

organic chemistry physical chemistry precise observation property purification

sample substance undergo (v) wet chemistry

7) Соль сильной кислоты и сильного основа- ния не подвергается гидролизу.

8) Как и все органические вещества пенопо- листерол при горении выделяет от 1000 до 3000 Мдж/кг.

 

3. Give Russian equivalent for the following word combinations. Use them in the sentences of your own.

The science of matter, liquid phase, complex forms of chemistry, fermenting wine, the genesis of chemistry, widely observed phenomenon, the greed for gold, the modern scientific method, numerous

2. Translate the sentences into English.

1) Химия изучает вещества, их свойства, строение и превращения, происходящие в резуль- тате химических реакций.

2) По признаку изучаемых веществ химию принято делить на неорганическую и органическую.

chemical substances, due to the recurrent incidence, a need for medicines, the theory of Conservation of mass, the days of alchemy, the discovery of the peri- odic table of the chemical elements, the kind of study, carbon based matter, physical concepts, an under- standing of chemical composition and structure.

 

4. Answer the questions to the text:

1) What phenomena are studied by chemistry?

2) Who pioneered chemistry?

3) What is “wet chemistry”?

4) What forms of chemistry did civilizations use by 1000 BC? Give examples.

5) When was the genesis of chemistry?

6) What did the greed for gold lead to?

7) Who were the earliest inventors of the modern scientific methods of chemistry? What did they do?

8) How did chemistry emerge in Europe?

9) When did chemistry indeed come of age?

10) Who discovered the periodic table of the chemical elements?

11) How are disciplines within chemistry tradi- tionally grouped?

12) What is studied by inorganic chemistry, or- ganic chemistry?

13) What is studied by biochemistry, physical chemistry?

 

5. Read the sentences and say if they are true to the text or false. Correct the mistakes.

1) Chemistry is the science about immune sys-

tem.

3) Ancient Egyptians pioneered the art of dry chemistry 4,000 years ago.

4) Wet chemistry means that chemistry is done in the solid phase.

5) The genesis of chemistry can be traced to the widely observed phenomenon of cooling.

6) Starving led to the discovery of the process of purification.

7) In the XXI century an epidemic of plague gave rise to a need for medicines.

8) Gregor Mendel developed the theory of Con- servation of mass.

9) Dmitri Mendeleev discovered the periodic ta- ble of the chemical elements.

10) Inorganic chemistry is the study of carbon based matter.

11) Analytical chemistry is the analysis of mate- rial samples.

6. Retell the history of chemistry enlarging it with your own facts.

7. Match the book-names of chemistry sub disci- plines and their definitions.

2) Chemistry is concerned with the changes mat- ter undergoes during chemical reactions.

1) Analytical chemistry

2) Biochemistry

3) Inorganic chemistry

4) Materials chemistry

5) Neurochemistry

6) Nuclear chemistry

7) Organic chemistry

8) Physical chemistry

 

a) is the study of the structure, properties, com- position, mechanisms, and reactions of organic com- pounds.

b) is the study of the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds.

c) is the study of the physical and fundamental basis of chemical systems and processes.

d) is the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure.

e) is the study of the chemicals, chemical reac- tions and chemical interactions that take place in liv- ing organisms.

f) is the study of how subatomic particles come together g) is the preparation, characterization, and understanding of substances with a useful function.

h) is the study of neurochemicals; including transmitters, peptides, proteins, lipids, sugars, and nucleic acids.

 

8. Make the report about any branch of chemis- try you like. Find interesting facts about the chosen branch.

9. Make a scrapbooking project “My favorite branch of chemistry”.

The scrapbooking is a book or album of blank pages in which to mount newspaper cuttings, pictures, etc.

Take a sheet of paperA3, photographs, pictures, newspaper cuttings, colored pencils, felt pens, water- color and glue. Try to create one sheet of a scrapbook- ing. Gather the works of your mates and make the scrapbooking which is called “Our favorite branches of chemistry”.

 

10. Study this table which is a guide to the adjective word order.

OPIN- ION	SIZE, AGE, SHAPE	COLO R	PAT- TERN	NATION- ALITY	MATE- RIAL	NOU N
a smart	young			French		man
a nice		brown	spotty			dog
a chic		red			silk	scarf

10. Put the following words into the correct or-

der.

