Ex.1 Divide the following words into 2 columns: nice, nicely, beautiful, beautifully, good, well, friendly, friendly. Give the title to the columns.

THE ADVERB

1. What’s the difference between happy and happily?

2. What’s the difference between the Adjective and the Adverb?

 

Clever people behave properly. + N V +

 

Adverb as a part of speech includes words that describe circumstances in which an action takes place, and specify some characteristic features of an action, or a quality.

According to their morphological structure adverbs are classified into

1) simple - enough, back, here, there, then, quite, well, rather, too.

2) derivative - slowly, widely, beautifully, heavily, easily, lazily, differently, simply, etc.

3) compound - any­where, anyway, anyhow, sometimes, somehow, nowhere, clockwise, likewise, longwise.

4) complex - at a loss, at work, by name, by chance, by train, in debt, in a hurry, in turn.

According to their meaning all the adverbs can be divided into some categories, i.e. the adverbs of place, time, manner, quantity and quality.

We don’t use adverbs after the link verbs to be, become, feel, get, look, seem, taste, and smell.

I feel GOOD. You look BEAUTIFUL. It tastes DELICIOUS.

 

Some adverbs have degrees of comparison.

one syllable adverbs and early:   adverbs in -ly by means of more and most:     Irregular adverbs:

fast - faster - fastest, soon - sooner - soonest early - earlier - earliest   beautifully - more beautifully - most beautifully carefully - more carefully - most carefully slowly - more slowly - most slowly; often - more often - most often well - better - best, badly - worse - worst, much - more - most little - less - least, far - father/further - farthest/furthest

Ex.1 Divide the following words into 2 columns: nice, nicely, beautiful, beautifully, good, well, friendly, friendly. Give the title to the columns.

 

Ex.2 Match column A with column B

Viewpoint	Well, badly, quickly, slowly, easily, quietly
When?	When, now, then, before, after, afterwards, once, just, still, already/yet, since, early, lately/recently, suddenly, soon, long, ago, today, tomorrow, yesterday
Connecting	Here, there, where, somewhere/anywhere, nowhere, elsewhere, far away/ far off, near, inside, outside, above, below
How much?	Much, little, very, too, so, rather, enough, quite, not at all, hardly/scarcely, nearly/almost, somewhat, much/far/by far
Where?	Obviously/ evidently, probably, possibly, indeed, certainly, perhaps, may be, apparently, decisively, undoubtedly, practically, naturally, fortunately, unfortunately, mainly, chiefly, mostly
How?	In addition, again, apart from this/ besides, moreover, as compared, to, equally, however, in reality, all in all, and so on, essentially, in brief, in conclusion.

Ex.3 Form the adverbs corresponding to the following adjectives:

bad, slow, quick, merry, sweet, happy, sad, brave, correct, care­ful, sudden, hard, sorrowful, bright, good, fast, near, slight, ter­rible, complete, entire, beautiful, wonderful, loud, proud, seri­ous, painful, long, cold, warm, silent, strong.

Ex.4 Find the appropriate Russian equivalents for the English adverbs.

1) shortly а) вероятно

2) hardly b) внимательно

3) nearly с) упорно

4) late d) весьма

5) hard e) почти

6) lately f) едва

7) sharp g) недавно

8) pretty h) поздно

9) closely i) ровно

10) likely j) вскоре

 

Ex.5 Choose the appropriate adverb.

1. He lives quite (nearly/near). 2, You've come too (lately/late). 3. The mechanic examined the damaged car (closely/close). 4. It is (prettily/pretty) difficult to speak to her. 5. We have seen very little of you (lately/late). 6. She is always (prettily/pretty) dressed. 7. He (nearly/ near) seized the rail. 8.I used to work (hardly/hard) to get everything I have got now. 9. His suggestion seemed (highly/high) improbable to us, 10. Her house stood (closely/close) to the river. 11 The wind was blowing so (hardly/hard) that I could (hardly/hard) walk. 12. The actress (justly/just) deserved the prize. 13. The plane flew (highly/high), we could (hardly/hard) see it. 14. (Shortly/ Short) after graduating I moved to the capital. 15.1 could see the house door which was (widely/wide) open.

 

THE NUMERAL

Cardinal numbers

379 = three hundred and seventy nine;

2,860 = two thousand eight hundred and sixty;

5,084 = five thousand and eighty-four;

470,000 = four hundred and seventy thousand;

2,550,000 = two million, five hundred and fifty thousand;

3,000,000,000 = three billion.

NOTE: There is no plural 's' after dozen, hundred, thousand, million and billion when they are part of a number. On their own, they can be plural, thousands of people; millions of insects.

 

Saying '0'

This can be spoken in different ways in different contexts.

Telephone number: 603 724 = six oh three, seven two four (AmEng = six zero three);

mathematics: 0.7 = naught point seven, 6.02 = six point oh two;

temperature: -10 degrees = ten degrees below zero / minus ten degrees;

football: 2 - 0 = two nil; tennis: 40 - 0 = forty love.

Talking numbers

Here are several useful words and expressions connected with numbers:

The streets have got odd numbers (3, 5, 7) on the left and even numbers (4, 6, 8) on the right.

 

Ordinal numbers and dates

We write 4 January (or 4th January), but say the fourth of January or January the fourth.

Fractions and decimals

1_1/4 = one and a quarter; 1_1/3 = one and a third; 1_1/2 = one and a half; 1 _3/4 = one and three quarters; 1.5 = one point five; 1.25 = one point two five; 1.33 = one point three three; 1.75 = one point seven five;

 

Percentages

26% = twenty-six per cent.

More than 50% is the majority; less than 50% is the minority.

 

Arithmetic

There are four basic processes for working out (= calculating) a problem:

+ = addition 6 + 4=10 (six plus/and four equals/is ten)

- = subtraction 6 - 4=2 (six minus four equals/is two) x = multiplication

6 x 4 = 24 (six times/multiplied by four equals/is twenty-four)

- = division 4 - 2=2 (four divided by two equals/is two)

Alaska. The biggest state

Here is postcard from Alaska. Read the postcard, and find this information:

 

 

1) the length of the coastline

2) the height of the highest mountain

3) the number of lakes

4) the size of the largest glacier

5) the price of the land when it was bought from Russia

6) the date of the purchase

7) the area of the state in square miles

8) the percentage of the U.S. land mass covered by Alaska

 

* 19 mountains over 14,000 feet * Highest point in North America, Mt. Me Kinley 20,320 feet * More area than the 26 smallest states * Purchased from Russia in 1867 for less than 2 с an acre * Longest days, 24 hours of daylight * Longest nights, 24 hours of night * More than 3 million lakes, larger than 25 acres

* 586,400 square miles * 1/5 the land mass of the entire continental U.S. * More than two times the size of Texas * 29 active volcanoes, half the world's total * More coastline than the lower 48 states, 33,000 miles * More than half the world's glaciers * One glacier larger than Switzer land

Exercise 2. Write these numbers in English.

1) 567 2) 6 1/2 3) 3,267 4) 8.93 5) 0.34 6) 7 1/2 7) 2,359,000 8) 11.06 9) 58% 10) 9 May 11) 3 August 12) 969 64 85 (telephone number) 13) ~3 Centigrade 14) (In) 1907 15) 33 16) 3,000,000,000 17) 7,082 18) 40-0 (the result in a tennis game) 19) 37% 20) 4-1 (the result in a football match)

 

Exercise 3. Correct the mistakes (if any) in these sentences.

1 The radio said that there were more than ten thousands people taking part in the meeting. 2. She bought two dozens eggs. 3. My birthday is on the twenty-one of March. 4. His telephone number is four six seven, five nought, nine two. 5. There are two hundred fifteen pages in this book. 6, Write down the following: zero point six hundred and twelve plus six point nought two. 7. This is twenty-five per cents of the total. 8. The game ended with the score three nought. 9. The temperature is two degrees below oh. 10. He was born in nineteen eighty-first.

 

Exercise 4. Translate into English. Write the numbers in full.

1. Он заплатил за это ожерелье (necklace) пятнадцать с половиной тысяч долларов. 2. Подождите полчаса, пожалуйста. Документы скоро будут готовы. 3. Нам нужно спешить. Самолет улетает через полто-Ра часа. 4. Сколько безработных (unemployed) в этом городе? — На сегодняшний день 2338 человек. Джейн купила три дюжины яиц. 6. Он родился 3 октября 1979 года. 7. На митинге присутствовало три тысячи студентов. 8. Тысячи студентов заканчивают колледжи Оксфорда к Кембриджа ежегодно. 9. Миллионы звезд ярко мерцали (spai kle) на черном южном небе. 10, Если тебе нужно вызвать пожарную команду (fire brigade), звони 01. 11. Его состояние (fortune) составляет три миллиона долларов. 12. Одна четверть равна 25-ти процентам. 13. Этот замок (castle) был построен во времена Генриха V. 14. Один дюйм (inch) равен двум с половиной сантиметрам. 15. Эти дома были построены в девяностые годы девятнадцатого века

 

 

THE PASSIVE VOICE. TENSE AND ASPECT

In the Passive Voice

The Moon is made of silver,

The Sun is made of gold,

And Jupiter is made of tin,

So the ancients told.

Venus is made of copper,

Saturn is made of lead,

And Mars is made of iron,

So the ancients said.

But what the Earth was made of

Very long ago

The ancients never told us

Because they didn’t know.

The passive voice is used:

a) To describe an action when we don’t know or do not know exactly who does, did or will do the action. My bicycle was stolen last night.

b) To describe what happens to people or things, often as a result of action of other people or things. Several people were hurt in an accidentlast night.

 

Formula

To be + V3

To get + V3

To become + V3

 

1. These difficulties are overcome by the use of digital control systems.

2. Newton became engaged in problems of gravitation as early as 1665-1666.

3. Since the initial state is null, only this part of the system gets excited.

BUT Science is organized knowledge.

 

	Present	Past	Future
Simple	Am/is/are PII	Was/were PII	Will be PII
Continuous	Am/is/are being PII	Was/were being PII
Perfect	Have/has been PII	Has been PII	Will have been PII

 

1. The books are delivered here. The window was broken. They will be met at the station.

2. The bridge is being repaired now. The football player was being carried off the field.

3. This letter has been opened. I came too late: all my papers had been removed.

 

PREPOSITIONAL OBJECTS

· He is often laughed at.

· He was much spoken about.

