Immigration and the Developing World

Global issues

1. The loss of both her parents at such an early age ____________ its toll on her mentally and she became disturbed during her adolescent years.

2. Those living on the streets are at their most vulnerable during the cold winter months when they are ____________ to the elements.

3. Society as a whole is ____________ to protect the most vulnerable within our midst; young people who find themselves ____________ out onto the streets are in particular need of our help and care.

4. The temptation to ____________ a blind eye to the plight of the homeless is ever-present, but we must not let ourselves forget the most vulnerable and needy.

5. Many of the homeless have been ____________ roughshod over by the unscrupulous elements within our society, people prepared to ____________ them for their own immoral ends and ____________ them down the path to a life of crime.

6. Often, young people who run away from home and escape from an abusive environment mistakenly believe that they have ____________ the worst of the storm; that is, until they realise what awaits them in their life on the streets.

7. Emotional instability is only worsened when the affected individual attempts to ____________ everything up inside; eventually, their issues will explode forth and the consequences may be very far-reaching.

8. We cannot yet seriously consider our society a civilised place in which to live when we are content to pass by the anonymous street-folk on our daily sojourn to work and stand by idly ignoring the squalor in which they ____________.

9. Those ____________ to make ends meet are but one missed mortgage or rent payment away from being thrown out onto the streets and ____________ into a life of dire poverty.

10. It is always the most vulnerable who are ____________ upon, but the predatory tendencies have seldom come from such an alarming source as the government; however, the announcement that the minimum wage is to be cut in the next budget is nothing short of an attack on those on the very margins of society.

11. People who ____________ their noses up at the homeless as they walk past them on the street would do well to reconsider; after all, given the right combination of calamitous circumstances, it could very well be any one of us In their position. To so scornfully ignore their plight is to surely only ____________ them further into the pits of despair.

12. Some of the young people who make up the majority of the homelesss on the streets of our city look as though they ____________ the weight of the world on their shoulders.

13. The homeless are ____________ out for help, but no one is listening to their pleas.

14. They are effectively ____________ from hand to mouth, unable to think about tomorrow because they are constantly having to worry about just making it through today.

15. A homeless man came up to me and tried to ____________ a cigarette; I told him I don’t smoke…

16. Many of the homeless do not qualify for dole payments, so the accusation that they are ____________ off the government is fallacious at best.

17. When his wife and children left him, he ____________ rock bottom and turned to drink; he has been ____________ now for the best part of a decade and it has ____________ his life apart.

18. He was caught ____________ sweets from a local shop.

(B) Match the phrase in Column A to its meaning in Column B. You will not need all the Column B options.

Column A	Answer	Column B
(a) to be on the margins (of society) (b) to run amok (c) to be down-and-out (d) to be on the game (e) to be loitering with intent		(i) waiting around with the intention of causing trouble (ii) having no money, luck or opportunities (iii) to behave in a wild and dangerous manner (iv) working as a prostitute (v) focused on what needs to be achieved (vi) determined to escape something (vii) perched on the edge of greatness (viii) excluded/isolated/not significantly involved

Levels of 1._______ [literate] and 2. _______ [number] remain startlingly high in the developing world, and will continue to be so until the West provides or sponsors new education 3. _______ [initiate], preferably also getting directly involved. A better education is a prerequisite should the 4. _______ [poverty] masses of Africa ever wish to hold any genuine hope of gaining their 5. _______ [emancipate] from the metaphorical shackles of poverty. Education 6. _______ [initiate] for young people as well as life-long learning programmes will also help to breach the gulf that separates the working classes from their ruling elite, a 7. _______ [privilege] few who enjoy the 8. _______ [trap] of Western wealth and the lifestyle that goes with it, while those in their midst are completely 9. _______ [occupy] with the daily struggle for survival. Furthermore, we must promote a culture of 10. _______ [tolerate] of corruption, and help to create a new 11. _______ [generate] for whom education rather than an 12. _______ [scruple] nature will reap the true rewards. Education will also help to bridge another gap; that of the cultural one which separates the West from its brethren in the developing world. The 13. _______ [poverty] slums and shanty towns are a hotbed of religious and political 14. _______ [extreme], but hopefully education will serve to create a better sense of 15. _______ [understand] between all the peoples of the world, 16. _______ [respect] of background. And this will especially be the case if the education programmes themselves are administered by Western professionals, who, in much the same way as they can teach a thing or two to their 17. _______ [counter] in the developing world, have also, no doubt, much to learn from them in the process as well. Cooperation between people from the different cultures of the West and the developing world will also, hopefully, help to reduce levels of prejudice, bigotry, xenophobia and racial 18. _______ [tense]. And, last but not by any means least, educating women will 19. _______ [power] them to claim their rightful place in the social hierarchy in up-to-now male-dominated cultures. Their 20. _______ [aspire] can shift realistically higher, and young female students can hope to go on to become tomorrow’s politicians, diplomats and political leaders, or whatsoever they choose.

DEFINITIONS

· Rural depopulation

· Rural area- countryside

· A backwater- an area of a country where little of interest happen

· Country dwellers

· A scarcity -a lack of shortage of smth

· Rural unemployment

· Rural poverty

· НИЩЕТА

1. poverty, destitution, penury

(бедность, нужда)

o ликвидация нищеты — eradication of poverty

o жить в нищете — live in penury

2. misery, squalor, distress

(страдание, убожество)

o крайняя нищета — abject misery

3. beggary, pauperism

(нищенство, пауперизм)

· material considerations – concerns about money

· an abundance

· water bodies- inland areas of water

· subsistence (adj)

сущ.

1. существование, пропитание, жизнь, средства к существованию

(livelihood, living) means of subsistence — средства к существованию

1. Прожиточный (living) subsistence level — прожиточный уровень

обеспеченность

1. Security (безопасность)обеспеченность работой — job security

2. provision (обеспечение)полная обеспеченность — full provision

3. sufficiency (достаточность)

4. endowment (фонд)обеспеченность ресурсами — resource endowment

обеспеченный

1. provided, secured(предоставленный, гарантированный)

2. assured(уверенный)

3. prosperous, wealthy(процветающий, состоятельный)

4. secure (безопасный)

5. guaranteed

6. endowed наделенный)

· self-sufficient

· smallholders= farmers managing very small farms

· the wider economy = the national economy

· to afflict= to affect (diseases)

· to vaccinate from diseases (illness, disorders, ailment)

· animal husbandry- the skill of keeping animals

· crop rotation (севообороты)

· fallow (пары)

· environmental awareness (consciousness, alertness, attentiveness)

· far-flung

· remote viewing of- by the Internet

Immigration

Some people move to another countries in search of a better life

Many immigrants come from less developed countries

Richer, industrialized countries may offer opportunities for employment

Free healthcare and schooling are available in some developed countries

Other people migrate to a foreign country to improve their academic qualifications

 

Negatives of Immigration

Some people believe that immigrants take jobs that should go to local people

Some immigrant workers work longer hours for less money

Companies might pay lower salaries to immigrant workers

Unemployment rates could rise if there are too many immigrants

 

Opinions about Immigration

Immigration can help the economy of a country

It can create multi-cultural societies

However, immigration needs to be controlled

In many countries, immigrants need visas or work permit

Governments should stop companies from exploiting immigrant workers

Foreign and local workers should have the right to equal pay and conditions

 

Positives of Globalization

Business of becoming increasingly international

Multi-national companies do business across the world

Companies like MacDonald’s can be seen on high streets in most cities

Goods are produced in one country and sold in many others

A global economy means free trade between countries

This can strengthen political relationships

Globalization can also create opportunities for employment

It encourages investment in less developed countries

It could reduce poverty in the developing world

 

Negatives of Globalization

Globalization is not always beneficial to everyone

Companies can move to countries where labour is cheap

This creates redundancies, or job losses

Employees cannot be confident that they have stable jobs

Companies sometimes exploit their employees in developing countries

Global trade creates more waste and pollution

 

The future of Globalization

There should be global regulations for salaries and working conditions

Governments should impose laws to protect the environment

 

ESSAYS

1) There are three imperative Issues facing our global community; Economy, Environment, Food and clean drinking water. Economy is a vital part of life in our world, if the global community is deficient, every country in the world will be affected. Our planets environment is also a key point of interests in our global population, food production, global warming and environmental disaster's. Food and sanitary drinking water are essential needs in our world, without it many people will be malnutrition and die. In the next three paragraphs's there will be a vast amount of discussion on the three topics at hand..
Economy on our planet is a key element to the survival of billions of people. The word itself comes from the Greek "oikonomia," meaning management of a household. In that context, economy would include not only financial exchanges, but also a range of social and environmental transactions people undertake to make a living. These external transactions may include industrial output and energy consumption, as well as the unpaid work of women and children hauling water or fuel-wood, the burning of rainforest to clear land on which to grow food for one's family, drug-trafficking and other crime, traditional barter, and cooperative labor exchange. With these positions in our global community, it is affected both for the better and poorer. As a complete whole, our global community is affected by the choices made by others, others who we may not know or ever see. Choices made in other countries can and will affect the countries you reside in. Overall economy in our world is as essential as any other topic at hand..
Our environment not only affects our pollution and green house problems, but also plays a complete role in the food chain. Human impacts on the natural world are both more apparent and more widespread than ever before in history. It is increasingly more difficult to clean up existing environmental disasters and halt further degradation of important natural resources.

2)

ESSAY QUESTION

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic:

Global warming is one of the most serious issues that the world is facing today.
What are the causes of global warming and what measures can governments and individuals take to tackle the issue?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience or knowledge.

You should write at least 250 words.

ESSAY OUTLINE

Paragraph 1 – Introduction

Paragraph 2 – Causes of global warming

Paragraph 3 – Solutions that governments can take

Paragraph 4 – Solution that individuals can take

Paragraph 5 – Conclusion

IELTS MODEL ESSAY

The best way to reduce poverty in developing countries is by giving up to 6 years of free education to children, so that they can at least read, write and use numbers. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the statement?

Education plays a crucial role in alleviating poverty. Take a look at the developed nations in the world. It is not hard to see that the biggest strength of these nations is their educated workforce. So, I agree with the argument that the best way to reduce poverty in developing nations is to provide free education to their children. While, six years of free education isn’t sufficient, it is definitely better than no education at all.

Education has the potential to change lives. Educated people can protect themselves from exploitation at the workplace. They earn better salaries. All of these improve their chances of freeing themselves from the shackles of poverty.

Besides improving the finances of a person, education helps them improve the overall quality of their life. Perhaps the biggest benefit of receiving education is that they will pass it down to the next generation. Educated parents will ensure that their children also receive education.

Education throws open many doors. An ability to read and write improves one’s understanding of one’s surroundings. Just because someone has received a few years’ of schooling, they are unlikely to be able to land a good job. Even so, a little education is much better than no education at all. An ability to read and write makes them aware of their rights. In many countries the government has several welfare schemes for the poor. However, many of them are not aware of these schemes and cannot take advantage of them. They are often deceived by unscrupulous leaders and politicians who pocket the benefits meant for them.

To conclude, even primary education has the potential to improve lives and reduce poverty. Therefore, I strongly agree with the argument that it should be free for all children.

4)

Many developed countries are giving financial aid to poor countries. However, this hasn’t solved the problem of poverty in these nations and so other types of help are needed. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?

Developed nations have more money than they need, so they give financial assistance to undeveloped and developing nations. I certainly agree with the view that this financial aid hasn’t solved all the problems plaguing poor countries. However, it has definitely improved the situation in those countries to a certain extent.

Corruption is one of the biggest problems that poor nations face. Even if rich nations give financial aid, the money does not reach the people who need it. Millions of people living in poor countries lack education. They are not even aware of their rights and accept poverty as if it was their birthright. If a nation is to progress, it needs empowered people who are aware of their rights and who have the capability to fight for it.

An honest and efficient administrative system is required for the development of any nation. Corrupt officials and ignorant people who are not aware of their rights have never helped any nation. Unfortunately, developed nations that give the financial assistance cannot do much to improve the government or administrative system present in poor nations. No nation can interfere in another nation’s internal affairs beyond a certain level. So, other than giving financial assistance there is not much that rich nations can do to help poor nations.

To conclude, I certainly agree with the view that foreign aid hasn’t solved the problems of poor countries. However, this does not mean that developed nations should stop giving financial assistance. They should continue to give money but the purpose of giving financial assistance should be the empowerment of people. Eradication of poverty is equally important but as they say teaching a man how to fish is much better than giving him a fish.

5) Nations should cooperate with one another to solve environmental problems. Do you agree or disagree with this statement?

Human’s economic and industrial activities have had a negative impact on the environment. Since every country has contributed to the deterioration of Mother Nature, every nation ought to play a part in the attempt to control damage caused by human activity. However, many countries are still refraining from joining such a co-operation.