1) suede / Italian / new / red / soft / shoes. 2) eld- erly / tall / Englishman. 3) oval / Venetian / ancient / valuable / glass. 4) shiny / large / expensive / brown / leather / case. 5) square / wooden / old / nice / table. 6) modern / stone / large / beautiful / cottage. 7) porce- lain / tea / blue / thin / old / cup. 8) young / blonde / handsome / tall / man. 9) old / several / English / beau- tiful / castles. 10) pretty / French / young / a lot of /

girls. 11) dark blue / best / silk / my / shirt. 12) young / many / factory / German / workers.

 

11. Study the table of the words of Greek and Latin origin. Add your examples to it.

Origin	Singular ending	Plural ending	Examples
Greek	-is	-es	basis, crisis, axis
Greek	-on	-a	criterion
Latin	-us	-i	radius, alumnus
Latin	-a	-ae	formula, vita
Latin	-um	-a	datum, medium
Latin	-ix / -ex	-ices	index, appendix

12. Give the plural form of the following words came from Latin and Greek and give Russian trans- lation to them.

Phenomenon, basis, bacterium, thesis, index, focus, criterion, datum, equilibrium, medium, syn- thesis, analysis, curriculum, symposium, spectrum, maximum, vacuum, stratum, hypothesis, phases, nu- cleus.

 

13. Choose the correct variant of the given nouns.

1) This phenomena/phenomenon follows the Newton Law.

2) Data/datum speaks in favor of this theory.

3) This hydrolysis/hydrolyses follows the above scheme.

4) Conclusive proof for the dioxin structure of IV was acquired through an independent synthe- sis/syntheses.

5) This thesis/theses holds for more general cases of isomerization.

6) The free proton resembles a particle consists of a nuclei/nucleus without planetary electrons.

7) The motion of a valence electron in its orbital is equivalent to the flow of a current in the loci/locus of its motion.

8) The data fit accurately into this formulae/ formula.

9) Give the report when analysis/analyses are complete.

10) These workers examined the spectra/ spec- trum of seventy nitrides.

 

14. Make your own sentences with these words. Pay attention to the plural and singular forms.

15. Remind all simple tenses. Play a game.

Tense Game

It is good for Past, Present and Future tense as well as for answering the questions "What did you do yesterday?", "What are you doing this weekend" etc. Divide your class into groups, allocate each group a

space on the blackboard and have a piece of chalk prepared for each space. Your teacher mention only 2/3 words (time, gender, activity) - i.e. girl, basketball, yesterday then shout Go! One student from each group is then to run to the board and in their allocated space write the sentence "She played basketball (yes- terday)", or whatever sentence is correct for the three words your teacher mentioned. The rules are that each person in the team must have a turn and you are not allowed to write the answers on a piece of paper and then copy it onto the board. Instead you can have helpers telling you what to write.

Have fun!

 

16. Open the brackets using Present, Past or Fu- ture Simple.

1) I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock every day. 2)I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock yesterday. 3) I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock tomorrow. 4) I (not to go) to the cinema every day. 5) I (not to go) to the cinema yesterday. 6) I (not to go) to the cinema tomorrow. 7) You (to watch) TV every day? 8) You (to watch) TV yesterday? 9) You (to watch) TV tomorrow? 10) When you (to leave) home for university every day? 11) When you (to leave) home for university yesterday? 12) When you (to leave) home for university tomorrow? 13) My brother (to go) to work every day. He (to leave) home at a quarter past eight. He (to walk) to his office. He (not to take) a bus. Yesterday he (not to go) to work. Yesterday he (to get) up at nine o'clock. 14)

What you (to buy) at the shop yesterday? - I (to buy) a

book. 15) Yesterday my father (not to read) newspa- pers because he (to be) very busy. He (to read) news- papers tomorrow.

 

 

17. Read chemical formulas and equations. (Use appendix 1).

N2O2 ↔2NO2

CuSO4 ↔Cu2++ SO42-(диссоциациясолей) H H

H-C-C-H (C2H6) (этан) H H

C + O2 →CO2

 

ZnCl2 + H2SO4→ZnSO4 + 2HCl

 

Zn + HCl→ZnCl2 + H2↑

 

18. Read the text

Gas chromatography

Gas chromotography is a method for separating components of mixtures of volatile compounds. In most applications the separations are made to identify

and determine the quantity of each component of a sample of the mixture, and analytical gas chroma- tographic apparatus includes additional devices for this purpose. In some applications, separations are made for preparative purposes, but the scale is not generally greater than that required for quantities of the order of 100 g.

