What is Diplomacy: An Academic Subject or Just Lifestyle?

h. Gianfranco Fini, president of Italy's Chamber of Deputies, is a polished, intelligent and _____________ political operator. WIT

The other members of the group are journalists working for different media and invited to the press conference. Ask questions about Timothy Barrow’s profile.

Example: T.B.: “I’m very pleased to be returning to Russia. I have good memories of working in Moscow in the early 90-s. I look forward to getting to know again this vast and dynamic country and to continuing the steady work of developing relations between our two countries…Today It is a great pleasure for me to answer your questions about our future work in Russia….”

J.: Good morning Mr. Barrow. My name is Peter Maximov, the “Moscow Times.” Mr. Barrow, why have you decided to return to Russia? I mean, do you have any special attitudes or motives?

UNIT II: The Subject Matter and Functions of Diplomacy

READING and DISCUSSING

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

3. Match the words and phrases in bold to their meanings given below:

a. careful behavior; the right or ability to make a judgment or decision;

b. to arrange a law or rule into a systematic code, to introduce the term, phenomenon (in science);

c. a particular area of knowledge, experience, interest, sphere, field;

d. to take action to deal with a difficult situation;

e. a representative of a government or organization who is sent to another country to deal with a particular situation

f. to experience a process of change

g. the use of methods that produce an immediate result or solution to a problem

h. to be directly related to something

i. able to notice and understand things quickly and easily

j. including a lot of people or things; to include or surround an area completely

k. to suggest that you think something without saying it directly, to mean, to suggest, to hint

l. to keep somebody or something within particular limits; to prevent something dangerous from spreading; to keep to; to adhere to;

m. exchange or interaction between people; published reports or proceedings at the meetings of a learned society

n. interconnection

o. making something (plan, idea, system, law) start to work

LANGUAGE FOCUS

CLOSE DEVELOPMENT

8. Read Ann Pringle’s (former British Ambassador in Russia) speech at the press conference in the British Embassy in Moscow. Decide if the following statements are true or false:

a. Ann Pringle is the Foreign Secretary of Great Britain

b. She arrived in Russia for diplomatic negotiations

c. She presented copies of her Credentials to Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia Mr. Lavrov

d. She wants to keep this press-conference fairly brief

e. She started her career in Washington

f. She wants to understand in what way Russia has changed since the 90-s

g. The relationship between Great Britain and Russia is complicated

h. In some areas of policy Russia and Britain hold the same opinions

Good morning, welcome to the British Embassy, and thank you all for coming.

I’m very pleased to see so many of you here; the fact that you’re all here demonstrates to me that your audiences are interested to hear about what this Embassy is doing in Russia, and more broadly about the UK Government’s policy dealings with Russia and with the rest of the world.

I arrived in Russia on 6 October and I’m thrilled to be here. As Interfax reported, I presented copies of my Credentials to Deputy Minister Titov on 13 October.

I want to keep this press conference fairly brief. But at the same time I think it’s important for you to know who I am, and to hear my initial thoughts about my objectives here as the British Ambassador to Russia.

I started my career here in Moscow in 1980 at the old UK Embassy on what was then called Naberezhnaya Morisa Toreza, I spent three fascinating years here, then in the late 1990’s headed the Foreign Office department in London responsible for policy towards the CIS. I’ve wanted this job for a very long time.

Obviously Russia has changed tremendously in the time I’ve been away: the transformation in Moscow alone is amazing. I’m looking forward to getting under the skin of that change, and to finding out what makes present – day Russia and its leaders and regional governors’ tick. But to be effective Ambassador I can’t confine myself to life inside the Garden Ring, so I’m already making plans to visit key regions and see first hand what progress is being made. In fact, as soon as this press conference is over, I’m heading to Vnukovo to catch a flight to Khanty – Mansisk.

Let me talk a little about the relationship between the UK and Russia. It’s tremendously broad relationship. I’m sure you’ve all heard the statistics many times – 300,000 Russians now living in London, 150,000 Russian visitors to the UK each year, 20% year-on-year growth in bilateral trade, 18,000 Russian students in the UK… and not to mention the artistic, sporting and cultural ties between two countries. There can be no better example of this than the forthcoming opening of the Turner Exhibition at the Pushkin museum.

It’s also complex relationship. But – and this is probably the most important thing I have to say – it’s a relationship which both British and Russian governments firmly believe is worth working on.