Environment is the concern of everyone. Since human’s existence depends upon a clean environment, we must tackle its problems together. Otherwise, ignoring the negative impact of human’s activity on the environment would ultimately lead to a disaster that can never be contained. At that point the damage would be irreversible and our own existence will become under threat. Fortunately, countries around the world have demonstrated a high level of co-operation that is embodied in the Kyoto protocol. Such a protocol compels signatory countries to greatly reduce their greenhouse emissions.

However, many countries do not seem to show a genuine intention to co-operate. The United states view any attempt to compromise the volume of its economy to be a vicious attack on its economic progress and political influence. Thus, countries such as the US are reluctant to join any environmental co-operation scheme fearing that it would compel the US to with new requirements at the expense of its astounding industrial base.

To sum up, I believe that the environment is the case of everyone and its problems ought to be tackled together. Failure to do so will result in a disaster with dire consequences that may jeopardize our own existence. After all, we want economic prosperity that is not at the expense of the environment.

6) Some people think it is our moral duty to help poor people. Some people think that big amounts of money do not reach the poor. Discuss and give your opinion.

Model Answer

There is no denying the fact that it is our moral duty to help the poor and the needy. Every religion in the world asks its believers to help those in need. Needless to say, many people help the poor by donating money to charities. But is that enough to eradicate poverty and suffering from the world? Does the money we donate reach the hands of the people who actually need it? Many people believe that it doesn’t. Let’s see if there is any truth in that argument.

For most people, charity means making generous donations to governmental and non-governmental organizations working for the poor. You can’t blame them. Only a few people have the time or drive to engage in social work. The rest of us simply donate money. It would have been enough if the money thus donated had reached the poor and the needy. Unfortunately, it doesn’t happen so. Only a fraction of the amount reaches people who actually need it. The rest reaches the hands of the corrupt and greedy officials who work for these organizations.

That, however, doesn’t mean that we shouldn’t help the poor at all. While it is true that many organizations and individuals working for the poor are corrupt to the core, there are several exceptions too. Take for instance, the case of Mother Teresa. She single-handedly proved that one person can make a difference to the lives of millions. The Missionaries of Charities, the organization she founded, is still changing the lives of the poor in Calcutta. There are several other examples too. Organizations like these can’t survive without the help of the public who donate time and money for the cause.

It is therefore felt that although large amounts of money do not reach the poor, we cannot refrain from donating at all. Instead, we must try to eliminate corruption by striving for greater degree of transparency. We must also donate time for the cause we believe in whenever that is possible.

7)

Words

IELTS Essay 2

There is no doubt that poverty and crime have some connection. The positive correlation between unemployment and the crime rate in many countries could be taken as evidence for this. Though, if we investigate this question further, we may find this kind of statistical phenomenon both superficial and misleading.

It is true that, under certain conditions, poverty induces crime. Many people in the world are able to perform crime in order to gain some money for families and themselves. Sometimes poor people do not see another way except theft or robbery to make money. However, there are thousands legal ways to live wealthy life. For example, many cities have a big deal of employment opportunities. Even though, there are not many options for work for some reason, everyone is able to move to the nearby city and try to find suitable occupation. It is certainly true that all those options are not as easy to realize as they seem to be, so it needs some effort to be made.

The issue could be even better clarified by making comparison between nations. The rate of crime has strong correlation with the policy of the country. If the country has strict law for different kinds of crime it may has lower level of illegality. For instance, such countries as the UAE and Australia have very strict law, for that reason these countries are rated as ones of the safest countries in the world. On the other hand, countries like Russia or Ukraine have an immense amount of corruption, because of the imperfect law system.

In short, there is no direct relationship between poverty and crime. So long as the system of legal enforcement and prosecution can enforce justice, social conditions are kept in order, and the government’s authority is obeyed by the rich and the poor alike, crime will be limited in both rich and poor areas as well as in both developed and developing countries.

Words

 

Global issues

1. The loss of both her parents at such an early age ____________ its toll on her mentally and she became disturbed during her adolescent years.

2. Those living on the streets are at their most vulnerable during the cold winter months when they are ____________ to the elements.

3. Society as a whole is ____________ to protect the most vulnerable within our midst; young people who find themselves ____________ out onto the streets are in particular need of our help and care.

4. The temptation to ____________ a blind eye to the plight of the homeless is ever-present, but we must not let ourselves forget the most vulnerable and needy.