The central item in the apparatus for gas chro- matography is the chromatographic column, a long tube packed permeably with some adsorbent. In the commonest technique of gas chromatography, the elu- tion technique, a stream of inert gas, the carrier gas, passes continuously through the column, and the mixture to be separated is introduced at the begin- ning of the column as a sample either of a gas or a volatile liquid. Let us suppose that the sample con- sists of one pure component. After introduction, it is swept by the carrier gas on to the column, first evaporating to form a vapor if it is introduced as a liquid. When it reaches the column, it is largely ad- sorbed, but the equilibrium is set up between the column and the gas in the interstices of the col- umn so that a proportion of the sample always re- mains in the gas phase. This portion moves a little further along the column in the carrier gas stream, where it again equilibrates with the column. At the same time, material already adsorbed in the col- umn reenters the gas phase so as to: restore equi- librium with the clean carrier gas which follows up the zone of vapor.

The speed at which the zone moves depends on

two factors, the rate of flow of the carrier gas and the extent to which the vapor is adsorbed. The faster the flow of carrier gas, the faster the zone moves; and the more strongly the vapor is adsorbed on the col- umn, the more slowly the zone moves. When two or more components are present in the sample, each usu- ally behaves, independently of the others so that for a given carrier gas flow rate, the speed of the zone of each component will depend on the extent to which it is adsorbed. Since different substances differ in their ad- sorption, they may therefore be separated by mak- ing use of their different speeds of progress through the column. If they are eluted to the far end of the col- umn they will appear one after the other in the gas stream, the fastest first and the slowest last.

Adsorbents such as carbon, alumina, or silica gel are used as the packing material for columns, but in more than 90% of applications, the column material is a liquid held in place on the column by being ad- sorbed on an inert solid support. Gas chromatogra- phy with this kind of column is called Gas Liquid Chromatography (G.L.C.). This method is used for separating solutes from mixed solutions.

 

19. Give Russian equivalents to the following phrases.

Gas chromatography, components of mixtures of volatile compounds, analytical gas chromatographic apparatus, additional devices, for preparative pur- poses, long tube, elution technique, stream of inert gas, carrier gas, volatile liquid, pure component, re-

store equilibrium, zone of vapor, separating solute.

 

20. Answer the following questions:

1) What does gas chromatography mean? 2) What is the central item in the apparatus for gas chromatography? 3) What gas passes through the column? 4) How does the process of chromatography pass? 5) What are adsorbents such as carbon, alu- mina, or silica gel used for? 6) What method is used for separating solutes from mixed solutions?

 

21. Read and translate the following deriva- tives:

1) analytical, analysis, analyse; 2) scheme, schematic, schematically; 3) compress, compression;

4) identify, identification; 5) include, inclusion, inclu- sive; 6) prepare, preparation, preparative; 7) adsorb, adsorbent, adsorption; 8) technique, technical, tech- nician; 9) evaporation, vapor; 10) equilibrium, equili- brate, equilibration; 11)behavior, behave; 12) solute, solution, solvent, soluble, dissolve.

 

22. Chemistry is a fascinating science, full of un- usual trivia! Here are some fun and interesting chem- istry facts for you. Add your own ones.

➢ If you pour a handful of salt into a full glass of water, the water level will actually go down rather than overflowing the glass.

➢ A pure element can take many forms. For ex- ample, diamond and graphite both are forms of pure carbon.

➢ Lightning strikes produce O3, which is ozone,

and strengthen the ozone layer of the atmosphere.

➢ The element Californium is often called the most expensive substance in the world (as much as

$68 million for one gram.)

➢ Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, while oxygen is the most abundant element

in the earth's atmosphere, crust, and oceans (about 49.5%).

➢ Helium balloons float because helium is

lighter than air.

➢ Most of the human body is made up of water, H2O, with cells consisting of 65-90% water by weight.

Therefore, it isn't surprising that most of a human body's mass is oxygen. Carbon, the basic unit for or- ganic molecules, comes in second. 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of just six elements: oxy- gen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phos- phorus.

➢ Gallium is a metal which melts on palm of the hand, due to its low melting point (29.76 °C).

➢ Astatine is the rarest element on Earth (approx 28g in the Earth's entire crust.)

➢ A rubber tire is actually one single giant mole- cule.