TRANSLATION TIPS

!!!	1. Определите время, аспект русского предложения 2. Определите формулу видовременной формы 3. Определите структуру переводимого предложения 4. Найдите необходимые для перевода слова 5. Переведите соблюдая время, аспект, формулу, структуру предложения

 

Например: Кто построил это здание?

1. Построил – время – прошедшее, аспект – Simple

2. was V3;

3. WH + was + N + V3?

4. Здание – building, house

5. Who was that building built by?

2. Где сейчас строят это здание? 3. Как долго строится это здание? 4. Где строятся такие здания? 5. Когда будет построено это здание? 6. Опять обсуждается этот вопрос? 7. Часто у вас обсуждаются подобные вопросы? 8. Давно уже этот вопрос обсуждается? 9. Обсуждался ли где-нибудь этот вопрос до того, как он был передан в комитет?

 

INDIRECT STATEMENTS

Test it

GRAMMAR REFERENCE

Direct	Indirect
The Present Continuous Tense	The Past Continuous Tense
The Present Simple Tense	The Past Simple Tense
The Past Simple Tense	The Past Perfect Tense
The Present Perfect Tense	The Past Perfect Tense

To tell To say To add To notice To remark To explain To inform To remind

Ex. 1. (A) Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech.

1. Jack told his father, "I hope to pass the examination." 2. Henry said to me, "The teacher is listening to us." 3. Bob said to Tom, "I made no mistakes in the last dictation ' 4. I told the policeman, "I saw the thief in the garden." 5. He said, "I haven't read many English books." 6. Jack's father said to him, "You haven't cleaned your shoes." 7. Mary said, "I don't want to wear my old dress." 8. My mother said to me, "I feel very tired, and l have a headache." 9. My friend told me, "We have plenty of time to do our work.' 10.I said to my sister, "I haven't seen my uncle for a long time."

Ex. 2. (A, B) Change the following sentences into Direct Speech.

1. My sister said that she hadn't got a watch. 2. The teacher told his students that he was pleased with their work. 3. I told him that I hadn't seen his brother for a long time. 4. I told my mother that Henry was studying medicine at the University. 5. She told the grocer that she I didn't want any sugar. 6. We told the teacher that we didn't understand his question. 7. I told the taxi-driver that he was driving too fast. 8. She said that her children were playing in the garden.

Ex. 2. (A, B) Translate the sentences from Russian to English.

1. Я попросил Джека дать мне его словарь. 2. Кондуктор сказал пассажирам не выскакивать (get off) из автобуса на ходу, (while/go) 3. Учитель попросил студента стереть с доски. 4. Мама попросила меня закрыть окно. 5. Он напомнил мне отправить письмо. 6. Отец запретил детям входить в его кабинет. 7. Инспектор предупредил (warn) нас, что здесь стоянка запрещена. (to park) 8. Гид посоветовал нам заглянуть и в этот небольшой музей.

INDIRECT QUESTIONS

INDIRECT GENERAL QUESTIONS

DIRECT SPEECH	ask, want to know, wonder, not know, didn't say/ tell me INDIRECT SPEECH
Ann's mother asked her, "Areyou tired?"	Ann's mother asked her ifshe was tired.
He asked his friend, "Doyou likethe wine?"	He asked his friend ifhe likedthe wine.
I asked Frank, "Didyou buya new car?"	I asked Frank ifhe had boughta new car.
Ann's father asked her, "Haveyou finishedthe work?"	Ann's father asked her whethershe had finishedthe work.
I asked my sister, "Willyou goto Italy in summer?"	I asked my sister whethershe would goto Italy in summer.

 

Ex. 1. (A, B) Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech.

1. The teacher asked Tom, "Do you come to school by bus or on foot?" 2. A man stopped me in the street and asked, "Have you got a match?" 3. The teacher asked us, "Do you understand the question?" 4. Henry's father asked his son, "Do you want to be an engineer or a doctor?" 5. I asked Peter, "Are you going to play football on Friday?" 6. He asked his secretary, "Has the postman been yet?"

Ex. 2. (A, B) Translate the sentences.

1. Гид спросил туристов, не устали ли они. 2. Я спросила своих гостей, хорошо ли они спали. 3. Он поинтересовался, часто ли мы ходим в театр. 4. Он хотел узнать, долго ли работает у нас мистер Долби. 5. Она спросила меня, будет ли на вечеринке Элис. 6. Она спросила меня, видел ли я Джона в последнее время. 7. Хозяин отеля поинтересовался, понравился ли мне мой номер. 8. Она спросила, работаем ли мы сейчас.

 

INDIRECT SPECIAL QUESTIONS

 

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
Peter asked, "Who has taken my book?"	Peter asked who had taken his book.
1 asked the gardener, "What are you planting here this year?"	I asked the gardener what he was planting there that year.
Nina's sister asked her, "Who did you meet at the theatre?"	Nina's sister asked her who she had met at the theatre.
1 asked my mother, "What did the teacher say?"	I asked my mother what the teacher had said.
He asked Roger, "When will he come back?"	He asked Roger when he would comeback.
Ted asked Ron, "Where do your parents live?"	Ted asked Ron where his parents lived.
The professor asked his student, "Why haven't you done the home assignment?"	The professor asked his student why he hadn't done his home assignment.

 

Ex. 3. (A, B) Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech.

1. Mother asked Jane, "What are you doing here?" 2. Margaret asked Richard, "Where are you going for your holidays?" 3. Ann asked Mary, "What do you usually have for breakfast?" 4. The inspector asked, "Who caused the accident?" 5. The teacher asked Bob, "When did you learn to swim?" 6. Mary's mother asked her, "Where have you put your shoes?" 7. The teacher asked, "Which number can be divided by three?" 8. Peter asked me, "When are you going to have dinner?" 9. The policeman asked me, "Where did you lose your wallet?" 10. The teacher came into the classroom and asked the pupils, "What are you doing?" 11. I asked Bob, "Why didn't you answer my letter?" 12. There was a crowd in the street. I asked a man in the crowd, "What is the matter?" 13. Children asked, "When will lunch be ready?" 14. The little boy asked his father, "Why does the policeman wear a uniform?" 15. I asked him, "Who are you looking at?" 16. The nurse asked, "Who is the next, please?" 17. The man asked his friend, "When did you buy your car?"

REVISION

 

I. (A)

1.1 asked my friend, "How do you feel after your holiday?" 2. "Ernie's an educated man," remarks Florrie. 3. "John never seems low or depressed," says Jane. 4. Jack's father asked him, "Who are you writing a letter to?" 5. "Jack is on the terrace. He is playing chess with his brother," says Nelly. 6. I saw a cloud of smoke and asked, "What is burning?" 7. "I can't understand what he is talking about," replies Bessie. 8. I asked her, "Who gave you that watch?" 9. "I'll tell you when I'll be back," Nora says to Jack. 10. Mr Nyman asked his wife, "How much do you spend on food every week?" 11. "You have known me long," Barbara says to Martha. 12. "You're the best assistant I've ever had, Sheppey," he says. 13. Henry asked Tom, "Who did you visit in the hospital?" 14. "He was born in Moscow," she says. 15. "We didn't have dinner there," the boy says. 16. "I was so thrilled and excited by the opera," Stella says to Maurice. 17. "When I came Jane was playing the piano," says Kitty. 18. "When the doorbell rang I was writing a letter to John," says George.

II. (В)

1. "He always has dinner there," she said. 2. "He has a nice voice," she said. 3. "I'm quite prepared to stay up until Mrs Maurice comes in," said Stella. 4. "I'm sorry to disturb you," Tom said to Eliza. 5. "I'm her guest at the moment," he said. 6. "You are the very person we want, Thornton," said Pearl. 7. "John always comes home to luncheon," said Martha. 8. "I don't think anyone can accuse me of not being frank," said Martha. 9. "I'm learning French," said Florrie. 10. "The taxi is waiting," Bently said to Constance. 11. "Rorrie, you'll be all right in a minute," said Bessie. 12. "I'll go in and see him before I goto bed," said Stella. 13. "You won't be able to see me on Tuesday," she said to Jack. 14. "We shall not do that," he said. 15. "I shall wait for Sheppey," said Bolton, 16. "Whatever the future may have in store I shall never forget your courage, your self-sacrifice, and your patience," Mrs Tabret said to Stella. 17. "I'm deeply grateful for all you've done for Maurice," Mrs Tabret said to Stella.

Совет врача.

Медсестра спросила меня, ожидаю ли я доктора Грея, и пригласила меня к нему в кабинет (surgery). Доктор Грей улыбнулся мне и спросил, что меня беспокоит. Я сказал, что ужасно переутомлен (be run down). Он спросил меня, поздно ли я ложусь спать (stay up late), ия сказал, что нет. Он поинтересовался, почему я не соблюдаю нормальный режим (keep regular hours), и я объяснил, что почти каждый вечер я встречаюсь с друзьями. Доктор захотел узнать, как я провожу время, и я сказал, что в основном (mostly) я хожу на вечеринки. Доктор спросил меня, удается ли (have the chance) мне отдохнуть (to recover) в выходные дни, но я вынужден был признать (admit), что в выходные дни наши вечеринки длятся всю ночь.

Он спросил меня, курю ли я, и когда я сказал, что курю, доктор спросил меня, сколько сигарет в день я выкуриваю. Он был поражен, когда услышал мой ответ. Тогда врач спросил меня, занимаюсь (take) ли я гимнастикой для поддержания своего здоровья (to keep fit). Я ответил, что для этого у меня нет времени.

"Вы поджигаете свечу (burn the candle) с обоих концов,"- сказал доктор Грей и добавил: "но я завидую вам, что вы так весело проводите время."

 

Подарок из Чикаго.

Этой зимой в Чикаго было много снега. Железнодорожные рабочие не знали, что с ним делать. Начальник станции приказал очистить платформы. Он сказал не оставлять снег на платформах, так как это опасно для пассажиров. Он посоветовал сгребать (shovel) снег в большие кучи, но это была невыполнимая задача. Вдруг одному из рабочих пришла в голову замечательная идея. "Я знаю, как избавиться {get rid of) от снега," - сказал он. "Давайте погрузим этот снег на грузовые платформы (freight train). Мы можем послать снег в Миссисипи и Новый Орлеан. По дороге он растает (melt away)." На следующий день пять тонн снега прибыло в Мемфис, Теннесси. "Это замечательный подарок," - сказал рабочий. "Мы знаем, что делать с этим снегом здесь. Мы пошлем его на детские площадки (playgrounds). Некоторые дети никогда не видели снега."

