Часть 4. Инфекционный эндокардит при врожденном пороке сердца

 

Популяция детей и взрослых с ВПС расширяется, и это – главный субстрат для ИЭ у молодых пациентов. Однако, наше знание ИЭ в этом окружении ограничено, так как систематических исследований немного и они часто ретроспективны, и смещение выбора, связанное с исследованиями узкоспециализированных центров,

препятсвует широкому применению.

Сообщаемая частота ИЭ при ВПС в 15-140 раз выше, чем в общей популяции (самое высокая оценка возникновения в узкоспециализированных отделениях).^361,362 Сообщаемая пропорция ВПС у пациентов с ИЭ изменяется, вероятно из-за смещения выбора, между 2% и 18%,^363–365 с постоянным незначительным преобладанием мужчин.^58,362,366

Некоторые простые пороки, такой как дефект межпредсердной перегородки типа secundum и порок легочного клапана несут низкий риск ИЭ. Однако, ВПС часто состоит из нескольких сердечных повреждений, каждый из которых дополняет общий риск ИЭ. Например, частота ИЭ значительно выше у пациентов с дефектом межжелудочковой перегородки, когда ассоциированная аортальная регургитация.³⁶⁷

Распределение возбудителей не отличается от такового при приобретенных болезнях сердца, стрептококки и стафилококки являются самыми частыми штаммами.^58,362,366

Основные симптомы, осложнения и основание для диагноза не отличаются от ИЭ в общем случае. Однако, правосторонний ИЭ является более частым при ВПС чем при приобретенной болезни сердца. Превосходство

ТЕЕ над TTE не было систематически изучено в этом окружении. Однако, сложная анатомия и присутствие искусственного материала могут уменьшить частоту обнаружения вегетаций и других особенностей ИЭ, таким образом одобряя дополнение ТЕЕ, особенно в группе взрослых.³⁶² Однако, отрицательное исследование не исключает диагноз.

Лечение ИЭ при ВПС следует из общих принципов. Операция на сердце является соответствующей, когда медикаментозная терапия терпит неудачу, когда возникают тяжелые гемодинамические осложнения, и когда есть высокий риск разрушительной септической эмболии.

ИЭ при ВПС несет смертность 4-10%.^{58,62,362,366} Это лучший прогноз по сравнению с приобретенной болезнью сердца наводит на размышления о более высокой пропорции правосердечного ИЭ.

Первичное профилактика жизненно важна.³⁶⁸ Важность хорошей оральной, дентальной и кожной гигиены была уже подчеркнута, и антибиотическая профилактика обозначена в группах высокого риска, как определено в Разделе E. Однако, есть также образовательная проблема, и понимание риска ИЭ и потребность в профилактических мерах не удовлетворительно распространены в популяции с ВПС.³⁶⁹ Косметический персинг, по меньшей мере затрагивающий язык и слизистые, должен быть запрещен в этой группе.

Хирургическая пластика ВПС часто уменьшает риск ИЭ, если нет остаточных повреждений^364,370 Однако, в других случаях, когда имплантирован искусственный клапан, процедура может увеличить общий риск ИЭ. Нет научных данных, оправдывающих сердечную операцию или чрезкожные вмешательства (например, закрытие открытого артериального протока) с единственной целью устранить риск ИЭ.371 Сердечная пластика как вторичная превентивная мера для уменьшения риска рецидива ИЭ была описана, но не была систематически изучена.

Таким образом, ИЭ при ВПС бывает редко и более часто затрагивает правое сердце. Сложная анатомия делает эхокардиографическую оценку трудной. Прогноз лучше чем при других формах ИЭ, со смертностью <10%. Профилактические меры и обучение пациентов имеют особое значение в этой популяции.

 

Часть 5. Инфекционный эндокардит у пожилых

 

ИЭ у пожилых (> 70 лет) является все более и более частым и ассоциируется с определенными особенностями.³⁷² Относительная частота ИЭ, затрагивающего пожилых, была 26% в Euro Heart Survey,³⁷³ и 33% пациентов были старше 67 лет во Французском регистре.80 Во Французских обзорах частота ИЭ увеличилась между 1991 и 1999 годами среди пациентов > 50 лет и достиг максимума 145 случаев на миллион между 70 и 80-летним возрастом.¹⁴

Предыдущие сообщения показали, хотя не совсем убедительно, что ИЭ в преклонном возрасте ассоциируется с плохим прогнозом и с высокой частотой осложнений.166,372,374,375 Это более тяжелое клиническое течение было связано со стертыми начальными симптомами и запоздавшим диагнозом у пожилых людей, и с более высокой частотой более агрессивных возбудителей в этой когорте.^166,374,375

У пожилых пациентах желудочнокишечный источник инфекции был описан как ниболее частый. Группа D стрептококков (S. bovis) становится все более и более частая причиной ИЭ, особенно у пожилых,^208,376 и ассоциируется с болезнью толстого кишечника, множественным клапанным вовлечением и высоким риком эмболии.²⁰⁸ ….Энтерококковый ИЭ, как показали, также был более частым у старших пациентов.³⁷⁷

Лихорадка - менее частая³⁷⁴ и анемия более частая у пожилых пациентов, вероятно связанная с высокой пропорцией S. bovis ИЭ, при котором повреждения толстого кишечника являются частыми и могут вызвать скрытое кровотечение.²⁰⁸ В некоторых исследованиях вегетации у пожилых, как сообщается, были меньше³⁷⁵ и несли более низкий риск эмболии.372 Не так давно отрицательные культуры крови наблюдались у 16.7% пожилых пациентов с ИЭ.⁶⁹

Наконец, старший возраст был связан с плохим прогнозом в большинстве недавних исследований.^{166,372,374,375} Пожилые пациенты меньше лечатся хирургически, вероятно в связи с более высоким операционным риском, связанным с преклонным возрастом и частыми сопутствующими болезнями.³⁷⁸ Однако, хирургическое лечение представляется как разумный выбор у пожилых, с теми же самыми показаниями, что и у молодых пациентов.³⁷⁹

 

Часть 6. Инфекционный эндокардит во время беременности

 

Сложность беременной кардиолгической пациентки состоит в изменяющейся сердечно-сосудистой физиологии, которая может симулировать сердечные болезни и спутывать клиническую картину.^380,381

Частота ИЭ во время беременности, как сообщали, была 0.006%.³⁸² Поэтому, ИЭ при беременности чрезвычайно редок, и является или осложнением существующего ранее сердечного повреждения или

результатом внутривенного злоупотребления лекарствами. Материнская смертность приближается к 33%, большинство смертельных случаев связаны с СН или эмболией, в то время как эмбриональная смертность составляет 29%.³⁸² Тщательное внимание должно быть обращено на любую беременную женщину с необъясненной лихорадкой и сердечным шумом. Быстрое обнаружение ИЭ и соответствующее лечение важно в сокращении риска и материнской и эмбриональной смертности.³⁸²

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