There are always going to be certain areas of policy where the respective governments don’t see eye to eye. It’s my job to make sure we talk through those areas frankly so that they don’t derail the broader relationship. At the same time, we need to make the most of the potential to cooperate with each other on areas of common interest

9. Find in the text synonymous words or phrases for the following explanations:

a. a senior official who lives in a foreign country and represents his or her own country there

b. to hold exactly the same opinion

c. to keep oneself within particular place

d. the feelings and ideas that make someone behave the way they do

e. a formal paper from the head of one state to the head of another accrediting an ambassador, minister or other diplomatic agent as one authorized to act for his government or head of state

f. two – sided

g. to understand something

10. Discuss the following points:

a. What are the main issues of the press conference?

b. What personal information does Mrs. Pringle give?

c. What does she say about Russian-British relations?

d. What are her plans for the future?

GENERALIZATION

11. A ROLE PLAY. Imagine that one of you is Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov and you are giving a press conference in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia in Moscow. Prepare short speech on the latest event (www.mid.ru) that you participated in. Be ready to answer the questions on recent world news and your attitude to them. The other members of the group are journalists working for different media and invited to the press conference.

Example: J. Good morning Mr. Lavrov. My name is Michal Pringle, the “International Herald Tribune”. My first question is about the situation in Lebanon. What is the principal position and attitude of Russia to this conflict?

READING and DISCUSSING

1. Read the following extract and discuss the questions given bellow:

The continuity of the diplomatic institution throughout thousands of years and in all known civilizations shows that diplomacy is an institution inherent to international life itself, one that may undergo transformations or may be used with more or less intensity, but cannot be dispensed with.

Jose Calvet De Magalhaes

a. How long has diplomacy been developing?

b. Which civilization was diplomacy developed in?

c. Has it undergone any changes?

d. Why diplomacy cannot be dispensed with?

2. Read and translate the first part of the text paying special attention to the words in bold and italicized lexical units:

Part 1

The concept of diplomacy goes farther back than does recorded history and ideas relating to this phenomenon have arisen in many primitive societies. For example, the idea of diplomatic immunity is known among the Australian aborigines. A study of the diplomacy of primitive peoples encompassing societies in Australia, Asia, Africa and the Americas showed familiarity with ideas such as messengers and envoys to maintain intertribal relations. Some had beliefs that messengers are in possession of protecting taboo that should not be violated. Others received envoys and their messages according to a given ceremonial. Messengers were often selected not from among expendable members of society, but from the leading men or women of the tribe.

Due to a lack of a preserved written record, very little is known about diplomacy in ancient history. While few in number, there are references to diplomatic concepts across many societies, such as the Egyptians, the Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Hebrews, the Chinese and the Hindus.

Documents dating back to ancient Egypt describe the exchange of envoys between the Egyptian pharaohs and neighboring monarchs. In addition to these descriptions, a treaty dating to 1278 BC between the pharaoh Ramses II and Hatursi II, the king of the Hittities, was found.

Thanks to a cuneiform library founded by Sargon II in the 700’s BC, there is a plentiful record of envoys between Assyria, Babylon and Elam during the reign of Assurbanipal ofAssyria, which lasted until 626 BC.

The first records of Chinese and Indian diplomacy date from the 1^st millennium BC. By the 8^th century BC, the Chinese had leagues, missions and organized system of polite discourse between their many “warring states”, including resident envoys who served as hostages to the good behavior of those who sent them. The sophisticated essence of ancient Chinese diplomatic system is best captured by the advice of Zhuangzi to envoys and messengers (diplomats) at the beginning of the 3^rd century BC. He advised them that if relations between states are close, they may establish mutual trust through daily interaction; but if relations are distant, mutual confidence can only be established by exchanges of messages. Messages must be conveyed by messengers (diplomats). Their contents may be either pleasing to both sides or likely to engender anger between them. Faithfully conveying such messages is the most difficult task under the heavens, for if the words are such as evoke a positive response on both sides, there will be the temptation to exaggerate them with flattery and, if they are unpleasant, there will be a tendency to make them even more biting. In either case, the truth will be lost. If truth is lost, mutual trust will also be lost and the messenger himself may be imperiled. I say to you that it is a wise rule: “always to speak the truth and never to embellish it. In this way, you will avoid much harm to yourselves.”