 

23. Translate the text into English.

История химии

Основы химии возникли ещё со времён появле- ния человека разумного. Поскольку человек всегда так или иначе имел дело с химическими вещест- вами, то его первые эксперименты с огнём, приго- товлением пищи можно назвать основой практи- ческой химии. Постепенно практические знания накапливались, и в самом начале развития цивилизации люди умели готовить некоторые краски, яды и лекарства. Вначале человек исполь- зовал биологические процессы, такие, как брожение, но с освоением огня начал использовать процессы горения, сплавления. Использовались окислительно-восстановительные реакции, не про- текающие в живой природе — например, восста- новление металлов из их соединений.

 

24. Make a report or presentation about the fa- mous chemist you know. Tell it to your group and vote for the most interesting report/ presentation.

Unit 6 Biology

How does biology refer to biotechnology? Why should biotechnologists study biology?

1. Read the first abstract of the text and try to an- swer the questions given there.

2. Read the whole text about biology and trans-

late.

The Science of Life

How can there be seedless grapes, and how do they reproduce? Why is carbon monoxide extremely poisonous? Why can`t you tickle yourself? What causes the smell after rain?

How do vitamins work? What`s all this fuss about stem cells? What`s make us yawn? Why are frogs growing extra legs out of their legs? Which came first, the chicken or the egg?

Biology is the study of living things and their vital processes. Because biology covers such a broad area, it has been traditional to separate the study of plants (botany) from that of animals (zoology), and the

study of structure of organisms (morphology) from that of function (physiology). Despite their apparent

differences, all the subdivisions are interrelated by ba- sic principles, so current practice investigate those

tion.

 

With the arrival of Greek

biological phenomena that all living things have in common. The advancement of knowledge and tech- nology has resulted in further categorizations that in- clude: cell biology, population biology, ecology, ge- netics, biochemistry, molecular biology, microbiol- ogy, physical anthropology, etc.

The foundations of modern biology include four components: cell theory; that life is made of fun- damental units called cells; evolution, that life is not deliberately designed by rather evolves incrementally through random mutations and natural selection; gene theory, that tiny molecular sequences of DNA dictate the entire structure of an organism and are passed from parents to offspring; and homeostasis, that each organism’s body includes a complex suite of processes designed to preserve its biochemistry from the en- tropic effects of the external environment.

It is not known when the study of biology originated, but it can be safely assumed that early hu- manoids had some experimental knowledge of the animals and plants around them. One's very survival relied on the recognition of poisonous plants and on the basic understanding of the habits of predators. Many of the earliest records of biology come from the bas-reliefs left behind by the Assyrians and Babyloni- ans. There is growing evidence from China and India as early as 2500 BC that there were general practices of therapeutic healing, silkworm use to produce silk, biological control of crops, and agricultural cultiva-

civilization, the study of biology shifted dramatically to a belief that every event has a cause and that a particular cause produces a particu-

lar effect. These philosophers of science assumed the existence of a natural law governing the universe. Al- though they established the science of biology, their greatest contribution to science was the idea of ra- tional thought.

The basic picture in biology has stayed roughly the same since DNA was first imaged using x- ray crystallography in the 1950s, although there are constant refinements to the details, and life is so com- plex that it could be centuries or even millennia before we begin to understand it in its entirety. But it should be made clear that we are moving towards complete understanding: life, while complex, consists of a finite amount of complexity that only appreciably increases on relatively long timescales of hundreds of thousands or millions of years. Evolution, while creative, oper- ates slowly.

In recent years, much excitement in biology has centered on the sequencing of genomes and their comparison, called genomics, and the creation of life with custom-written DNA programming, called syn- thetic biology. These fields are sure to continue grab- bing the headlines in the near future.

 

botany cause

cell theory complex complex suite consist of (v) constant contribution dictate (v) establish (v) evolution evolve (v) finite amount foundation

fundamental unit gene theory homeostasis

 

Vocabulary

in common morphology natural selection offspring operate (v) physiology preserve (v) recognition refinement

rely on (v) separate(v) shift (v) subdivision survival

vital processes

x-ray crystallography zoology

custom-written DNA programming.

 

4. Translate these sentences using your vocabu-

lary.

1) Мы смотрели передачу о том, как чистить

(peel) и разделять на сегменты цитрусовые.

2) Наше тело – это сложный набор органиче- ских молекул.

3) Этот уникальный диетический продукт ук- репляет иммунитет и способствует нормализации жизненно важных процессов в организме.

4) Способом выживания первобытного чело- века стало чувство его породнения (twinning) с грозной природной стихией.

5) На лекции мы узнали, что последователь- ность ДНК определяет структуру всего организма.

6) Ученые нашли биологическую причину то- го, что женщины находят спокойных, собранных мужчин более привлекательными.

7) Постановка и постоянное уточнение целей

3. Give Russian equivalents:

A broad area, apparent differences, biological phenomena, the foundations of modern biology, ran- dom mutations, tiny molecular sequences of DNA, a complex suite of processes, early humanoids, poison- ous plants, the habits of predators, growing evidence, therapeutic healing, every event has a cause, a natural law, greatest contribution, rational thought, constant refinements to the details, complete understanding, fi- nite amount of complexity, sequencing of genomes,

деятельности вызывают, поддерживают и пере- ключают внимание.

8) Рентгеновская кристаллография использу- ет рентгеновские лучи для выявления молекуляр- ной структуры кристалла.

9) Михаил Васильевич Ломоносов внес ог- ромный вклад в развитие науки в России.

 

5. Write all your associations with the words:

1) Botany

2) Zoology

3) Morphology

4) Physiology

 

6. Answer the following questions according the ideas of the text.

1) What is biology?

2) How is biology traditionally separated?

3) How are the subdivisions of biology interre- lated?

4) What components do the foundations of modern biology include?

5) When did the study of biology originate?

6) Who were the first people having biological knowledge?

7) Where did the first records about biology come from?

8) What practiced in China in 2500 BC?

9) What did Greek civilization bring to biologi- cal knowledge?

10) When did the picture in biology become sta-

ble?

11) When will we probably understand the bio- logical entity?

12) What is the most developing modern area of biology?

7. Say if these statements true or false accord- ing to the text. Correct if you find any mistakes.

1) Biology is the study of living things and their vital processes.

2) All the subdivisions of biology are interre- lated by chemical structures of organisms.

3) The foundations of modern biology include five components.

4) Cell theory says that life is not designed by mutations and natural selection

5) Gene theory says that our genetic structure is passed from parents to offspring.

6) We definitely know when the study of biol- ogy originated

7) The earliest records of biology come from China.

8) With the arrival of Greek civilization people started to believe in the idea of rational thought.

9) The basic picture in biology has stayed stable since x-ray crystallography was used in Russian hospi- tals.

10) Evolution operates fast.

11) Synthetic biology deals with new agricultural products.

8. Make a plan of this text. Add key words in it if necessary.

9. Retell this text using your plan.

10. Use colored pencils and make a poster. Tell

night. 15)the 19th century many people died of cholera and smallpox.

 

12. Fill in the blanks with prepositions of place at, in, on.

1) Excuse me, can you tell me where the concert

about the process of biosynthesis. Try to do it simple

hall is? — Turn

the right

the roundabout. It's

and teachable.

11. The Preposition. Fill in the blanks with the

the corner of the square. 2) We spent our holi- day the south coast of France. 3) He lives the tenth floor the centre of the city. 4) There was a

prepositions of time in, on, at where necessary.

black spot

the back of the cultivation tray. 5)

1) I usually finish work earlyFriday. I don't

There were no vacant chairs to sit

so he sat

work the weekend. 2) Let's meet five

the armchairthe corner. 6) Do you know that Eng-

Sunday, July 14. 3) I am busythe moment.

lishmen drive

the left? 7) Look, how many stars

Cometen minutes' time, please. 4) There was a

boat race in SouthamptonEaster Day. A lot of

there arethe sky! 8) I'm going to the concert

the Central Concert Hall tomorrow. 9) The delega-

people usually come thereEaster to see the race.

tion was met

the airport. 10) I don't want to sit

5) Can you imagine what the world will be.the

year 2100? 6) When will you have your holiday,

winter orsummer? — I'll have it late

the back row, let's sit the front. 11) At first it seemed that there wasn't his name the list, but then he found it the bottom of the page. 12) my way

August. 7) We started the offmidnight and

home I saw Helen. She was standing

the bus

reached the place of destinationtwelve hours

noon. 8)I was in France in 1997.that time I was working as a waiter in a small cafe. 9)the age

stop. 13) She did not want anybody to see her, so she sat the back of the car. 14) We were the res- taurant yesterday. There were a lot of delicious things

of sixteen he left his parents' house. 10)her wed- the menu. ding day she got updawn. 11) You must come and

start doing electrophoresis next Thursday. Are you free Thursday? 12) I received a lot of presents

my birthday. 13) Leonardo da Vinci lived and worked the Middle Ages. 14) every day he got up early the morning and went to bed late

13. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate preposi- tions where necessary.

1) I got lostMike's house! I wentmy bed-

room, walkeda corridor, camethe lounge, walkedan arch, wentsome stairs andthe

end I found myself my bedroom again. 2) Do you know that Alice is love Pete? 3) While you dress dinner, I'll go the shop the road. I'll be time. 4) The news the accident came a great shock him. 5) Let's look at my school photo. Can you recogniseme it? — I think you are left corner. — No, you are mistaken. I am the back the last row. 6) the Middle Ages London was

study of cells in terms of structure, function and chem- istry. Based on usage it can refer to cell biology.

Cell biology is a scientific discipline that studies cells – their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their en- vironment, their life cycle, division and death. This is done both on a microscopic and molecular level. Cell biology research encompasses both the great diversity

rather a big city.

the 16th century it became a

of single-celled organisms like bacteria, as well as the

prosperous capital. 7) Sit

the armchair and write

many specialized cells in multicellular organisms such

your nameblock letters

the top of the page.

as humans.

Write all dates words, not figures. 8) Sicily is an island the coast Italy. 9) I am afraid, I won't be able to find the theatre. — Oh, our town is rather small and you'll find it easily. Go bus till Victoria Station. Turn right the square. the theatre there are two palms, and the theatre there is a swimming pool. the theatre there is a coffee bar. 10) The typist sits the chair, with a lamp her.

 

14. Do you know what cytology is and what it studies? Is the kernel of a cell a subject of cytology? Why is knowledge of cytology necessary? Where can this knowledge be applied?

15. Read this text and translate it.

Cytology as a science.

Cytology means "the study of cells". Cytology is that branch of life science, which deals with the

The cell is the functional basic unit of life dis- covered by Robert Hooke. It is the smallest unit of life that is classified as a living thing, and is often called the building block of life. Some organisms, such as most bacteria, are unicellular (consist of a single cell). Other organisms, such as humans, are multicellular. Humans have about 100 trillion cells; a typical cell size is 10 micrometersand a typical cell mass is 1 nanogram. The largest known cells are unfertilized ostrichegg cells, which weigh 3.3 pounds.

The cell the- ory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias JakobSchleiden and Theodor Schwann, states that all organ- isms are composed of one or more cells, that all cells come from preexisting

cells, that vital functions of an organism occur within cells, and that all cells contain the hereditary informa- tion necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells.

The word cell comes from the Latin cellula, meaning, a small room. The descriptive term for the smallest living biological structure was coined by Robert Hooke in a book he published in 1665 when he compared the cork cells he saw through his micro- scope to the small rooms monks lived in.

The cell consists of different proteins. Each type of protein is usually sent to a particular part of the cell. Most proteins are synthesized by ribosomes in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. This process is known as protein biosynthesis.

Appreciating the similarities and differences be- tween cell types is particularly important to cell and molecular biology as well as to biomedical fields such as cancer research and developmental biology. There- fore, research in cell biology is closely related to genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology and developmental biology.

 

16. Give English equivalent to the following phrases.

Многоклеточные организмы, молекулярная биология, деление, клетка, наследственная инфор- мация, органеллы, яйцеклетка, исследование рака, раздел (науки), иметь дело с, бактерии, молеку-

лярный уровень, цитология.

17. Translate the sentences into English using the words you learned.

1) Биология клетки — раздел биологии, изу- чающий живые клетки, их органоиды, их строе- ние, функционирование, процессы клеточного размножения, старения и смерти.

2) Важнейшим дополнением клеточной тео- рии явилось утверждение знаменитого немецкого натуралиста, что каждая клетка образуется в ре- зультате деления другой клетки.

3) Биология развития — раздел современ- ной биологии, изучающий процессы индивидуаль- ного развитияорганизма.

4) Благодаря достижениям в области иммуно- логии создаются новые технологии для диагности- ки и лечения заболеваний, производства и приме- нения лекарственных препаратов.

5) Надо рассматривать данный процесс на мо- лекулярном уровне.

