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Ю.Н. Сидоренко
И.Н. Чурилова
ТЕПЛОЭНЕРГЕТИКА
Методические указания по английскому языку
Омск
Издательство ОмГТУ
2010
Составители: Ю.Н. Сидоренко, канд. филол. наук, доцент;
И.Н. Чурилова, канд. филол. наук, доцент.
Методические указания предназначены для студентов очного, вечернего и заочного отделений энергетических специальностей технического вуза. Каждый раздел содержит грамматический материал, а также тексты для обучения чтению переводу и аннотированию. Кроме того, даны дополнительные упражнения для самостоятельной работы.
Печатается по решению редакционного издательского совета Омского государственного технического университета.
© Омский государственный технический
университет, 2010
Module I
The Participle
The form | Active | Passive |
Simple Participle | reading | being read (3форма) |
Perfect Participle | having read (3 ф.) | having been read (3 ф.) |
Simultaneous actions P I Simple Active Making a tour of England we were struck by its “park like” appearance. P I Simple Passive The monument being erected now on this square will be soon unveiled. | Prior Actions P I Perfect Active Having decided to get a general idea of the country we began to study the map. P I Perfect Passive Having been presented with five gold coins, Judy went shopping. |
Participle I
Function | Form | Examples | Notes |
1. An Attribute | P I Simple Active & Passive | The roaring (бурлящая) water of the river made a deep impression on him. (перед определяемым сло- вом) Great Britain is situated on the British Isles lying to the west. (после определяемо- го слова) The country being shown on the map now is Great Britain. | 1. Причастие 1. в качестве определения может стоять как перед, так и после определяемого слова. 2. Кто-то, сделавший что-то → Причастие не используется, а только придаточное предложение The boy who had visited the USA, told a lot about it. |
2. A Predica- tive | P I Simple Active | The answer of the student is disappointing (разочаро вывающий) | to be astonishing (изумлен-ный) to be disappointing to be exciting to be humiliating to be inviting to be tempting to be terrifying |
3. A Paren- thesis (вводное предложе- ние) | P I Simple Active | Judging by his words he has visited Great Britain. Generally speaking the best way to get a general idea of a country is to study the map. | generally speaking judging by appearance (words) mildly speaking (saying) speaking frankly strictly speaking saying nothing of roughly speaking |
4. An adverbial modifier of time when? | All forms | While getting breakfast ready, the girls began to light the camp fire. Being thanked for his help, he left. | 1. Действие, выраженное причастием в функции обстоятельства, всегда относится к подлежащему всего предложения. 2. Союзы when и while часто употребляются с P I Simple Active для выражения действия, происходящего одновременно с действием, выражаемым глаголом-сказуемым. While making a tour of England, we were impressed by its beauty. 3. Participle I Simple глагола to be не используется в функции обстоятельства. Придаточные предложения типа когда он был в Москве переводим → When in Moscow. |
5. An adverbial modifier of cause (reason) | All forms | Not knowing the topic well, he got confused. Having been left alone, the child felt miserable and lonely. | why? |
An adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances (of manner) | P I Simple Active | He was standing on the top of the mountain admiring the beautiful view. I spent the morning on the cliff reading. | in what manner? how? (союз «и») |
An adverbial modifier of comparison | P I Simple Active | He was silent for a while, as though pausing for a reply. She shivered with fright as if realizing the danger. | as if as though |
Participle II the 3d form of the verb (driven, done, looked)
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Function | Form | Examples | Notes | |
1. An attri- bute | P II | People treated in polyclinics are called out-patients. (после определяемого слова) After giving the boy the prescribed medicine I went out. (перед определяемым словом. I took the boy for a walk up the path covered with faded leaves. | 1. P II переходных глаголов имеет значение пассивного залога: a broken toy a locked door a written letter. 2. P II непереходных глаголов обозначает переход в другое состояние: fades leaves withered flowers vanished jewels fallen trees retired captain | |
2. A predicative (part of a compound nominal predicate) | P II | He seemed delighted to see me again. She looked worried. I confessed I was bewildered. | Составное именное сказуемое состоит из глагола-связки: be, look, get, grow, seem, turn, remain … + сказуемое (которое может быть выражено P II) | |
3. An Adverbial Modifier of time
(when?) | When told the fare, he realized he couldn’t afford the tour. |
В функции обстоятельства P II имеет то же подлежащее, что и сказуемое всего предложения. | ||
4. An Adverbial Modifier of condition (if) | If sent immediately, the telegram will be delivered in time. | |||
5. An Adverbial Modifier of comparison (as if, as though) | He looked bewildered as if told something unbelievable. | |||
6. An Adverbial Modifier of concession | Though frightened, he didn’t show it. |
Participial constructions
Self-Training Exercises
Make an outline of the text
Retell the text
Text 2
Energy
Exercises
Retell the text
Module 2
The Gerund
Герундий представляет собой неличную глагольную форму, выражающую название действия и обладающую как свойствами существительного, так и свойствами глагола. В русском языке соответствующая форма отсутствует.