This tradition of equal diplomatic dealings between contending states within China was ended by the country’s unification under Qin emperor in 221 BC and the consolidation of unity under the Han dynasty in 206 BC. Under the Han and succeeding dynasties, China emerged as the largest, most populous, technologically advanced and best governed society in the world. Being so powerful and self-esteemed Chinese leaders and diplomats waited at home for foreigners to pay their respects rather than venturing abroad themselves. This “ tributary system ” lasted until European colonialism overwhelmed it and introduced to Asia European concepts sovereignty, suzerainty, spheres of influence, and other diplomatic norms, traditions and practices.

Ancient India was home to an equally sophisticated but very different diplomatic tradition. This tradition was described in the “ Artha-shastra ” written in Sansrit language by Kautilya. It should be emphasized that Kautilya was the principal adviser to Chandra Gupta Mauraya, the founder of the Mauray dynasty who ruled in the 3^rd century BC. “Artha-shastra” posited four expedients of statecraft (conciliation, seduction, subversion and coercion) and six forms of state policy (peace, war, nonalignment, alliances, shows of force and double-dealing). To execute policies derived from these strategic points, ancient India fielded three categories of diplomats: plenipotentiaries, envoys entrusted with a single issue or mission, and royal messengers. Besides, there were consular agents who were charged with managing commercial relations and transactions. In addition two kinds of spies were charged with the collection of intelligence, subversion and other forms of covert action.

Detailed rules regulated diplomatic immunities and privileges, the inauguration and termination of diplomatic missions, and the selection and duties of envoys. Thus, Kautilya describes the “duties of an envoy” as sending information to his king, ensuring maintenance of the terms of a treaty, upholding his king’s honor, acquiring allies, instigating dissention among the friends of his enemy, conveying secret agents and troops (into enemy territory), suborning the kinsmen of the enemy to his own king’s side etc. He admits that no envoys should ever be harmed, and even if they deliver an “unpleasant” message, they should not be detained.

Some elements of Hindu’s ancient diplomacy have been remained through centuries and are exercised in modern diplomatic system of India and other states.

Notes to the Text

the Egyptians, the Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Hebrews, the Chinese, the Hindus – египтяне, ассирийцы, вавилоняне, древние иудеи, китайцы, индусы;

- the pharaoh Ramses II and Hatursi II, the king of the Hittities – египетский фараон Рамзес II и король хеттов Хатурси II;

- a cuneiform library founded by Sargon II in the 700’s BC – клинописная библиотека, основанная ассирийским царем Шаррум – кен («царь Истинный»);

- Elam – Элам («возвышенная страна») - семитское название древнего государства, расположенного на востоке Вавилонии и Ассирии и соответствовавшее позднейшей Персии с Мидией;

- The reign of Assurbanipal ofAssyria, which lasted until 626 BC – период правления (царствования) царя Ассирии Аширбанипала, который длился до 676 года до Рождества Христова;

Zhuangzi – Чжуан – цзы – китайский философ, живший в 4 в. до н. э. в эпоху «Сражающихся царств» и входивший в число ученых «Ста школ»;

Qin emperor – император Цинь Ши Хуанди, основатель первого централизованного государства в Китае;

Under the Han and succeeding dynasties – во время правления Хань и последующих династий;

“ tributary system ” – система зависимости

the “Artha-shastra” written in Sansrit language by Kautilya, the principal adviser of Chandra Gupta Mauraya – «Артхашастра» («Наука о пользе» на санскрите), сводный трактат по науке управления и политике, приписываемый Каутилье – министру основателя династии мауриев Чандрагупта I

expendable members – обычные члены общества

3. Decide if the following statements are true or false:

a. Some attributes of diplomatic practice may be found in primitive societies of Australia, Asia, Africa, etc.

b. Ancient peoples believed that messengers and envoys shouldn’t be violated.

c. Messengers were selected from among ordinary members of society.

d. In 1278 BC there was found a treaty between the pharaoh Ramses II and the King of Hebrews.

e. The first records of Chinese and Indian diplomacy date back to the 2d millennium BC.

f. In China envoys served as hostages to the good behavior of those who sent them.

g. The Chinese philosopher Zhuangzi advised that mutual trust between the states may be established only through messages.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