Пикник на одеяле.

Один профессор Бостонского университета сказал, что современные родители очень мало знают о том, как организовать "досуг в кругу семьи" (family leisure time). В качестве одного из вариантов он предложил устроить пикник во дворе за домом (back-yard): расстелить (spread) одеяло, разжечь костер (make/lay a fire), испечь (bake) картошку, как будто вы на пляже.

Прочитав это, я собрал семью и сказал, что вечером мы устроим пикник во дворе за домом. Мой сын Джордж сказал, что соседи подумают, что мы сошли с ума. А жена поинтересовалась, что я держу под мышкой. Оказалось, что это наше новое одеяло, которое, конечно, нельзя использовать для этой цели.

Дети поинтересовались, что мы будем делать весь вечер на заднем дворе. Я объяснил, что мы будем сидеть и есть печеную картошку. Это должно теснее сблизить нашу семью (make up closer). Мой сын высказал пожелание, чтобы это не связало нас в тугой узел (tight knot), так как он договорился вечером играть в теннис. Моя дочь Нэнси согласилась есть печеную картошку во дворе, но заметила, что потом она должна будет уйти, так как она идет в бассейн со своей подругой. Мы расстелили одеяло на прекрасном месте за домом напротив гаража и разожгли огромный костер. Заметив выглядывающих из окон соседей, я попросил жену и детей не обращать на них внимания. Моя жена ворчала (grumble), что мы сидим на камнях и что она не может есть сырую (raw) картошку.

Стараясь казаться веселым, я спросил, чувствуют ли они себя так, как будто сидят на пляже. На что дочь ответила, что ей бы хотелось искупаться в океане, и скрылась (disappear) за гаражом. Спросив, в какой стороне океан, Джордж пообещал вернуть ее, даже если на это уйдет весь вечер, и тоже исчез за гаражом. Жена толкнула меня локтем (nudge) и сказала, что к нам пришли. Я поднял глаза и увидел двух полицейских. "Нам сообщили, что во дворе кто-то сидит на одеяле," - сказал один из них.

 

 

Indirect speech

THE INDIRECT SPEECH

Killed by tsunami

 

Thousands of people were killed yesterday when an earthquake near Sumatra caused a massive ‘tsunami’. The entire coastal area of the Bay of Bengal was affected as buildings and whole villages were destroyed by the huge waves. The exact number of casualties cannot be confirmed,’ said a government official, ‘but thousands more have been injuried.’

The earthquake registered 8.9 on the Richter scale. By yesterday afternoon, over 60.000 dead bodies had been found and much higher figures are being predicted. There fears that many others will be left homeless.

 

 

Aid is going to be sent by many countries and rescue teams from Europe are being flown in tommorrow.

Most of the buildings on the coast are said to be in ruins. The problems were being made worse because lots of hospitals were badly damaged.

The area is not often threatened by tsunamis.

 

FIRST CONDITIONAL. REAL

Read the dialogue and answer the questions

1 Why can’t Cathy go out this weekend?

2 Where is Tom planning to go?

 

Tom: Hi, Cathy. What are you up to this weekend?

Cathy: I have to work. If I don’t finish my project on the history of the Internet, the teacher will be angry. What about you?

Tom: It depends on the weather. If it’s good, we’ll probably go camping. But we won’t go if it rains.

Cathy: Can you suggest any good books for my project? If you tell me the titles, I’ll look for them in the library.

Tom: Use the library computer. If you go to the Science Museum website, you’ll find lots of good information. I’ll send you the website address.

Translate into English

If the dog is happy, he wags his tail.

Zero Conditional

1. Я позвоню ему, если буду в Петербурге. 2. Если он будет более внимательным, он напишет перевод без ошибок. 3. Я не колеблясь выскажу свою точку зрения, если это будет надо. 4. Если он нарушит данное слово, он подведет своих друзей. 5. Он примет правильное решение, если у него будут все необходимые данные. 6. Все будут рады вновь увидеть свою первую учительницу, если она придет на встречу школьных друзей.

Translate into English.

1. Даже если бы вы позвонили мне вчера, я бы не смог прийти. 2. В зале было так много народу, что я не смог бы его найти. 3. Даже если бы вы предупредили меня, я бы не успел его повидать. 4. Я не мог бы поговорить с ним, даже если бы я видел вчера. 5. Даже если бы он очень изменился, я бы узнал его. 6. Если бы вам задали этот вопрос, сумели бы вы на него ответить? 7. Если бы станция не была так далеко, мы бы донесли вещи сами. 8. Он ни за что не оставил бы товарищей в беде, даже если бы ему пришлось рисковать жизнью. 9. Если не застанешь никого из нас дома, оставь записку. 10. Даже если бы ему ничего не сказали, он бы все равно догадался в чем дело. 11. Если бы не цейтнот (timetrouble), он мог бы выиграть партию. 12. Если он станет отказываться, я постараюсь убедить его. 13. Если бы Бетси не была занята сегодня, мы бы пошли на концерт. 14. Яне закончу эту работу к вечеру, даже если вы мне поможете. 15. Будь я на вашем месте, я бы пошел раньше.

