Fill in the gap with the necessary word.

1.Automobile industry provides jobs for millions of people, generates billions of dollars in worldwide ______, and provides the basis for a _____ of related service and support industries.

2.The automobile has enabled people to _____ and _____ goods farther and faster, and has opened wider market areas for business and commerce.

3.The automobile industry affects not only the ______ but also the cultures of the world.

4.The mobility allowed ______________ to interact with one another, which increased commerce.

5. The ______ has also reduced the overall cost of _________ by using methods such as mass production, mass marketing and globalization of production.

 

(transportation, multitude, revenues, travel, economy, transport, auto industry, remote population)

 

 

Find synonyms to the following verbs.

To transport, to reduce, to produce, to provide, to interact, to change.

 

Read the sentences from the text where they were used.

Retell the text.

 

History of the Automobile Industry

Vocabulary to be remembered

Tinker – чинить

Innovation – новшество

Envision – предположить

Steam carriage – повозка с паровым двигателем

To decline – снижать

Maintain – поддерживать (обслуживать)

internal-combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания

Carburetor – карбюратор

Liquid hydrocarbons – жидкие углеводороды

Vapor – пар

Ignite – зажигаться

Tricycle – трехколесный велосипед

Royalty – лицензионный платеж

Usher – сопровождать

Split up – прекращать отношения

Automobiles as we know them today are the product of centuries of tinkering and innovation. Automobile production has grown from small companies making simple so-called horseless carriages to international corporations that mass-produce advanced, reliable automobiles for consumers.

Early Automobile Concepts

In the 15th century, Italian inventor Leonardo da Vinci envisioned possibilities for power-driven vehicles. By the late 17th century, English physicist Sir Isaac Newton had proposed a steam carriage, and by the late 18th century French army captain Nicholas-Joseph Cugnot had actually built one. By the mid-1800s, the popularity of steam vehicles began to decline because they were dangerous to operate and difficult to maintain. At about the same time, inventors became interested in the internal-combustion engine.

Robert Street of England filed a patent in 1794 that summarized how an internal-combustion engine might work, but it was Belgian-born French inventor Jean-Joseph-Étienne Lenoir who built the first commercially successful internal-combustion engine in 1859. Lenoir’s engine had a carburetor that mixed liquid hydrocarbons, which formed a vapor. An electric spark in a cylinder ignited the vapor. By 1876 German shop clerk Nicolas August Otto had improved on Lenoir's engine, and the Otto engine became the model of the internal-combustion engines used today. Germans Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz attached motors to tricycles and automobiles, building what are regarded as the first modern cars in 1885 and 1886 (Daimler Chrysler AG).

 

In America, lawyer George Baldwin Selden studied many of the European engines at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition of 1876, and then redesigneк what he considered to be the best among them. He reduced the engine weight so it could power a light road vehicle. Selden patented his engine, so he ultimately received a royalty, or small payment, for almost every car made in the United States.

Charles Edgar Duryea and his brother Frank are credited with the first production automobile made in the United States. Their small company produced 13 cars in 1896, ushering in the automobile industry. Only a few more cars were sold in the following year, and the brothers split up to follow separate interests.

Complete the sentences

1. Automobiles are the product of ______.

2. By the late 17th century, English physicist ______ had proposed a steam carriage.

3. ____ built the first commercially successful internal-combustion engine in 1859.

4. Lenoir’s engine had a_______, which formed a vapor.

5. ______ had improved on Lenoir's engine, and his engine became the model of the internal-combustion engines used today.

6. _____ reduced the engine weight so it could power a light road vehicle.

7. _____ are credited with the first production automobile made in the United States.

Answer the questions

1. To what has the auto production grown from small companies making simple so-called horseless carriages?

2. Who was the first to envision possibilities for power-driven vehicles?

3. Describe the further development of the automobile.

Retell the text