4. Match the words and phrases in bold from the first part of the text with their meanings given below:

a. Attracting, b. is best expressed by, c. the action of destroying or damaging an established system, belief or government by attacking it indirectly in written or spoken ways, d. to end a disagreement peacefully, e. to make people have a particular feeling or make a situation start to exist, f. competing states, g. excessive and insincere praise, h. the use of force or threats to make someone do something, i. working to someone’s disadvantage behind his (her) back, j. to win to one’s side, k. proceeding risky journeys, l. incite somebody to do something, m. disagreement; discord; contention, n. put at risk of being harmed, injured or destroyed; endanger, o. methods or ways of doing something, p. governing, q. to call up, r. lure, s. excessive or insincere praise, t. to represent something as being better, larger or worse than it really is

5. Complete the following sentences with the given words or phrases. Translate them into Russian language:

expendable, seduction, double – dealing, suborn, imperil, evoke, temptation, expedients, conciliation, engender, flattery, coercion, subversion

a. We must therefore resist the easy B _____________of unilateral action.

b. Most employees feel that management sees them as C _ _______________.

c. Hearings in State Duma on corruption problems D _______________little trust among public.

d. The old house E ______________memories from his childhood.

e. He was sentenced to five years in prison for inciting F _ ______________of state power.

f. US investigators say they have found “indicators” of exploitation and

G ______________of low – level staff at US missions in four Gulf countries.

g. America is in two wars and H _ _________________Pakistan can’t be regarded as our ally in Afghanistan.

h. Mr. Bloomberg, an independent, said that failing to raise debt limit would

J__ _____________ America’s status as a superpower.

i. Over the past two decades, North Korea has swung between confrontation and inch – by – inch K _______________ with its neighbors and the United States. (IHT)

j. The political and intellectual elite of Norway stressed the importance of resisting the L _ __________________ to respond to the fear by increasing the intolerance of those from the world outside.

k. Drug dealers use the vast sums at their disposal to M _______________ police and customs forces.

l. The warmth of coverage of the North Korean leader’s visit, and the

N _______________of official comments by China, gave Mr. Kim much – needed political support, analysts said.

m. She went to every O ______________ in order to get citizenship in the USA.

6. Answer the following questions:

a. Who maintained intertribal relations in primitive societies?

b. How was the modern concept of diplomatic immunity exercised by primitive peoples?

c. What diplomatic practices are described in ancient Egyptian and Assyrian documents?

d. What forms of diplomacy were practiced in ancient China?

e. How did the Chinese use envoys in the 8^th century BC?

f. What advice did the Chinese philosopher Zuangzi give to envoys?

g. What kind of diplomatic system was developed in China under the Qin and Han dynasties?

h. Which document is the ancient diplomacy of India described in?

i. What categories of diplomats were recognized in ancient India?

j. Who were charged with the collection of intelligence and subversion in Indian diplomacy?

k. What were the duties of envoys in India?

Part 2

The tradition that inspired the birth of modern diplomacy in Europe began in ancient Greece. The earliest diplomats of Greece were heralds, references to whom can be found in the Homeric period (the 8^th century BC). The heralds were official agents of negotiation and were chosen for such qualifications as a good memory and a loud voice. According to Greek mythology heralds were protected by the gods with an immunity that other envoys lacked. Their protector was Hermes, the messenger of the gods, who was noted for persuasiveness, eloquence, charm, cunning and trickery. Because heralds were inviolable, they were the favoured channels of contact in wartime. They preceded envoys to arrange for safe passage. Whereas heralds traveled alone, envoys journeyed in small groups, to ensure each other’s loyalty. They usually were politically prominent figures and at least 50 years old. Only the best orators were chosen to be envoys.

As relations between the Greek city-states became more sophisticated, so did the qualifications for diplomatic relations. By the 6^th century BC, the Greeks had implemented a system of continuous diplomatic relations based on consular agents (proxeni). Consular agents were citizens of the city in which they resided, not of the city state that employed them. Like envoys, they had a secondary task of gathering information, but primary responsibility was trade. The Greeks developed archives, a diplomatic vocabulary, principles of international conduct that anticipated international law, and many other elements of modern diplomacy. The Greeks practiced diplomatic conferences and congresses. For example conferences which took place in Sparta in 432 BC included such “modern” concepts as making speeches, debates, proposing motions and carrying out votes. In one 25 – year period of the 4^th century BC, for instance, there were eight Greco – Persian congresses, where even the smallest states had the right to be heard.