 

REVISION

Name     Formula   Situation	If you're happy and you know it, clap your hands. If you're happy and you know it, And you really want to show it, If you're happy and you know it, clap your hands. stomp your feet.	If you're happy and you know it, slap your knees. If you're happy and you know it, And you really want to show it, If you're happy and you know it, slap your knees. click your fingers.
If or when? ___ I become a President… ___ it gets dark… ___ the film finishes… ___ she passes her exams…	If or when? ___ it doesn’t rain tomorrow… ___ I wake up in the morning… ___ his parents die… ___ the bus stops…
Name   Formula     Situation	Complete the sentence	Complete the sentence
I will be surprised if …. If you see a falling star … If you want to cure hiccups …	I’ll be very happy if … If your hand itches … If you kill a daddy longlegs spider …
Name     Situation	Choose the best	Choose the best
If I win this race, I’ll If I won this race, I’d	A slowest runner A fastest runner	If I become President, I’ll If I became President, I’d	A schoolgirl A candidate
If I (live/lived) to be 150 If I (wake/woke) up early tomorrow … If we (have/had) the same government in 5 years time … If everybody (thinks/thought) like me … If there (is/was) nothing good on TV tonight …	If I (live/lived) to be 70 If I (am/were) better looking … If Scotland (declares/declared) war on Switzerland … If everybody (gives/gave ten per cent of their income to charity … If my English (is/was) better next year, …
Name   Formula     Situation
Make up a sentences	Make up a sentences
Name     Formula   Situation	1. Jimmy didn’t revise and failed the test. a. If Jimmy hadn’t revised, he would have failed. b. If jimmy had revised, he wouldn’t have failed. c. If Jimmy revised, he wouldn’t fail.	2. The weather was good so we went out. a. If the weather hadn’t been good, we wouldn’t have gone out. b. If the weather had been good, we would have gone out. c. If the weather was good, we would go out.
He bought a bicycle – went for ride in country – fell off – woke up in hospital – met beautiful nurse – wrote bestselling novel about her – got – rich – married beautiful nurse and had three charming children – lived happily ever after	He worked hard – passed exams – went to university – studied languages – learnt Chinese – went to China – went climbing in Tibet – tried to climb Everest – disappeared in a snowstorm

MY INSPIRATION

Graham Lawrence, 29, science author and TV presenter went to Overton Comprehensive, 186-94

I haven’t seen Mr. Jenkins since I left school but he was my inspiration. I wasn’t very good at most school subjects. I didn’t make an effort, especially in history and languages. If I’d taken part in my French lessons, I might actually have learnt some French. And I wouldn’t have had to take evening classes!

Now I tell my own kids: ‘If I were you, I’d try to learn as much as you can. It might be useful in future.’

Anyway, I remember that when I went into Mr. Jenkins science class, I became interested in a subject for the first time. Mr. Jenkins was full of enthusiasm and he got everybody interested. He used to demonstrate things with lots of practical examples. One day he took us outside and we built a rocket and actually launched it! His lessons were great fun.

I wasn’t a particularly willing and cooperative student at school, probably because I was lazy and lacked confidence but Mr. Jenkins made me feel that I could do things. I was interested in astronomy and he asked me to give a presentation to the class. That was really the first time I ever tried to explain science to an audience. If I hadn’t had that experience, I honestly don’t think I would have become a TV presenter. You know, you can’t stand in front of millions of people unless you have confidence.

When I’m preparing a program, I often think about how Mr. Jenkins would have done it. Now I know he’s still at the school, I think I’ll get in touch with him if I need some new ideas!

What would I have done if I hadn’t had a science teacher like Dr. Jenkins? It’s difficult to say but all I know is that if he hadn’t taught me, my life would probably have been very different.

I don’t think any school would risk having me as a full time teacher but if I got an interesting offer I could do some science teaching myself.

 

MY PUPIL

Brian Jenkins, science teacher at Overton Comprehensive

When Graham came into my class he was a bit ‘difficult’. But when he got interested, it all changed. He was extremely bright and if he’d studied, he could have done much better in all his other subjects. I’ve seen him a couple of times on TV and I say to my wife, ‘Oh look, I used to teach him!’ students like Graham certainly make my job worthwhile. It’s difficult teaching nowadays – there are more discipline problems and not enough money. Unless you are a dedicated teacher, you won’t stay in teaching long. Class sizes have gone up and it’s difficult doing lessons in laboratories with big groups. But if you’re a teacher, you have to cope with all sorts of problems.

Anyway, I love teaching. I think I’d be very unhappy if I did some other kind of job. It’s a great feeling when you know you’ve taught something well. It also makes me proud when I see my pupils doing well, like Graham. I feel that I’ve achieved something.

MIXED CONDITIONALS

Metres in 8 seconds

Many contemporary amateur athletes and swimmers would have broken world records if they had taken part in the first Olympic Games. Since then, records have tumbled in track, field and swimming events as performance has improved dramatically.

If records fall, it is usually due to better equipment, training and diet but recently improvements have begun to slow down. In Sydney, only three runners achieved Olympic bests with no world records. Some experts predict a ceiling for many events, such as 9.5 seconds for the 100 metres – Maurice Green’s current record is 9.79 seconds.

However, past predictions are nearly always wrong. All the levels of performance predicted in the 1930s has been reached by the 1970s. Ron Maughan, from Aberdeen university, believes that if more people around the world took part in organized sport, more records would have fallen.