6) Жизненный цикл — закономерная смена всех поколений, характерных для данно- го вида живых организмов.

 

18. Answer the question according to the text.

1) What is cytology?

2) Is cytology and biology of a cell the same sci- ence?

3) What does cell biology study?

4) Who discovered the cell?

5) Is a cell the smallest unit of life?

6) Give examples of unicellular and multicellular organisms.

7) What cells are the largest known cells?

8) Who developed the cell theory?

9) Where does the word cell come from?

10) What is it inside the cell?

11) What is biosynthesis?

12) What sciences are related to the cell biology closely?

 

19. Put the words in the right order and write down the sentences:

1)that studies cells/ is / scientific / a/ cell biol- ogy / discipline /

2) basic /the /cell/ life/ functional/ of /is/ the/

unit /

3) of/ called/ life //the cell / often / the building block / is /

4) and/ 10 /mass /a /typical/ size/ nanogram/ is / a cell / is /1/cell /µm/typical/

5) for/ that /the next/ functions/ and /regulating/ all/ the /information /contain /for /cell/ hereditary/ to/ necessary/ generation / cells /cells /information/ of/ transmitting

6) provide/ differences /these /unifying/ simi- larities /and /theme fundamental /a

 

20. Write out the sentences expressing the main ideas of each logical part of the text.

21. Read and translate the text.

Не щекотно!

Ученые уже много лет гадают над смыслом боязни щекотки, которую могут испытывать не только люди, но и обезьяны, и крысы, ведь до сих пор непонятно, почему этот рефлекс не исчез в хо- де эволюции.

Существует мнение, что тот, кому щекотно, испытывает вовсе не удовольствие, а страдание. В свое время римляне использовали щекотку как пытку. В Средневековье тоже прибегали к этому методу: голые ступни ног жертвы фиксировались, и каждый, кто проходил мимо, мог пощекотать их. Но если пощекотать самого себя, смешно не будет. Еще Аристотель пришел к выводу, что ис- ходящее от нас самих, независимо от того, щекот- ка ли это или что-то другое, не представляет для нас опасности, и наш организм это просто игнори-

рует.

Эту догадку подтверждает и Сара Блэкмор, исследовательница из Лондона. При помощи маг- нитно-резонансного томографа она проанализиро- вала активность мозга людей, которых щекотал кто-то посторонний и которые щекотали себя са- ми. И пришла к выводу, что мозжечок тех, что ще- котал сам себя, был менее активен, чем тех, кого щекотали. Мозг точно распознает, какое ощуще- ние стоит ожидать, и эффекта неожиданности про- сто нет.

 

22. Create the project “Fantastic cells”

Think about unreal cells or cells of your dream and describe them (100-150 words). How do they look like? What properties do they have?

23. Give a detailed answer or write an essay on the following questions:

·The future of cytology.

·How cytology can help the mankind?

Unit 7 Embryology

What does embryology study?

How is an embryo de- veloping?

What is a zygote?

1. Read this text and translate it.

What is Embryology ?

Embryology is the study of the formation of life, part of the studies with which developmental biology is concerned. Developmental biology exam- ines how all forms of life begin, and how they develop into fully formed and functioning organisms.

Embryology looks at the very beginning of life from the one-celled organism, egg or sperm. Embry- ologists examine fertilization and track the develop- ment of the embryo until it bears a resemblance to its progenitors. For example, in human conception, em- bryologists would be interested in both sperm and egg, and the meeting of the two, and then would follow egg implantation and the growth of an embryo until it reaches the fetal stage. So in humans, the study of an embryo would last until about the second month of a pregnancy.

Aristotle was one of the first to champion the theory of epigenesis, the concept that life forms de- velop into complex organisms from fertilization. This was not a popular concept and was largely discarded in favor of the theory of preformation, which sug- gested that each human sperm was already a person in waiting. In the mid 18th century, Caspar Fredriech Wolff again set forth the concept of epigenesis. Through his study of chick embryos, Wolff realized that the body of an organism has stages of develop- ment. Through vivisection, he observed the complex- ity of specific organs and contended that their devel- opment could not simply have occurred spontane- ously, but must have developed over time.