Герундий имеет формы времени и залога:
The form | Active | Passive |
Simple Gerund | reading | being read (3 ф.) |
Perfect Gerund | having read (3 ф.) | having been read (3 ф.) |
Simultaneous action | Prior action |
Simple Gerund Active Simple Gerund Passive | Perfect Gerund Active Perfect Gerund Passive |
E.g.: I am surprised at hearing this Я удивлен слышать это.
I don’t remember having seen him before. Я не помню, чтобы я его раньше видел.
Признаки герундия
Перед герундием (в отличие от причастия) могут стоять:
1. предлог (by, in, of, without, on, instead of, in addition to, for, after, before и др.): Excuse me for being so late. Извините, что я так опоздал.
2. притяжательное местоимение (my, your, her, his, its, our, their): I don’t mind your going there. Я не против того, чтобы ты туда пошел.
3. существительное в притяжательном падеже: I don’t mind Peter ’ s going there Я не против того, чтобы Петр туда пошел.
Text 1
Lightning
Text 2
Atmospheric Electricity
Electricity plays such an important part in modern life that in order to get it, men have been burning millions of tons of coal. Coal is burned instead of its being mainly used as a source of valuable chemical substances which it contains. Therefore, finding new sources of electric energy is a most important problem that scientists and engineers try to solve. In this connection one might ask: “Is it possible to develop methods of harnessing lightning?” In other words, could atmospheric electricity be changed into useful energy?
Indeed, hundreds of millions of volts are required for a lightning spark about one and a half kilometer long. However, this does not represent very much energy because of the intervals between single thunderstorms. As for the power spent in producing lightning flashes all over the world, it is only about 1\10 000 of the power got by mankind from the sun, both in the form of light and that of heat. Thus, the source in question may interest only the scientists of the future.
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It has already been mentioned (see Lesson 4) that atmospheric electricity is the earliest manifestation of electricity known to a man. However, nobody understood that phenomenon and its properties until Benjamin Franklin made his kite experiment. On studying the Leyden jar (for long years the only known condenser), Franklin began thinking that lightning was a strong spark of electricity. He began experimenting in order to draw electricity from the clouds to the earth. The story about his famous kite is known all over the world.
On a stormy day Franklin and his son went into the country taking with them some necessary things such as: a kite with a long string, a key and so on. The key was connected to the lower end of the string. “If lightning is the same as electricity,” he thought, “then some of its sparks must come down the kite string to the key.” Soon the kite was flying high among the clouds where lightning flashed. However, the kite having been raised, some time passed before there was any proof of its being electrified. Then the rain fell and wetted the string. The wet string conducted the electricity from the clouds down the string to the key. Franklin and his son both saw electric sparks which grew bigger and stronger. Thus, it was proved that lightning is a discharge of electricity like that got from the batteries of Leyden jars.
Trying to develop a method of protecting buildings during thunderstorms, Franklin continued studying that problem and invented the lightning conductor. He wrote necessary instructions for the installation of his invention, the principle of his lightning conductor being in use until now. Thus, protecting buildings from lightning strokes was the first discovery in the field of electricity employed for the good of mankind.
Exercises
Translate into Russian
(a) the only son; the only example known; the only method of solving the problem; only you can do it for me; coal is not only a source of heat, but also a source of valuable chemical substances; the letter was sent only yesterday;
(b) many students were present; at the present time; the present article; he is in Moscow at present; that is all for the present; good-bye for the present.
Module 3
Infinitive
Инфинитив (неопределенная форма глагола) – это неличная форма глагола, которая выражает действие безотносительно к лицу и числу.
Формальный признак инфинитива – частица «to» (to ask, to write).