One factor is the use of performance-enhancing drugs, or ‘doping’. Ben Johnson would still be the 100 metres world record holder if he had not been caught taking drugs. Other records remain dubious, like Florence Griffith’s 100 metres record back in 1998. Did she take drugs? If current Olympic champion, Marion Jones, took such drugs, she would probably have broken that record more than once.

Unless we are careful, ‘gene-doping’ will be the next big threat.

For medical purposes, scientists have already found ways to build muscle and increase stamina through gene therapy. If gene therapy were used now, it would be almost impossible to detect. In the future, genetically-modified athletes might be able to run the 100 metres in 8 seconds or the marathon in under two hours. However, if a generation of genetic monsters were created, it would show that the whole point of point of sport has been lost. It would be much better to forget the records and return to the original Olympic spirit – taking part is more important than wining.

 

Translate into English.

1.Если бы он был ответственным человеком, он бы давно все сделал.

2.Если бы эта лампа работала, я бы ее давно включил.

3.Если бы эта река была чистая, мы бы давно в ней искупались.

4.Если бы я любил такое мороженое, я бы давно его съел.

5.Он бы давно все сделал, если бы знал, как это делать.

6.Я бы надела вчера это платье, если.6ы у меня были к нему туфли.

7.Если бы все не критиковали этот фильм, я бы его давно по­смотрел,

8.Если бы лето не было таким жарким, я бы вчера не стал купаться.

9.Если бы я умел водить, я бы давно купил себе машину.

10.Если бы она умела играть в теннис, она бы присоедини­лась к нам.

 

Translate into English.

1.Если бы ты зашел в магазин по дороге домой, ты бы мог сейчас поужинать и не был бы голодным.

2.Если бы ты позвонил ему заранее, мы бы сейчас знали, когда он придет.

3.Если бы он взял такси, он бы уже был здесь.

4.Тебе не пришлось бы теперь занимать денег, если бы ты не потратил все на цветы.

5.Если бы ты закончил университет, у тебя была бы сейчас хорошая работа.

6.Тебе не было бы сейчас плохо, если бы ты не ел так много за обедом.

7.Если бы ты последовал совету врача, ты бы сейчас был здоров.

8.Если бы вы дома посмотрели это слово в словаре, вы бы знали, как оно пишется.

9.Если бы самолет не опоздал, мы бы сейчас были дома.

10. Если бы ты купила то платье, то могла бы его сейчас надеть.

 

MAKING A WISH

You can express wishes about the present, past and future. We use ‘wish’ to say that we regret something, that something is not as we would like to be.

Past or Past Perfect Subjunctive is used in object clauses after the verb wish.

 

Past Subjunctive I wish he were here. I wish he knew about it.

Past Perfect Subjunctive I wish he hadn’t been here. I wish he had thought of it before.

Compare

I wish I knew how to drive a car	I wish I had known how to drive a car in 1978
I wish today was a holiday	I wish yesterday had been a holiday
I wish I could travel round the world	I wish I could have travelled round the world when I was a young man

 

I wish	· I were/was beautiful · We knew Sue’s address · It wasn’t raining · You didn’t work too much	PRESENT
· I had brought my camera · The hotel had been better	PAST
· They could come to see us tomorrow	FUTURE
· Someone would answer that telephone! · The music would stop! · You would give her my message.	complains annoyance request

 

I wish he were here.

1. Как жаль, что его нет с нами.

2. Как мне бы хотелось, чтобы он был с нами.

3. Хорошо было бы, чтобы он был здесь.

Read and translate

1. I wish I knew how to drive a car.2. I wish today was a holiday. 3. I wish I had more time to read. 4. I wish I could travel round the world. 5. The father told his children, ‘I wish you wouldn’t make so much noise. I’ve got a headache.’

Add to each of the following examples 2 sentences, both beginning ‘I wish…’

Example 1: I don’t understand this question. – I wish I did. I wish I understood this question. Example 2: it’s still raining. – I wish it wasn’t. I wish it wasn’t still raining. Example 3: my father can’t give me more pocket money. – I wish he could. I wish he could give me more pocket money.

 

1. My brother doesn’t have a very long holiday. 2. I can’t play the piano. 3. My tooth is aching. 4. I sometimes make careless mistakes. 5. He’s not coming to see me today. 6. I can’t swim well. 7. I don’t know how to answer the question. 8. He always drives too fast. 9. I don’t speak English fluently. 10. I can’t go to the cinema this evening. 11. The teacher gives us a lot of homework. 12. My father doesn’t come home from work early. 13. I live a long way from the Institute. 14. Our television set is broken. 15. I can’t sell my old bicycle.

Translate into English

1. Жаль, что сегодня идет дождь. Если бы погода была солнечной, мы бы смогли провести день в лесу. 2. Я не знаю, где он сейчас живет. Если бы я знал его адрес, я бы обязательно ему написал. 3. Жаль, что я уже вернул вчера в библиотеку учебник. Если бы я знал, что он тебе нужен, я бы принес его тебе. Жаль, что я не живу поблизости от института. 5. Почему вы не попросили тогда меня помочь? Я бы обязательно вам помог, если бы вы попросили меня об этом. 6. Жаль, что вы не посмотрели этот фильм. Он довольно долго демонстрировался в кинотеатрах Москвы. 7. Я люблю читать, но у меня мало свободного времени. Если бы у меня было больше времени, я бы смог больше читать. 8. Жаль, что я не смог пойти в театр с вами в прошлую субботу. Если бы я не был занят, я бы обязательно пошел.

Some people say that your schooldays are the happiest days of your life. Here are six people talking about their schooldays. But still there a lot of problems. Read a list of problems, then your extract and define the problems the person has. Tick them all in the list.

1. _______The students are corporally punished.

2. _______ Even with a degree, there’s no guarantee to work.

3. _______The students don’t see their parents enough.

4. _______Little children have to travel 4 miles every day.

5. _______The children were not taught any cookery or needlework.

6. _______There were nearly 2000 students.

7. _______It is difficult to teach children of different ages and abilities.

8. _______There is no specific job preparation in most of the schools.

9. _______The teachers didn’t seem to understand the children.

10. _______The school wasn’t co-educational.

11. _______The teachers are overpaid, and their holidays are too long.

12. _______The students sometimes choose the wrong subjects.

13. _______The students have to wear uniform.

14. _______The school has been closed.

15. _______There is no help on career choice.

16. _______The students aren’t encouraged to continue education after 16.

17. _______Most of the teachers were boring.

 

Sally Jennings works in an advertising agency.

‘I went to the local grammar school. It was an all-girls’ school, and we all had to wear uniform. That uniform! I really hated it! We had to wear white socks, white blouses, matching blue skirts and blazers, and one of those … you know … funny little hats. Ooh! And we had to wear ties, really! We didn’t mix much with children from other schools. It was a bit snobbish, I suppose. The syllabus was very academic. We never did things like cookery or needlework. I was glad at the time but I wish they’d taught us a few … a few basics. I can’t even make a decent omelette. I didn’t like games, either – a lot of girls running round a hockey field on a freezing cold January afternoon. I hated it! Oh and another thing I regret … I wish the school had been co-educational. I was terribly shy of boys for a couple of years after I left school … simply because I hadn’t met many.’

DISCUSSION

1) What do you wish about all of these people. Express your point of view beginning with ‘I wish Sally …’

2) What about your schooldays? What did you like? What don’t you like? What about uniforms? Games? Punishment? Subjects? Teachers? Extra activities? Travel? Use ‘I wish’ construction to define your ideas.

3) What changes would you make if you have an opportunity?

PRETTY CATS STORY

COMPLEX OBJECT

Choose the correct variant

 

#		A	B	C
	I want him … back soon.	to come	come	coming
	My mother always makes me … up.	to wash	wash	washing
	I felt Nick … his hand on my shoulder.	to put	put	putting
	The pupils were made … at school after classes.	to stay	stay	staying
	The teacher expected the children … this difficult question.	to answer	answer	answering
	If I saw a child …, I would ask what was the matter.	to cry	cry	crying
	My parents didn’t let me … to the party.	to go	go	going
	Everyone likes her ….	to dance	dance	dancing
	Would you like me … for you?	to wait	wait	waiting
	We were allowed … to bed later.	to go	go	going
	I smelled something … in the kitchen.	to burn	burn	burning
	My parents don’t want me … home late.	to come	come	coming
	Her present made me … happy.	to feel	feel	feeling
	John saw his friend … the door of the room and … in.	to pen/ to come	open/ come	opening/ coming
	This task is difficult! Let me … you!	to help	help	helping
	We don’t expect them … for us after classes.	to wait	wait	waiting
	The boy was made … the truth.	to tell	tell	telling
	Mother watched her little children … in the yard.	to play	play	playing
	He heard a distant voice …	to shout	shout	shouting
	I hate you … late.	to be	be	being

 

THE ADVERB

1. What’s the difference between happy and happily?

2. What’s the difference between the Adjective and the Adverb?

 

Clever people behave properly. + N V +

 

Adverb as a part of speech includes words that describe circumstances in which an action takes place, and specify some characteristic features of an action, or a quality.

According to their morphological structure adverbs are classified into

1) simple - enough, back, here, there, then, quite, well, rather, too.

2) derivative - slowly, widely, beautifully, heavily, easily, lazily, differently, simply, etc.

3) compound - any­where, anyway, anyhow, sometimes, somehow, nowhere, clockwise, likewise, longwise.

4) complex - at a loss, at work, by name, by chance, by train, in debt, in a hurry, in turn.

According to their meaning all the adverbs can be divided into some categories, i.e. the adverbs of place, time, manner, quantity and quality.

We don’t use adverbs after the link verbs to be, become, feel, get, look, seem, taste, and smell.

I feel GOOD. You look BEAUTIFUL. It tastes DELICIOUS.

 

Some adverbs have degrees of comparison.

one syllable adverbs and early:   adverbs in -ly by means of more and most:     Irregular adverbs:

fast - faster - fastest, soon - sooner - soonest early - earlier - earliest   beautifully - more beautifully - most beautifully carefully - more carefully - most carefully slowly - more slowly - most slowly; often - more often - most often well - better - best, badly - worse - worst, much - more - most little - less - least, far - father/further - farthest/furthest

Ex.1 Divide the following words into 2 columns: nice, nicely, beautiful, beautifully, good, well, friendly, friendly. Give the title to the columns.