Later scientists followed his studies, and with the development and subsequent improvements of the microscope, Wolff's theories were found to be quite accurate. Wolff is credited as the "Father of Embryol- ogy," even though he did not first conceptualize epi- genesis. Today, the theories of embryology are easier to prove because of the accuracy with which we can

 

 

accuracy accurate application bear (v) complexity concern (v)

developmental biology doubt (v)

egg embryo

embryologist embryology examine (v) fertilization fetal stage field formation growth

Vocabulary

implantation in vitro legislation microscope observe (v) occur (v) pregnancy progenitor reach (v) regard resemblance sperm

theory of epigenesist theory of preformation tool

track (v) vivisection

examine DNA codes within a cell.

There are several practical applications of em- bryology in the modern world. Embryology has given doctors the tools to create fertilized eggs for in vitro implantation. Embryology can also identify risk fac- tors for serious genetic conditions within the fertilized egg and select the most viable eggs for implantation. The study of embryology has led directly to the con- cept of cloning, either for a whole organism or parts of an organism.

2. Translate the sentences into English.

1) Эмбриология — это наука, изучающая раз- витие зародыша.

2) Зародышем называют любой организм на ранних стадиях развития до рождения или вылуп- ления, или до момента прорастания.

4) Различают эмбриологию животных и чело- века и эмбриологию растений.

5) Многие ученые не сомневаются в истин- ности данного предположения.

6) Во время исследования была обнаружена коммитированная (commited) клетка- предшественник.

7) На стадии зародыша можно оценить каче- ство эмбриона по степени фрагментации.

8) Действующее законодательство регламен- тирует работу с персональными данными.

 

3. Use your English-English dictionary and write down the definitions to the following words:

Cloning, fetal stage, fertilization, pregnancy, in vitro.

 

4. Read the text attentively again and say which statements are true to the fact or false.

1) Cytology is the study of the formation of life.

2) Embryology looks at the very beginning of life from the multi-celled organism, egg or sperm.

3) Embryologists examine fertilization.

4) So in humans, the study of an embryo would last until about the first month of a pregnancy.

5) Caspar Fredriech Wolff was one of the first to champion the theory of epigenesis.

6) Wolff realized that the body of an organism has stages of development.

7) Aristotle is credited as the "Father of Embry- ology," even though he did not first conceptualize epi- genesis.

8) Today, the theories of embryology are easier to prove because of the accuracy with which we can examine RNA codes within a cell.

9) Embryology has given doctors the tools to cre-

ate fertilized eggs for in vivo implantation.

 

5. Speak on the new facts you found in the text. What wondered you or what information was new for you? Can you add any other information about the embryology?

6. Make a plan of this text. Add key words in it if necessary.

7. Retell this text using your plan and adding the information you found about embryology.

8. Choose the TOPICS you like for the presenta- tions and make it with your partner:

· Ontogeny

· Embryogenesis

· Prenataldevelopment

· Epigenesis

· Developmentalbiology

· Morphogens

 

Speak about the history, development and new achievements in these fields.

9. Remind the pronouns and choose the correct form of them in brackets.

1) What color is the litmus paper? It is so far that I can't see (it's/its/it) color. 2) They rarely drive to (their/them/ theirs) lab. They live near (it's/it/its). 3)

Look at (me/ mine/my) new watch. Do you like (it/them/its)? 4) These books are (her/hers). Give (them/their/theirs) to (hers/ her). 5) Do you like (you/your/yours) new car? — Oh, (it's/it/its) has never let me down yet. 6)(Theirs/Their/ Them) work is much more difficult than (you/yours/ your) or (me/mine/my). 7) Why are (you/your/yours) sitting here? It is not (you/your/yours) desk, it is (me/ mine/my). 8) This tape recorder of (her/hers/she) is always out of order. — But so is (you/your/yours)! 9) She has not read a line of (you/your/yours), how can she criticize (you/your/yours) books? 10) The clock has stopped. Something may be wrong with (it's/it/its) spring.

 

10. Translate the sentences into English.

1) Кто там? — Откройте, это я. 2) Мой дом на правой стороне улицы, а их — на левой. 3)Их лод- ка была быстрее нашей. 4) Как зовут вашу собаку?

— Ее зовут Квин. 5) В этом районе построена но- вая дорога. Ее длина более трехсот километров. 6) Это ваша ручка, а это его, но где же моя? 7) Она взяла мои ключи вместо своих. 8) Самый лучший план — ваш. 9) Чью работу будут пpоверять — Джона или Кэт? 10) Его автомобиль небольшой, но мотор (engine) у него мощный.

 

 

11. How many areas of physiology do you know? Do you study physiology? Read the text.