5. Many of the homeless have been ____________ roughshod over by the unscrupulous elements within our society, people prepared to ____________ them for their own immoral ends and ____________ them down the path to a life of crime.

6. Often, young people who run away from home and escape from an abusive environment mistakenly believe that they have ____________ the worst of the storm; that is, until they realise what awaits them in their life on the streets.

7. Emotional instability is only worsened when the affected individual attempts to ____________ everything up inside; eventually, their issues will explode forth and the consequences may be very far-reaching.

8. We cannot yet seriously consider our society a civilised place in which to live when we are content to pass by the anonymous street-folk on our daily sojourn to work and stand by idly ignoring the squalor in which they ____________.

9. Those ____________ to make ends meet are but one missed mortgage or rent payment away from being thrown out onto the streets and ____________ into a life of dire poverty.

10. It is always the most vulnerable who are ____________ upon, but the predatory tendencies have seldom come from such an alarming source as the government; however, the announcement that the minimum wage is to be cut in the next budget is nothing short of an attack on those on the very margins of society.

11. People who ____________ their noses up at the homeless as they walk past them on the street would do well to reconsider; after all, given the right combination of calamitous circumstances, it could very well be any one of us In their position. To so scornfully ignore their plight is to surely only ____________ them further into the pits of despair.

12. Some of the young people who make up the majority of the homelesss on the streets of our city look as though they ____________ the weight of the world on their shoulders.

13. The homeless are ____________ out for help, but no one is listening to their pleas.

14. They are effectively ____________ from hand to mouth, unable to think about tomorrow because they are constantly having to worry about just making it through today.

15. A homeless man came up to me and tried to ____________ a cigarette; I told him I don’t smoke…

16. Many of the homeless do not qualify for dole payments, so the accusation that they are ____________ off the government is fallacious at best.

17. When his wife and children left him, he ____________ rock bottom and turned to drink; he has been ____________ now for the best part of a decade and it has ____________ his life apart.

18. He was caught ____________ sweets from a local shop.

(B) Match the phrase in Column A to its meaning in Column B. You will not need all the Column B options.

Column A	Answer	Column B
(a) to be on the margins (of society) (b) to run amok (c) to be down-and-out (d) to be on the game (e) to be loitering with intent		(i) waiting around with the intention of causing trouble (ii) having no money, luck or opportunities (iii) to behave in a wild and dangerous manner (iv) working as a prostitute (v) focused on what needs to be achieved (vi) determined to escape something (vii) perched on the edge of greatness (viii) excluded/isolated/not significantly involved

Levels of 1._______ [literate] and 2. _______ [number] remain startlingly high in the developing world, and will continue to be so until the West provides or sponsors new education 3. _______ [initiate], preferably also getting directly involved. A better education is a prerequisite should the 4. _______ [poverty] masses of Africa ever wish to hold any genuine hope of gaining their 5. _______ [emancipate] from the metaphorical shackles of poverty. Education 6. _______ [initiate] for young people as well as life-long learning programmes will also help to breach the gulf that separates the working classes from their ruling elite, a 7. _______ [privilege] few who enjoy the 8. _______ [trap] of Western wealth and the lifestyle that goes with it, while those in their midst are completely 9. _______ [occupy] with the daily struggle for survival. Furthermore, we must promote a culture of 10. _______ [tolerate] of corruption, and help to create a new 11. _______ [generate] for whom education rather than an 12. _______ [scruple] nature will reap the true rewards. Education will also help to bridge another gap; that of the cultural one which separates the West from its brethren in the developing world. The 13. _______ [poverty] slums and shanty towns are a hotbed of religious and political 14. _______ [extreme], but hopefully education will serve to create a better sense of 15. _______ [understand] between all the peoples of the world, 16. _______ [respect] of background. And this will especially be the case if the education programmes themselves are administered by Western professionals, who, in much the same way as they can teach a thing or two to their 17. _______ [counter] in the developing world, have also, no doubt, much to learn from them in the process as well. Cooperation between people from the different cultures of the West and the developing world will also, hopefully, help to reduce levels of prejudice, bigotry, xenophobia and racial 18. _______ [tense]. And, last but not by any means least, educating women will 19. _______ [power] them to claim their rightful place in the social hierarchy in up-to-now male-dominated cultures. Their 20. _______ [aspire] can shift realistically higher, and young female students can hope to go on to become tomorrow’s politicians, diplomats and political leaders, or whatsoever they choose.