The Greek system of diplomacy acted as a foundation for the Roman Republic, which grew over the next several centuries and became the Roman Empire in 27 BC. The contribution of Romans to diplomacy was not to its practice, but to its theory. During the Roman Republic foreign policy was conducted by the Senate alongside with the department of foreign affairs. Later, under the Empire, the emperor was the ultimate decision maker in foreign affairs. Envoys were received with ceremony and magnificence, and they and their aides were granted immunity. Roman envoys were sent abroad with written instructions from their government. For larger responsibilities a legatio (embassy) of 10 or 12 legati was organized under a president.

The Romans stressed the importance of adhering to agreements and treaties. Rather than producing skilled negotiators, the Romans produced skilled archivists who specialized in diplomatic procedures. Thus, the Roman diplomat was more an administrator than a negotiator.

When the western Empire disintegrated in the 5^th century ad, most of its diplomatic traditions were adopted and developed by the eastern half of the Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) and the papacy. The Roman Catholic church conducted an active diplomacy, especially at Constantinople. Popes served as arbiters, and papal legates served as peacemakers. The prestige of the church was such that at every court papal emissaries took precedence over secular envoys. This tradition continues up to now in countries where Roman Catholicism is the official religion. From the 6^th century, both legates and (lesser-ranking) nuncii (messengers) carried letters of credence to assure the rulers to whom they were accredited of the extent of their authority as agents of the pope, a practice later adopted for lay envoys. A nuncius (English nuncio) was a messenger who represented and acted legally for the pope; nuncio could negotiate draft agreements but could not commit the pope without referral. In time, the terms legate and nuncius came to be used for the diplomatic representatives of secular rulers as well as the pope. By the end of the 12^th century the secular use of nuncio as diplomatic agents was commonplace.

When diplomacy was confined to nearby states and meetings of rulers were easily arranged, a visiting messenger such as nuncius sufficed. However, as trade revived, negotiations at a distance became increasingly common. Envoys no longer could refer the details of negotiations to their masters on a timely basis. They therefore needed the discretionary authority to decide matters on their own. To meet this need, in the 12^th century the concept of a procurator with plena potens (full powers) was revived from Roman civil law. This plenipotentiary could negotiate and conclude an agreement, but, unlike a nuncius, he could not represent his principal ceremonially. As a result, one emissary was often given both offices.

Answer the questions

a. What were the functions of heralds in Homeric Greece?

b. Who was the protector of heralds?

c. What features was Hermes noted for?

d. How were the qualifications of diplomatic relations in Greece changed in the 6^th century BC?

e. What does the term “proxeni” stand for?

f. Which concepts included diplomatic conferences in Sparta in 432 BC?

g. What was the contribution of Romans to diplomatic practice?

h. What does the term “legatio” mean?

i. Whom did Romans produce: skilled negotiators or skilled archivists?

j. What does archivists do?

k. Who were papal emissaries in the 6^th century ad?

l. What were the functions of nuncio?

m. What does the term “plena potens” mean?

n. What were the duties of plenipotentiary?

Part 3

Термин «ambassador» (посол) впервые появился во Франции в конце 13 века.

Великобритания стала первой страной, которая отправила постоянного представителя в Испанию в 1847 году.

В своем «Политическом Завещании» Кардинал Ришелье отмечал, что целью дипломатии является установление краткосрочных отношений между странами. Он первым ввел понятие «национальный интерес»

В 16 веке статус дипломата зависел от страны, которую он представлял. Дипломаты того периода не должны были иметь большие резиденции и устраивать щедрые приемы.

С 17 века английский становится официальным языком дипломатии.

В соответствии с Венским Конгрессом 1518 года дипломатия была признана самостоятельной профессией многими странами.

Одним из самых известных мирных предложений после первой Мировой войны является послание американскому Конгрессу «Четырнадцать пунктов» Вудро Вильсона 1918 года. Первый пункт послания гласит, что открытые мирные переговоры не очень эффективны, и необходимо использовать «секретную» дипломатию.

Идеи многосторонней дипломатии были развиты только с появлением ООН.

At the end of the 12^th century, the term ambassador appeared, initially in Italy. Derived from the medieval Latin ambactiare, meaning “to go on a mission”, the term was used to describe various envoys.