Формы инфинитива
Text 1 X. Retell Volta’s biography Text 2 Electric Current
Vocabulary Notes to produce создавать, генерировать subject тема, тематика newly discovered вновь обнаружившийся direction направление statement заявление, утверждение certainly несомненно as to в отношении to flow along течь по wire эл. провод consider считать minute particle мельчайшие частицы travel двигаться, перемещаться to carry переносить, передавать in addition кроме того solid твердое тело liquid жидкость as well а также gas газ to meet the requirements отвечать требованиям to conduct current проводить ток to find (found) считать, полагать certain точный, уверенный wrong way направление противошерстное
long before задолго до in fact на самом деле, по сути DC=direct current постоянный ток for так как; в виду того, что to push продвигать, проталкивать i.e.=id est (that is) то есть terminal клемма; вход\выход AC = alternating current переменный ток to stand for обозначать, значить under consideration рассматриваемый, обсуждаемый power снабжение энергией lighting освещение to assume допускать, предполагать to go through проходить сквозь, испытывать, подвергаться ease легкость, простота voltage эл. напряжение vice versa наоборот hence поэтому, следовательно to operate управлять, эксплуатировать to find a wide application находить широкое применение in spite of несмотря на to require требовать
Ever since Volta first produced a source of steady continuous current, men of science have been forming theories on this subject. For some time they could see no real difference between the newly-discovered phenomenon and the former understanding of static charge. Then the famous French scientist, Ampere (after whom the unit of current was named) determined the difference between the current and the static charges. In addition to it, Ampere gave the current direction: he supposed it to flow from the positive pole of the source round the circuit and back again to the negative pole. We know him to be right in his first statement but he was certainly wrong in the second, as to the direction of current. The flow of current is now known to be in a direction opposite to what he thought. (We shall return to that problem later on.) Let us turn our attention, now, to the electric current itself. The current which flows along wires consists of moving electrons. In other words, the flow of moving electrons is one form of the electric current. What can we say about the electron? We consider the electron to be a minute particle having an electric charge. We also know that charge to be negative. As these minute charges travel along a wire, that wire is said to carry an electric current. In addition to traveling through solids, however, the electric current can flow through liquids, as well and even through gases. In both cases it produces some most important effects to meet industrial requirements. Some liquids, such as melted metals for example, conduct current without any change to themselves. Others, called electrolytes, are found to change greatly when the current passes through them. The reader is certain to remember that a negatively charged electron moves to the positive end of the wire. It had been supposed to move in the wrong way, from the positive end of the circuit to the negative, long before the electrons were discovered. In fact, when a wire is said to be carrying a current from left to right, the electrons in it are really flowing from right to left. When the electrons flow in one direction only, the current is said to be d.c., that is, direct current. The simplest source of power for direct currents is a battery, for a battery pushes the electrons in the same direction all the time (i.e., from the negatively charged terminal to the positively charged terminal). The letters a.c. stand for alternating current. The current under consideration is known to flow first in one direction and then in the opposite one. The a.c. used for power and lighting purposes is assumed to go through 50 cycles in one second. One of the great advantages of a.c. is the ease with which power at low voltage can be changed into an almost similar amount of power at high voltage and vice versa. Hence, on the one hand alternating voltage is increased when it is necessary for long-distance transmission and, on the other hand, one can decrease it to meet industrial requirements as well as to operate various devices at home. In fact, at least 90 per cent of electric energy to be generated at present is a.c. We know it to find a wide application for lighting, heating, industrial and other purposes. The student may be probably asking himself: “Why is d.c. ever used?” In spite of the fact that almost all electrical power is usually generated and transmitted in the form of a.c., there are numerous cases when d.c. is required. For this reason, it is quite possible to generate a.c. then transform it into d.c. We cannot help mentioning here that Yablochkov, our Russian scientist and inventor, was the first to apply a.c. in practice.
Exercises
Explain why 1. static electricity cannot be used to light lamps, to boil water, to run electric trains and so on; 2. voltage is increased and decreased; 3. the unit of electric pressure is called the Volt; 4. students must learn English; 5. the flow of moving electrons is a form of the electric current; 6. Ampere was wrong as to the current direction; 7. the current is said to flow from the positive end of the wire to the negative end.
Библиографический список
1. English Grammar An Intermediate Reference and Practice Book, Digby Beaumont, Colin Granger Macmillan Education, 2006, 352p.
2. A Grammar of Present-Day English I.P. Krylova, E.M. Gordon M.: KDY, 2005, 448c. -на английском языке.
3. Energy is the source of Life И.П.Куклина: Пособие по англ. языку – СПб.: КАРО, 2000, 512с.
4. Allan, D.J.. «Power transformers – the second century.» Power Engineering Journal.
5. Grigsby, Leonard L. (2001). The Electric Power Engineering Handbook. USA ISBN 0849385784.
6. Encyclopaedia Britannica Deluxe Edition CD-ROM
Ю.Н. Сидоренко И.Н. Чурилова
ТЕПЛОЭНЕРГЕТИКА Методические указания по английскому языку
Омск Издательство ОмГТУ 2010
Составители: Ю.Н. Сидоренко, канд. филол. наук, доцент; И.Н. Чурилова, канд. филол. наук, доцент. Методические указания предназначены для студентов очного, вечернего и заочного отделений энергетических специальностей технического вуза. Каждый раздел содержит грамматический материал, а также тексты для обучения чтению переводу и аннотированию. Кроме того, даны дополнительные упражнения для самостоятельной работы.
Печатается по решению редакционного издательского совета Омского государственного технического университета.
© Омский государственный технический университет, 2010 Module I The Participle
Participle I
Participle II the 3d form of the verb (driven, done, looked)
Participial constructions The Absolute Participial Construction |
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