Immigration and the Developing World

sustenance destitution asylum indigenous inferiority deprivation integration obligation cosmopolitan corruption oppression inequity deportation assimilation malnutrition surrogate metropolis tangible sanitation starvation repercussion

(A) Use the words from the box to fill the gaps. You may need to use some words several times. You will not have to change the tense/ form, but you may need to pluralise in some cases.

Most of our main 1.__________ in the West are now pretty diverse places. However, many 2. __________ seekers come from far less 3.__________ parts of the world, and it can be quite a culture shock for them when they arrive in their 4. __________ homes. Genuine 5. __________ seekers are, by definition, fleeing a 6. __________ threat to their very lives and should be afforded all the assistance and protection the state can provide once their status has been upheld and 7. __________ granted. This extends as far as helping then cope with the 8. __________ process, one of the most immediate barriers to successfully embracing which is, of course, often the language. But there are other factors which can make 9. __________ difficult, too. Many 10. __________ seekers carry the physical and emotional scars of 11. __________. They may suffer from an 12. __________ complex of sorts, too, and feel overwhelmed by the perceived ‘sophistication’ of their new home. Of course, the state’s first 13. __________ is to provide them with adequate 14. __________, shelter and 15. __________. Many may be suffering from 16. __________, or, in the worst cases, starvation. The effects of sleep 17. __________ may also be a concern if their recent past has been particularly traumatic and eventful. But, of course, these are the lucky ones – at least they get to remain in their adopted homes. If an 18. __________ application is rejected, then the applicant faces 19. __________ back to their country of origin. Sometimes, those seeking asylum know their claim will be rejected but go through the process nonetheless out of sheer desperation in the hope that it can buy them time to find some other way to stay in the country, which some manage to do, often illegally. But just because a case is rejected, that is not to say that the individual or individuals concerned will not face serious 20. __________ if they return home. For some, the door to the West is a tantalising jar agape, but not enough so as to gain entry. Instead, they are perhaps faced with the harsh realities of famine and 21. __________, political 22. __________ or social 23. __________ back in their 24. __________ homes. The grim realities of 25. __________ and life on the very margins are all that await the most tragic cases of the rejected.

(B) Find closest matches for the definitions listed below from the answer choices given for the last section.

1. substitute 2. unfair and cruel government of people 3. large city 4. disposal of sewage and solid waste associated with native cleanliness 5. diverse and varied, having a global feel 6. injustice or unfairness

7. the state of being without money, food, shelter or possessions 8. relating to or originating in a particular region, 9. food 10. the feeling of not being as good as something else

DEFINITIONS

· Rural depopulation

· Rural area- countryside

· A backwater- an area of a country where little of interest happen

· Country dwellers

· A scarcity -a lack of shortage of smth

· Rural unemployment

· Rural poverty

· НИЩЕТА

1. poverty, destitution, penury

(бедность, нужда)

o ликвидация нищеты — eradication of poverty

o жить в нищете — live in penury

2. misery, squalor, distress

(страдание, убожество)

o крайняя нищета — abject misery

3. beggary, pauperism

(нищенство, пауперизм)

· material considerations – concerns about money

· an abundance

· water bodies- inland areas of water

· subsistence (adj)

сущ.

1. существование, пропитание, жизнь, средства к существованию

(livelihood, living) means of subsistence — средства к существованию

1. Прожиточный (living) subsistence level — прожиточный уровень

обеспеченность

1. Security (безопасность)обеспеченность работой — job security

2. provision (обеспечение)полная обеспеченность — full provision

3. sufficiency (достаточность)

4. endowment (фонд)обеспеченность ресурсами — resource endowment

обеспеченный

1. provided, secured(предоставленный, гарантированный)

2. assured(уверенный)

3. prosperous, wealthy(процветающий, состоятельный)

4. secure (безопасный)

5. guaranteed

6. endowed наделенный)

· self-sufficient

· smallholders= farmers managing very small farms

· the wider economy = the national economy

· to afflict= to affect (diseases)

· to vaccinate from diseases (illness, disorders, ailment)

· animal husbandry- the skill of keeping animals

· crop rotation (севообороты)

· fallow (пары)

· environmental awareness (consciousness, alertness, attentiveness)

· far-flung

· remote viewing of- by the Internet