Venice, Milan and Mantua played a leading role, in the development of permanent embassies: these cities sent resident ambassadors to each other, to the popes and to the Holy Roman emperors. Among the well known ambassadors were Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio, Machiavelli.

From Italy the practice was spread to the other European powers. Milan was the first to send the representative to the French court of Luis XI in 1463. As foreign powers such as France and Spain became increasingly involved in Italian politics the need to accept emissaries was recognized. Soon the major European powers were exchanging representatives. Spain was the first to send a permanent representative; it appointed an ambassador to the Court of England in 1487. By the late 16^th century, permanent missions became customary.

Although the profession of diplomat started with the Italians, it was the French who began to create the very early framework for modern diplomacy. In the 1600’s, Cardinal Richelieu made significant advances in diplomatic theory and practice. He stated in his Political Testament that diplomacy should be a continuous process aimed at creating durable relationships rather than attempting to make opportunistic advances. It was Cardinal Richelieu who established the first foreign ministry in 1626. He pursued the concept of raison d’etat (national interest). At the time, this was an important shift of the emphasis and purpose of diplomacy.

During that period the rules of modern diplomacy were further developed. The top rank of representatives was an ambassador. At that time an ambassador was a nobleman, the rank of the noble assigned varying with the prestige of the country he was delegated to. Strict standards developed for ambassadors, requiring they have large residences, host lavish parties, and play an important role in the court life of their host nation.

Up until the 18^th century, the language of diplomacy was Latin. Diplomats both wrote and conversed in Latin; documents such as the Treaty of Westphalia (1648), the Anglo-Danish Treaty of 1670 and the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1674 were all drafted in Latin. During the 18^th century the French repeatedly tried to have French as the language of diplomacy. Though the idea was disliked by other European powers, by the middle of the 18^th century French become de facto the language of diplomacy and at the Congress of Vienna (1815) and Congress of Paris (1856) all proceedings were conducted in French. It was only at the Paris Conference of 1918-19 that an English text – the Treaty of Versailles – was recognized as official.

Diplomacy was conducted by statesmen and politicians until the beginning of the 19^th century. It was not until after the Congress of Vienna in 1815 that diplomatic service was recognized as a profession unto itself in various countries.

The next major revolution in diplomacy came with the end of the World War I. The most famous of all peace proposals following World War I was the program of Fourteen Points, delivered by American President Woodrow Wilson in 1918. Two of the fourteen points were: open covenants openly arrived at (which implied an end to “secret” diplomacy) and the establishment of a League of Nations.

It should be underlined that before the establishment of a League of Nations, diplomacy was conducted between individual representatives of nations or for larger treaties at congresses (bilateral diplomacy). The new idea accompanying the League of Nations and carried later to the United Nations was diplomacy through a somewhat permanent state of conference between representatives of many nations.

This system of “ multilateral diplomacy ” is still practicing today; diplomatic relations are presently regulated according to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, a document that was written in 1961 and was adopted in 1964.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

11. Match the words and phrases in bold from the second and third parts of the text with their meanings given below:

a. complicated, b. someone whose job is to collect and store historical documents and records, c. couldn’t act without pope’s permission, d. he adhered the concept of, e. deception, f. secure from violation or profanation, g. to satisfy or be enough, h. the art of using language affectively, i. two - sided relations, j. having the power to convince, k. limited, enclosed, l. on time, m. having many sides, involving more than two parties of negotiations, n. left to or regulated by one’s own judgment or power, o. long – standing, constant relations, p. an attempt to get timeserving benefits

12. Fill in the blanks using the following words. Translate the sentences into Russian language:

durable, referral, inviolable, pursued, opportunistic, sophisticated, letters of credence, persuasiveness, discretionary, suffice, nuncio, confine, trickery, eloquence, archivists

a. The construction of a coherent and A _______________coalition will be an uphill task to the leader of the Liberals, Mark Rutte.

b. Human Rights Watch in its annual report criticized US President of lacking his famed B ______________when defending human rights in bilateral contexts with China, India and Indonesia.

c. The Foreign Secretary’s replies at his news conference lacked enthusiasm and C _________________.

d. She said:”We demand a full and public inquiry that was promised into all this, and nothing less will D _______________”.

e. Opposition party accused the Government in budget E_ ________________.

f. G _ _____________and conservators at New York Public library are restoring enormous collection of Civil War documents from the US Sanitary Commission.

g. The military want to re-open the square to the public and

H ____