Complete the sentences with correct form of the verbs.

1. I ___________ (see) Tom last night. – Oh, really. I ____________ (not meet) him for ages.

2. We ___________ (never hear) this song before. Is it famous in your country? - Yes, it is. It ____________ (be) quite popular here for many years.

3. What ____________ (do) last Sunday? – I ____________ (spend) it at home. – Oh, that’s great! I ____________ (not spend) my weekends at home since last year.

4. ____________ (you ever win) a cooking contest? – Yes, I ____________ (win) in 2008.

5. When _____________ (you meet) Alice for the first time? – We ___________ (meet) each other in 1997. – So how long ____________ (you be) best friends? – We ____________ (be) friends for more than 15 years.

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Концерт только что начался. А вчера он начался намного позже.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Он сломал ногу в прошлом году. С тех пор он еще не катался на коньках.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Вот твои туфли. Я их только что почистила. – Спасибо, но я их чистила вчера вечером.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Как долго ты работаешь в этом магазине? – В течение 5 лет. – А когда ты стал менеджером? – Полгода назад.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Мой брат написал несколько романов. Вчера он закончил десятую книгу.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Где ты был? Я уже закончила обедать.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Ты когда-нибудь пробовал бросить курить? – Я пытался два года назад, но потом я начал толстеть.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________8. Вы слышали новость? Наши соседи переехали в Германию. – Когда они переехали? – На прошлой неделе.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Я никогда не спал в палатке, но я спал на скамейке прошлым летом.

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10. Сегодня очень туманно с самого утра. Вчера тоже было туманно.

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WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS

addictive (adj)
additive (adj)
array (n)
buccal (adj)
capsule (n)
chewable (adj)
consequence (n)
dilution (n)
dispersable (adj)
dosage regimen		схема приема
emulsifying agent
emulsion (n)
enhance (v)
ethnicity (n)
express (v)
frequency (n)
hide (v)
hospital chart		история болезни
injection (n)
knowledgeable (adj)
label (n)
mist (n)
offer (v)
ointment (n)
patch (n)
puff (n)
quantity (n)
solubilizing agent		вещество, повышающее растворимость
solution (n)
solvent (n)
stabilizer (n)
strength (n)
suppository (n)
suspending agent
take into consideration		принимать во внимание
thickener (n)
topical (adj)
twice (adv)
volume (n)

 

 

UNIT 34. CATEGORIES OF DRUGS

In this unit:

· speaking on different classification of medicines

· discussing the conceptions of brand

and generic names of drugs

· Modal Verbs

 

READING

Read the text and answer the following questions.

1. What types of drug classification are there?

2. Which classes of medicines do you know?

3. What do you know about the names of drugs?

 

CATEGORIES OF DRUGS

A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes. Pharmaceutical or a drug is classified on the basis of their origin:

- drug from natural origin, or herbal, or plant, or mineral origin; some drug substances are of marine origin

- drug from chemical as well as natural origin, derived from partial herbal and partial chemical synthesis, e.g. steroidal drugs

- drug derived from chemical synthesis

- drug derived from animal origin, e.g. hormones and enzymes

- drug derived from microbial origin, e.g. antibiotics

- drug derived by biotechnology, genetic-engineering technique, e.g. hybridoma

- drug derived from radioactive substances.

Classes of medicine are antipyretics (reducing fever (pyrexia); analgesics (reducing pain (painkillers); antimalarial drugs (treating malaria); antibiotics (inhibiting germ growth); antiseptics (preventing germ growth near burns, cuts and wounds); mood stabilizers; hormone replacements; oral contraceptives; stimulants; tranquilizers; statins.

The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system divides the drugs into different groups according to the organ or system on which they act, and according to their chemical, pharmacological and therapeutic properties. Medicinal products are classified according to the main therapeutic use of their main active ingredient, on the basic principle of assigning only one ATC code for each pharmaceutical formulation (i.e. similar ingredients, strength and pharmaceutical form). A medicinal product can be given more than one ATC code if it is available in two or more strengths or formulations with clearly different therapeutic uses.

A drug can have several names. There is usually a generic name for a drug substance plus one or more brand names. Generic names for drugs are chosen by a variety of official bodies. That means that these names sometimes vary from country to country. For example, the generic name for one common pain medication is acetaminophen in the USA. However in many countries the same drug is called paracetamol.

Drug manufacturers choose the brand names of their products. There can be many brands of a particular drug. A brand name is also sometimes called a “ proprietary ” name. The brand names are usually easier to say and easier to remember. They may be better known than the generic name.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE