Е) видно, ж) по-видимому, з) полагают, и) известно.

1. … prove to protect … 2. … are supposed to be… 3. … is assumed to increase … 4. … is believed to combine … 5. … are thought to be … 6. … are seen to prevent … 7. … are found to pass … 8. … are known to have obtained … 9 … turn out to cause … 10. … are expected to disappear … 11. … are considered to find … 12. … appear to have … 13. … proved to contain ….

Ex. 3. Translate the following groups of words paying attention to the form of the Infinitive:

1. This salt is known to dissolve in water …. 2. This salt is known to have dissolved …. 3. This salt is known to have been dissolved…. 4. The colour of the solution is seen to be changing… 5. The colour of the solution is expected to change …. 6. The colour of the solution is found to have changed. 7. Many salts are supposed to be formed by direct union of their elements. 8. Many salts turn out to form aqueous solutions.

Ex. 4. Paraphrase the following sentences using the Subjective Infinitive Constructions as in the models:

Model 1: It is supposed that the substance is prepared by the reaction of some metals with water. The substance is supposed to be prepared by the reaction of some metals with water.

Model 2: It seems that tungsten exists in the same oxidation states as molybdenum. Tungsten seems to exist in the same oxidation states as molybdenum.

Model 3. It is believed that the substance was examined sufficiently. The substance is believed to have been examined sufficiently.

 

1. It is supposed that some properties of the solutions will be profoundly affected. 2. It appears that interactions between the ions and the solvent molecules were sometimes neglected. 3. It was found that solids dissolved in liquids only to a limited extent. 4. It is stated that apart from their mechanical properties, solid solutions do not differ greatly from the solutions of liquids. 5. It is known that solubility is measured in terms of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a solvent at chemical equilibrium. 6. It was believed that the speed of recrystallization would increase. 7. It is known that if the amount of solute exceeds the solubility, some solute remains undissolved.

Ex. 5. Translate the following sentences into Russian, mind the Subjective Infinitive Constructions.

1. Salt is said to be soluble in water because the solid salt seems to disappear if enough water is added; no solid is left on the bottom of the container. 2. Aqueous solutions of electrolytes are assumed to conduct an electric current by ionic migration. 3. Aqueous solutions of electrolytes are found to undergo electrolysis. 4. Electrolysis is known to take place when a direct current passes through the solution between two inert electrodes. A condition of equilibrium is supposed to be reached when rates at which the substance goes into and out of solution are equal. 6. The sugar is said to have dissolved in the water. 7. The process of solution may seem to be at an end. 8. A disperse system is known to denote any homogeneous medium containing dispersed entities of any size and state.

 

COMPLEX OBJECT

OBJECT (Noun or Pronoun in objective case) + INFINITIVE

Study the chart. Pay attention to the use of the Infinitive with or without the particle to.

Complex Object is used:

After the verbs denoting mental activity: to know, to think, to believe, to suppose, to expect, etc.	My scientific supervisor expects me to take part in the conference.	Мой научный руководитель рассчитывает на то, что я приму участие в конференции.
After the verbs denoting desire, volition, order, request: to want, to order, to ask, to request, to like, etc.	They want him to come back on Monday.	Они хотят, чтобы он вернулся в понедельник.
After the verbs denoting physical perception: to feel, to hear, to watch, to see, to sense + the verbs to make, to let, to have. After these verbs the Infinitive is used without to	They saw him enter the laboratory. The laboratory assistant watched the student performing a series of tests.	Они видели, что он вошел в лабораторию. Лаборант наблюдал, как студент проводил серию опытов.

Note:

When the duration of the action is underlined the –ing form can be used instead of the Infinitive.

 

Ex. 1. Look through the text SOLUTION and find the sentences with the Objective Infinitive Construction.

Ex. 2. Say a) in which cases the use of the Objective Infinitive Construction is possible; b) in which cases the Infinitive in this Construction must be used without “to”.

1. It is believed … 2. We believe … 3. The scientist found … 4. It can be seen … 5. We see … 6. They want … 7. He made … 8. We felt … 9. The conditions are known … 10. We know… 11. She considers … 12. The rise in temperature causes …

Ex. 3. Read and translate the sentences with the Objective Infinitive Construction. Paraphrase them according to the given Model:

Model: Both physical and chemical evidence show hydrogen chloride to be a covalent compound. Both physical and chemical evidence show that hydrogen chloride is a covalent compound.

1. Certain facts show acetic acid to be weak. 2. The examination of reverse reactions proves them to be hydrolyses or ionizations. 3. We know Davy to electrolyze the hydroxides of sodium and potassium in 1807. 4. On lowering the temperature of the saturated solution we see crystallization begin. 5. We can see a mixture of gelatine with water pass unchanged through a filter. 6. Microscopic examination shows minute suspended particles of the solute to be present in the mixture.

 

Ex. 4. Point out the Objective Infinitive Construction. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. Scientists showed lithium to be made up of two isotopes. 2. We suppose neon to be unable to form stable compounds with other atoms. 3. Since heat is absorbed when nitrogen (II) oxide is formed, one expects the reaction to be more complete at high temperatures. 4. We know the solubility of substances to be very useful and important data. 5. Many substances require energy to be supplied to them before the reaction begins. 6. Because relatively few substances sublime, this property enables them to be separated from others. 7. Decomposition potential of a cupric chloride solution (1.02 volts) causes copper to be plated out at the copper electrode and chlorine to be liberated at the platinum electrode. 8. We saw burning hydrogen produce much heat but little light.